1536
| القرون: | قرن 15 · قرن 16 · قرن 17 |
| العقود: | ع1500 ع1510 ع1520 ع1530 ع1540 ع1550 ع1560 |
| السنوات: | 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 15 – القرن 16 – القرن 17 |
| عقود: | عقد 1500 عقد 1510 عقد 1520 – عقد 1530 – عقد 1540 عقد 1550 عقد 1560 |
| سنين: | 1533 1534 1535 – 1536 – 1537 1538 1539 |
بوينس آيرس بعد وقت قصير من تأسيسها.
| 1536 حسب الموضوع |
|---|
| الفنون والعلوم |
| قوائم الزعماء |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات |
| تصنيف الأعمال |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1536 MDXXXVI |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2289 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 985 ԹՎ ՋՁԵ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6286 |
| التقويم البهائي | −308 – −307 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 943 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2486 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 27 Hen. 8 – 28 Hen. 8 |
| التقويم البوذي | 2080 |
| التقويم البورمي | 898 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 7044–7045 |
| التقويم الصيني | 乙未年 (الخشب الماعز) 4232 أو 4172 — إلى — 丙申年 (النار القرد) 4233 أو 4173 |
| التقويم القبطي | 1252–1253 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2702 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1528–1529 |
| التقويم العبري | 5296–5297 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1592–1593 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1458–1459 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4637–4638 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11536 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 536–537 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 914–915 |
| التقويم الهجري | 942–943 |
| التقويم الياباني | Tenbun 5 (天文5年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1536 MDXXXVI |
| التقويم الكوري | 3869 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 376 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前376年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 2079 |
سنة 1536 (MDXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
يناير-مارس
- 6 يناير - The Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco، the oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas,[1][2] is established by Franciscans in Mexico City.[3]
- 22 يناير - John of Leiden، Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting are executed in Münster for their roles in the Münster Rebellion.[4]
- 24 يناير - King Henry VIII of England is seriously injured when he falls from his horse at a jousting tournament in Greenwich، after which the fully armored horse falls on him. The King is unconscious for two hours, sustaining an injury to an ulcerated leg and a concussion.[5][6][7]
- 2 فبراير - Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires in what is now Argentina.[8]
- 18 فبراير - A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.[9] The compact is confirmed in 1569.[9]
- 25 فبراير - Tyrolean Anabaptist leader Jacob Hutter، founder of the Hutterites، is burned at the stake in Innsbruck for heresy.[10]
- 8 مارس - Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha، Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire since 1523, is executed after falling into disfavor with Hürrem Sultan، the wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. After Hürrem persuades her husband that Pargali Ibrahim has become a threat as his money and power have increased, Suleiman hosts an elaborate dinner with Pargali as his guest. After the dinner ends, Pargali prepares to go to bed but is seized and strangled upon reaching his bedroom.[11]
- 14 مارس - Ayas Mehmed Pasha is appointed by the Sultan Suleiman to be the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
- مارس
- The first edition of John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, a seminal work of Protestant systematic theology، is published in Basel.[12]
- The Italian War of 1536–1538 resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[13] فرانسيس يستولي على ساڤوا، ويستولي على تورين.[14] Charles triumphally enters Rome، following the Via Triumphalis, and delivers a speech before the Pope and College of Cardinals, publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.
أبريل-يونيو
- 6 أبريل - Count's Feud: Malmø surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.
- 14 أبريل - The Reformation Parliament in England passes an Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries.[15] Religious houses closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution include: Basingwerk Abbey، Bourne Abbey، Brinkburn Priory، Buildwas Abbey، Cartmel Priory، Dorchester Abbey، Dore Abbey، Haltemprice Priory، Keldholme Priory and Tintern Abbey.
- أبريل - An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme further incorporates the legal system of Wales into that of England.[16]
- 2 مايو - Anne Boleyn، second queen of Henry VIII of England، is arrested on the grounds of incest, adultery and treason.[17]
- May 6 - Incan emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui، having on April 18 escaped from imprisonment in Cuzco، begins his revolt against his captors, when his army begins the 10-month Siege of Cuzco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries, led by Hernando Pizarro.[18]
- May 14 - Thomas Cranmer declares Henry VIII of England's marriage to Anne Boleyn to be null and void.[19]
- May 19 - Anne Boleyn is beheaded.[20]
- May 23 - The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal.[21][22]
- May 30 - Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour.[23]
- June 2 - Pope Paul III announces that he will send three legates to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; to King Ferdinand of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia; and King François of France to prevent an outbreak of war in Europe.[24]
- June 24 - San Juan Bautista del Teul is founded by Cristóbal de Oñate in New Spain.
- June 26 - Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands، completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525.[25]
- June 27 - San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado in Honduras.[26]
يوليو-سبتمبر
- July 9 - The papal legation of Cardinals Marino Caracciolo، Francisco Quiñones، and Agostino Trivulzio meets with Emperor Charles V at Savigliano، south of Turin on orders of Pope Paul III.[27]
- July 21 - The papal legation arrives in France, arriving at Lyon، to meet with King Francois I.[28]
- July 24 - Three days after the arrival of the peacekeeping team in Lyon, and 15 days after the legation had met with the Holy Roman Emperor to avoid war, troops of the Holy Roman Empire invade France, crossing over the Var river from Nizza in Italy (now Nice in France) as well as invading Picardie with a second force.[29]
- July 29 - The Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.[30][31] On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.
- August 5 - Guelders Wars: Battle of Heiligerlee - Danish allies of Charles II, Duke of Guelders، under command of Meindert van Ham، are defeated by Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg in the Low Countries.
- August 10 - Francis III, Duke of Brittany، Dauphin of France, dies having caught a chill after a game of tennis which had developed into a fever; under torture Sebastiano de Montecuccoli، his Italian secretary, confesses to poisoning him and is brutally executed on October 7. Francis' younger brother, Henry, Duke of Orléans، succeeds as heir to the kingdom.[32]
- September 1 - King James V of Scotland becomes the first Scottish monarch since 1346 to voluntarily leave his kingdom, leaving six vice-regents— the Lord Chancellor Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow; James Beaton، Archbishop of St Andrews; the earls of Huntly, Montrose, and Eglinton, and Lord Maxwell— to govern the nation during his absence.[33] King James sails from Kirkcaldy on the Royal Scots Navy flagship Mary Willoughby, along with 500 men and five other ships, to travel to France to meet his future bride, Princess Madeleine of Valois. The Scottish entourage docks in France at Dieppe one week later.[34]
أكتوبر-ديسمبر
- October 1 - The Pilgrimage of Grace، a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms, begins in Lincolnshire and spreads across the kingdom to most of Yorkshire, and parts of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland and Westmorland.[35]
- October 6 - English Bible translator William Tyndale is burned at the stake in Vilvoorde، Brabant.[15]
- October 10 - English barrister Robert Aske becomes the leader of the Pilgrimate of Grace rebels, whose numbers have grown to 9,000 and marches with them to York.[35]
- October 16 - The three negotiators of Pope Paul III depart France after three months of discussions with representatives of King Francois I.[28]
- November 4 - Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio، the envoy of Pope Paul III، files his report of his peace mission to negotiate an agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and France.[28]
- 13 نوفمبر -
- On "a great misty morning such as hath seldom been seen",[36] Robert Pakington، a London merchant and a member of the English Parliament، becomes the first person in Britain to be murdered with a handgun,[37] while he is walking across the street from his home at Soper's Lane toward the Mercers' Chapel. His assailant is never caught, despite the offer of a large reward.
- Robert Aske meets with royal delegates at York, including the Duke of Norfolk and negotiates the return of the homes of Catholic monks and nuns, as well as a safe passage for Aske and several Catholic representatives for a meeting with King Henry VIII.[35]
- November 26 - At the Château de Blois، the marriage contract between King James V of Scotland and King Francois of France to arrange the marriage of James to Francois' daughter Madeline, is signed despite the reluctance of the French monarch to send his daughter to an unhealthy climate.[38]
- December 5 - After two months, the Pilgrimage of Grace ends at Pontefract Castle after the Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk promises to present a list of 24 Articles of the pilgrims' demands, "The Commons' Petition", to King Henry VIII. The duke pledges a reprieve for abbeys from dissolution until Parliament can meet, and to obtain a general pardon for the rebel pilgrims.[35]
مجهولة التاريخ
- Battle of Reynogüelén: Spanish conquistadors defeat a group of Mapuches in Chile، during the expedition of Diego de Almagro.[39]
- Battle of Un no Kuchi: Takeda Family forces defeat Hiraga Genshin.[40]
- Luis Sarmento is the Imperial ambassador to Portugal.[41]
الدولة العثمانية
- 15 مارس - سليمان القانوني، بتأثير من زوجته روكسلانا التي أقنعته أن الصدر الأعظم إبراهيم باشا فرغلي يخونه، يأمر بقتله، وعيّن بدلاً منه أياس محمد باشا.
- 15 مايو - خير الدين برباروس يغادر الأستانة على رأس أسطول عثماني في حملة في البحر الأدرياتي.
الأمريكتان
- 5 أبريل - تجريدة گونزالو خيمينيز دى كيسادا تُقلِع متجهة إلى كولومبيا بالنيابة عن ألونسو فرنانديز دى لوگو. وقد غادر سانتا مارتا على رأس 700 إسباني و 3,000 رديف محلي، ويقوم برحلة وعرة صاعداً نهر ماجدالينا بحثاً عن مدينة إل دورادو الأسطورية. He loses many men and loots indigenous tombs along the way. He arrives in the Chibcha empire where he is well received. He finds Zipaquirá , the capital of Bogotá , the Zipa of the Chibcha , deserted. The city's temples are covered in gold and emeralds. The Spaniards torture the inhabitants to find out the origin of the gold. The inhabitants send them further south, but they find nothing. On the way back to Zipaquirá, Quesada met the expeditions of Sebastián de Belalcázar , who came from Quito , and Nikolaus Federmann , who came from Coro , Venezuela , and was working for the Welser family ( 1538 ).
- 18 أبريل، پيرو - Inca Manco Capac II , held captive by the Spanish in Cuzco , is released under the pretext of going to celebrate the anniversary of his father Huayna Capac's death [ 11 ] . Taking refuge in the Andes Mountains, he organizes a war against the Spanish throughout the country. Lima and Cuzco are besieged , but the Indian army, lacking preparation, is forced to retreat.
- 3 - 16 يونيو - Jacques Cartier lands at the islands of Saint -Pierre-et-Miquelon [ 12 ] .
- 27 يونيو - Pedro de Alvarado founds San Pedro Sula in Honduras [ 13 ] .
- 25 يوليو - Sebastián de Belalcázar founds Santiago de Cali in Colombia . In December , he founded Popayán.
باقي العالم
- 13 أغسطس، اليابان[42] - سحق طائفة نيتشيرن البوذية/هوكي في كيوتو خلال فترة تنبون (تنبون هوكي نو ران) على يد رهبان معبد إنرياكو-جي. تم حرق واحد وعشرين معبداً.[43]
- حرب عدل-الحبشة - أحمد گران يكمل فتح الحبشة. The few remaining independent regions serve as a refuge for Negus Negest Dawit II and his supporters. The country is so devastated that even the invaders suffer from famine.[45]
خرائط ومناظر تاريخية
تمثيل الأرض باستخدام إسقاط شتاب-ڤرنر، 1536
الكرة الأرضية لـجـِما فريزيوس، 1536
مواليد
- 22 يناير - Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (ت. 1569)[46]
- 2 فبراير
- Scévole de Sainte-Marthe، French poet (ت. 1623)[47]
- Piotr Skarga، Polish writer (ت. 1612)[48]
- 12 فبراير - Leonardo Donato، Doge of Venice (ت. 1612)[49]
- 24 فبراير - Pope Clement VIII (ت. 1605)[50]
- March 6 - Santi di Tito، Italian painter (ت. 1603)[51]
- March 31 - Ashikaga Yoshiteru، Japanese shōgun (ت. 1565)[52]
- April 8 - Barbara of Hesse (ت. 1597)[53]
- May 3 - Stephan Praetorius، German theologian (ت. 1603)[54]
- May 13 - Jacobus Pamelius، Belgian bishop (ت. 1587)[55]
- August 10 - Caspar Olevian، German Protestant theologian (ت. 1587)[56]
- August 14 - René, Marquis of Elbeuf (ت. 1566)[57]
- August 24 - Matthäus Dresser، German humanist, philosopher and historian (ت. 1607)[58]
- October 18 - William Lambarde، English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, politician (ت. 1601)[59]
- October 21 - Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (ت. 1586)[60]
- October 28 - Felix Plater، Swiss physician (ت. 1614)[61]
- November 11 - Marcantonio Memmo، Doge of Venice (ت. 1615)
- November 22 - Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (ت. 1606)[62]
- December 26 - Yi I، Korean Confucian scholar (ت. 1584)[63]
- December 29 - Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen (ت. 1572)[64]
- مجهولة التاريخ
- Hadım Mehmed Pasha، Ottoman statesperson (ت. 1626)[65]
- Hoca Sadeddin Efendi، Ottoman scholar (ت. 1599)[66]
- Chŏng Ch'ŏl، Korean administrator and poet (ت. 1593)[67]
- Leonor de Cisneros، Spanish Protestant (ت. 1568)
- Juan de Fuca، Greek maritime pilot (ت. 1602)[68]
- Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham، English statesman and admiral (ت. 1624)[69]
- Roger Marbeck، chief physician to Elizabeth I of England (ت. 1604)[70]
- Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset، English statesman and poet (ت. 1608)[71]
- Friedrich Sylburg، German classical scholar (ت. 1596)[72]
- Ikeda Tsuneoki، Japanese military commander (ت. 1584)
- Giovanni de' Vecchi، Renaissance painter from Italy (ت. 1614)[73]
وفيات
- 6 يناير - Baldassare Peruzzi، Italian architect and painter (و. 1481)[74]
- 7 يناير - Catherine of Aragon، First Queen of Henry VIII of England (و. 1485)[75]
- 22 يناير
- John of Leiden، Anabaptist leader from the Dutch city of Leiden (و. 1509)[4]
- Bernhard Knipperdolling، German religious leader (و. c. 1495)[4]
- 25 فبراير
- Berchtold Haller، German-born reformer (و. 1492)[76]
- Jacob Hutter، Tyrolean founder of the Hutterite religious movement (burned at the stake)[10]
- 15 مارس - فرغلي دماد ابراهيم پاشا، الصدر الأعظم للدولة العثمانية (و. 1493)[77]
- 4 أبريل - Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (و. 1460)[78]
- 17 مايو - George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford، English diplomat (executed, with four other men accused of adultery with the queen) (و. 1503)[79]
- 19 مايو - Anne Boleyn، second queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (و. c. 1501/1507)[79][20]
- 31 مايو - Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels، Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (و. 1476)
- 29 يونيو - Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (و. 1474)[80]
- 11 أو 12 يوليو - إرازموس، الفيلسوف الهولندي (و. 1466)[81]
- July 23 - Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset، illegitimate son of Henry VIII of England (و. 1519)[82]
- June 28 - Richard Pace، English diplomat (و. 1482)[83]
- 10 أغسطس - Francis III, Duke of Brittany، Dauphin of France, brother of Henry II (و. 1518)
- September 25 - Johannes Secundus، Dutch poet (و. 1511)[84]
- 26 سبتمبر - Didier de Saint-Jaille، 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller[85]
- 27 سبتمبر - Felice della Rovere، also known as Madonna Felice, was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Julius II (و. 1483)[86]
وليام تيندال يُحرَق على الأعواد.
- 6 أكتوبر - William Tyndale، English Protestant Bible translator (و. c. 1494)[87]
- 14 أكتوبر - Garcilaso de la Vega، Spanish poet (و. 1503)[88][89]
- December 21 - Sir John Seymour، English courtier (و. 1474)[90]
- مجهولة التاريخ
- Hector Boece، Scottish philosopher (و. 1465)[91]
- Cecilia Gallerani، principal mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (و. 1473)[92]
- Hiraga Genshin، Japanese retainer and samurai[93]
- Guru Jambheshwar was the founder of the Bishnoi Panth(b. 1451)
- John Rastell، English printer and author[94]
- Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples، French theologian and humanist (و. c. 1450)[95]
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Burton, Edwin (1911). . In هربرمان, تشارلز (ed.). الموسوعة الكاثوليكية. Vol. 12. Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=,|coauthors=, and|month=(help); Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ John Foxe, The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe: A New and Complete Edition, Volume 5 (R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, 1838)
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- ^ Rosalind K. Marshall, Scottish Queens, 1034-1714 (John Donald Co., 2003) pp. 102-103
- ^ Berger, Eugene C. (23 May 2023). This Incurable Evil: Mapuche Resistance to Spanish Enslavement, 1598–1687 (in الإنجليزية). University of Alabama Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8173-6110-5. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen (20 January 2013). Kawanakajima 1553–64: Samurai power struggle (in الإنجليزية). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84603-652-1. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, ed. James Gairdner، vol. X, no. 322
- ^ 27 jour du septième mois du calendrier chinois, . ISBN 978-0-520-20877-3.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|année=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|auteur1=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|pages totales=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|présentation en ligne=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|titre=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|éditeur=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ . ISBN 978-2-7384-8940-1.
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{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|année=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|auteur1=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|pages totales=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|présentation en ligne=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|sous-titre=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|titre=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|éditeur=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ . Vol. 1. ISBN 978-2-7384-4688-6.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|année=ignored (|date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|auteur1=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|lire en ligne=ignored (|url=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|pages totales=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|sous-titre=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|titre=ignored (|title=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|éditeur=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, etc (in الألمانية). Leipzig: Dunder & Humbolt. 1887. p. 739. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Farmer, Albert John (1920). Les oeuvres françaises de Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, 1536-1623 (in الفرنسية). É. Privat. p. 9. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Tazbir, Janusz (1983). Piotr Skarga: szermierz kontrreformacji (in البولندية). Wiedza Powszechna. p. 13. ISBN 978-83-214-0276-5. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ "DONÀ, Leonardo". www.treccani.it (in الإيطالية). Retrieved 20 August 2023.
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- ^ "足利義輝(あしかがよしてる)とは? 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in اليابانية). Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Veröffentlichungen (in الألمانية). W. Kohlhammer. 1954. p. 34. ISBN 978-3-17-005801-9. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Meusel, Karl Heinrich (1897). Kirchliches handlexikon (in الألمانية). J. Naumann. p. 395. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Coppens, Joseph A. (1841). Nieuwe beschrijving van het bisdom van 's Hertogenbosch: naar aanleiding van het Katholijk meijerijsch memorieboek van A. Van Gils. Over het dekanaat der Stad 's Bosch (in الهولندية). Demelinne. p. 110. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Mühling, Andreas (2008). Caspar Olevian, 1536-1587: Christ, Kirchenpolitiker und Theologe (in الألمانية). Achius. p. 13. ISBN 978-3-905351-13-2. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Desbois, François Alexandre Aubert de la Chenaye (1774). Dictionnaire de la noblesse de France (in الفرنسية). Paris: Antoine Boudet. p. 583. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
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- ^ Heine, Gerhard (1866). Geschichte des Landes Anhalt und seiner Fürsten (in الألمانية). Eduard Heine. p. 98. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
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- ^ Nassauer Annalen (in الألمانية). Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde und Geschichtsforschung. 1886. p. 105. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
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- ^ Schmidt, Berthold (1888). Burggraf Heinrich IV zu Meissen, Oberstkanzler der Krone Böhmen und seine Regierung im Vogtlande (in الألمانية). Griesbach. p. 55. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ^ Cikar, Jutta, ed. (2011). Türkischer biographischer Index [Turkish Biographical Index] (in الإنجليزية). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 671. ISBN 978-3598342967.
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- ^ 송강 정철 문학의 재인식 (in الكورية). 역락. 2004. p. 56. ISBN 978-89-5556-334-4. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ^ Gough, Barry M. (2012). Juan de Fuca's Strait : voyages in the waterway of forgotten dreams. Madeira Park: Harbour Pub. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-55017-573-8. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ^ British Naval Biography: Comprising the Lives of the Most Distinguished Admirals, from Howard to Coddington (in الإنجليزية). London: Scott, Webster and Geary. 1839. p. 35. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
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