بوسطن أو بوستن (بالإنجليزية: Boston ؛ الأمريكي /ˈbɔːstən/, UK /ˈbɒstən/)[10]) هي عاصمة كومنولث مساتشوسِتس، الولايات المتحدة، والمدينة الأكبر[3] بها. and the 21st most populous city in the United States.[11] The city proper covers 48.4 ميل مربعs (125 kم2)[12] with an estimated population of 692,600 in 2019,[4] also making it the most populous city in New England.[3] It is the seat of Suffolk County (although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999).[13] The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country.[14] As a combined statistical area (CSA), this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States.[15]
Boston, Massachusetts | |
---|---|
City of Boston | |
Top to bottom: Downtown (from the Boston Harbor); Massachusetts State House; Old State House; Back Bay (from the Charles River) | |
الكنية: | |
الشعار: Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis (Latin) 'As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us' | |
![]() Interactive map outlining Boston | |
الإحداثيات: 42°21′29″N 71°03′49″W / 42.35806°N 71.06361°WCoordinates: 42°21′29″N 71°03′49″W / 42.35806°N 71.06361°W | |
Country | United States |
State | Massachusetts |
County | Suffolk |
Region | New England
|
Historic countries | Kingdom of England Commonwealth of England Kingdom of Great Britain |
Historic colonies | Massachusetts Bay Colony, Dominion of New England, Province of Massachusetts Bay |
Settled (town) | |
Incorporated (city) | March 19, 1822 |
السمِيْ | Boston, Lincolnshire |
الحكومة | |
• النوع | Strong mayor / Council |
• Mayor | Marty Walsh (D) |
• Council | Boston City Council |
المساحة | |
• City | 89٫62 ميل² (232٫11 كم²) |
• البر | 48٫34 ميل² (125٫20 كم²) |
• الماء | 41٫28 ميل² (106٫91 كم²) |
• الحضر | 1٬770 ميل² (4٬600 كم²) |
• العمران | 4٬500 ميل² (11٬700 كم²) |
• CSA | 10٬600 ميل² (27٬600 كم²) |
المنسوب | 141 ft (43 m) |
التعداد | |
• City | 617٬594 |
• Estimate (2019)[8] | 692٬600 |
• الكثافة | 14٬327٫68/sq mi (5٬531٫93/km2) |
• Urban | 4٬180٬000 (US: 10th) |
• العمرانية | 4٬628٬910 (US: 10th)[2] |
• CSA | 8٬041٬303 (US: 6th) |
• Demonym | Bostonian |
منطقة التوقيت | UTC−5 (EST) |
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
ZIP Codes | 53 ZIP Codes[9]
|
Area codes | 617 and 857 |
FIPS code | 25-07000 |
GNIS feature ID | 617565 |
Primary Airport | Logan International Airport |
Interstates | ![]() ![]() |
Commuter Rail | MBTA Commuter Rail |
Rapid Transit | MBTA subway |
الموقع الإلكتروني | Boston.gov |
Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States, founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name.[16][17] It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture.[18][19] The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year.[20] Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (Boston Common, 1634), first public or state school (Boston Latin School, 1635)[21] and first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897).[22]
Today, Boston is a thriving center of scientific research. The Boston area's many colleges and universities make it a world leader in higher education,[23] including law, medicine, engineering and business and the city is considered to be a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, with nearly 5,000 startups.[24][25][26] Boston's economic base also includes finance,[27] professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology and government activities.[28] Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States;[29] businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment.[30] The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States[31][32] as it has undergone gentrification,[33] though it remains high on world livability rankings.[34]
وهي أيضاً واحدة من المراكز العلمية الكبرى بالولايات المتحدة حيث تضم نحو 39 جامعة، وبضاحيتها كمبردج توجد جامعة هارڤرد، إحدى أقدم جامعات العالم ومعهد مساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا.
تأسست بوسطن عام 1630، ويعتمد اقتصادها الآن على التعليم العالي، والأبحاث، والرعاية الصحية، والتمويل، والتقانة، وبالدرجة الأولى على التقانة الحيوية. تلقب المدينة بـ "المدينة فوق التل"، و "مدينة الفول"، و "المحور"، و "أثينا الولايات المتحدة"، و "مدينة المتطهرين"، و "مهد الحرية"، وغيرها من ألقاب. تقع بوسطن في مقاطعة سفوك Suffolk County. ومنطقة بوسطن الكبرى تشتمل على مدن كامبريدج (ماساتشوستس)، وكوينسي، ونيوتن (ماساتشوستس)، وبروكلاين.
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التاريخ
الجغرافيا
المناخ
تتمتع مدينة بوسطن بمناخ قاري ، مثل ذلك السائد في نيو إنجلاند. ويكون الطقس حار رطب صيفا ، بارد شتاء مع بعض الرياح الثلجية. بوسطن أساسا لها ما يمكن ان توصف بأنها المناخ القاري ، مثل شائع جدا في نيو انغلاند. وعادة ما تكون في الصيف الحار والرطب ، في حين يكون الشتاء الباردة ، والرياح الثلجيه. أنماط الرياح الساءده التي تهب في الخارج تؤثر في بوسطن ، والحد من نفوذ المحيط الاطلسي.
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التوزيع السكانى
التعداد تاريخياً | |||
---|---|---|---|
الإحصاء | التعداد | %± | |
1790 | 18٬320 | ||
1800 | 24٬937 | 36.1% | |
1810 | 33٬787 | 35.5% | |
1820 | 43٬298 | 28.1% | |
1830 | 61٬392 | 41.8% | |
1840 | 93٬383 | 52.1% | |
1850 | 136٬881 | 46.6% | |
1860 | 177٬840 | 29.9% | |
1870 | 250٬526 | 40.9% | |
1880 | 362٬839 | 44.8% | |
1890 | 448٬477 | 23.6% | |
1900 | 560٬892 | 25.1% | |
1910 | 670٬585 | 19.6% | |
1920 | 748٬060 | 11.6% | |
1930 | 781٬188 | 4.4% | |
1940 | 770٬816 | -1.3% | |
1950 | 801٬444 | 4.0% | |
1960 | 697٬197 | -13.0% | |
1970 | 641٬071 | -8.1% | |
1980 | 562٬994 | -12.2% | |
1990 | 574٬283 | 2.0% | |
2000 | 589٬141 | 2.6% | |
تقديري 2006 | 590٬763 | 0.3% |
الحكومة
الاقتصاد
Top publicly traded Boston companies for 2018 (ranked by revenues) with City and U.S. ranks Source: Fortune 500[35] | |||||||
Bos. | Corporation | US | Revenue (in millions) | ||||
1 | General Electric | 18 | $122,274 | ||||
2 | Liberty Mutual | 68 | $42,687 | ||||
3 | State Street | 259 | $11,774 | ||||
4 | American Tower | 419 | $6,663.9 | ||||
Top City Employers Source: MA Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development[36] | |||||||
Rank | Company/Organization | ||||||
1 | Brigham and Women's Hospital | ||||||
2 | Massachusetts General Hospital | ||||||
3 | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center | ||||||
4 | Boston Children's Hospital | ||||||
5 | Boston Medical Center | ||||||
6 | Boston University School of Medicine | ||||||
7 | Boston University | ||||||
8 | Floating Hospital for Children | ||||||
9 | John Hancock Life Insurance Co. | ||||||
10 | Liberty Mutual Group Inc. |
Distribution of Greater Boston NECTA Labor Force (2016)[37] ██ Nat'l resources & mining (0%)██ Construction (5%)██ Manufacturing (8%)██ Trade, transportation & utilities (15%)██ Information (3%)██ Finance & real estate (8%)██ Professional & business services (15%)██ Educational & health services (28%)██ Leisure & hospitality (9%)██ Other services (4%)██ Government (4%)
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التعليم
Higher education
Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are near Boston.[39][40] Three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are just outside of Boston in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the Brainpower Triangle.[41] Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its business school and athletics facilities are in Boston's Allston neighborhood, and its medical, dental, and public health schools are located in the Longwood area.[42]
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as "Boston Tech"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.[43] Tufts University's main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children.[44]
Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University.[45] Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities as per the Carnegie Classification. This includes, in addition to the aforementioned four, Boston College, Northeastern University, and Tufts University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.[46]
Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.[47] The city's largest private universities include Boston University (also the city's fourth-largest employer),[48] with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End, Northeastern University in the Fenway area,[49] Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school,[50] and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.[51] Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.[52]
Smaller private colleges include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school),[53] and Emerson College.[54]
Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools, including Lesley University College of Art and Design, Massachusetts College of Art, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, New England Institute of Art, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), Longy School of Music of Bard College, and the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States).[55] Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.[56]
الثقافة
وسائل الاعلام
الرياضة
السياسة
Year | Democratic | Republican |
---|---|---|
2016 | 80.6% 221,093 | 13.9% 38,087 |
2012 | 78.8% 200,190 | 19.3% 48,985 |
2008 | 79.0% 185,976 | 19.4% 45,548 |
2004 | 77.3% 160,884 | 21.4% 44,518 |
2000 | 71.7% 132,393 | 19.7% 36,389 |
1996 | 73.8% 125,529 | 19.6% 33,366 |
1992 | 62.4% 114,260 | 22.9% 41,868 |
1988 | 65.2% 122,349 | 33.2% 62,202 |
1984 | 63.4% 131,745 | 36.2% 75,311 |
1980 | 53.3% 95,133 | 32.9% 58,656 |
1976 | 60.4% 115,802 | 35.3% 67,604 |
1972 | 66.2% 139,598 | 33.3% 70,298 |
Voter registration and party enrollment اعتبارا من 1 فبراير 2019[تحديث][58] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Number of voters | Percentage | |||
Democratic | 210,570 | 50.73% | |||
Republican | 24,034 | 5.79% | |||
Libertarian | 1,443 | 0.35% | |||
Green | 403 | 0.10% | |||
Unaffiliated | 175,308 | 42.23% | |||
الإجمالي | 415,103 | 100% |
الرعايه الصحية والمرافق العامة
النقل
العلاقات الدولية
The City of Boston has eleven official sister cities:[59]
- Kyoto, Japan (1959)
- Strasbourg, France (1960)
- Barcelona, Spain (1980)
- Hangzhou, People's Republic of China (1982)
- Padua, Italy (1983)
- Melbourne, Australia (1985)
- Beira, Mozambique (1990)
- Taipei, Taiwan (1996)
- Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana (2001)
- Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK (2014)
- Praia, Cape Verde (2015)
Boston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with four additional cities or regions:
انظر أيضاً
ملاحظات
المراجع
الهامش
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- ^ Thomas, G. Scott. "Boston's population stays flat, but still ranks as 10th-largest in U.S (BBJ DataCenter)". bizjournals.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
- ^ أ ب ت "QuickFacts: Boston, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
- ^ أ ب "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2019 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^ "Alphabetically sorted list of Census 2000 Urbanized Areas". United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. Archived from the original (TXT) on June 13, 2002. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011 (CBSA-EST2011-01)". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original (CSV) on April 27, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
- ^ "Table 2. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011 (CBSA-EST2011-02)". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original (CSV) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
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- ^ "List of intact or abandoned Massachusetts county governments". sec.state.ma.us. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
- ^ Banner, David. "Boston History – The History of Boston, Massachusetts". SearchBoston. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
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- ^ "About Boston". City of Boston. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
- ^ Morris 2005, p. 8.
- ^ "Top 25 Most Visited Tourist Destinations in America". The Travelers Zone. May 10, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
- ^ "BPS at a Glance". Boston Public Schools. March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
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- ^ "World Reputation Rankings". April 21, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
- ^ "Venture Investment – Regional Aggregate Data". National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
- ^ Kirsner, Scott (July 20, 2010). "Boston is #1 ... But will we hold on to the top spot? – Innovation Economy". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ Innovation that Matters 2016. US Chamber of Commerce. 2016. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the
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- ^ "The Boston Economy in 2010" (PDF). Boston Redevelopment Authority. January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ "Transfer of Wealth in Boston" (PDF). The Boston Foundation. March 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
- ^ "Boston Ranked Most Energy-Efficient City in the United States". City Government of Boston. September 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
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- ^ "Quality of Living global city rankings 2010 – Mercer survey". Mercer. May 26, 2010. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
- ^ "Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made The List". Fortune. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
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- ^ "MEMBER INSTITUTIONS AND YEARS OF ADMISSION". Association of American Universities. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
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- ^ "Northeastern University". U.S. News and World Reports. 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
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المصادر
- Bluestone, Barry; Stevenson, Mary Huff (2002). The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-61044-072-1.
- Bolino, August C. (2012). Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4759-3376-5.
- Christopher, Paul J. (2006). 50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit. Encouragement Press, LLC. ISBN 978-1-933766-01-0.
- Hull, Sarah (2011). The Rough Guide to Boston (6 ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4053-8247-2.
- Kennedy, Lawrence W. (1994). Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-923-6.
- Morris, Jerry (2005). The Boston Globe Guide to Boston. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-3430-6.
- Vorhees, Mara (2009). Lonely Planet Boston City Guide (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74179-178-5.
- Wechter, Eric B.; et al. (2009). Fodor's Boston 2009. Random House Digital. ISBN 978-1-4000-0699-1.
وصلات خارجية
تعريفات قاموسية في ويكاموس
كتب من معرفة الكتب
اقتباسات من معرفة الاقتباس
نصوص مصدرية من معرفة المصادر
صور و ملفات صوتية من كومونز
أخبار من معرفة الأخبار.
Boston travel guide from Wikitravel
- City of Boston official website
- Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce
- Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau
- Photos of Boston
- The Boston Indicators Project
- Open Space Plan 2002–2006, City of Boston, maps and analyses
- Historical Maps of Boston from the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library
- Boston Streets: Mapping Directory Data Project – Tufts University and The Bostonian Society.
- Maps of Income, Landfill, Growth, Squares, and Public Transport, from www.radicalcartography.net.
- Historical sites from around Boston
- Historical maps of Boston in the Boston Public Library collection
قالب:BostonMA قالب:Boston landmarks قالب:Public art in Boston