بوسطن الكبرى

(تم التحويل من Greater Boston)
Greater Boston
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH
Metropolitan Statistical Area
Metropolitan statistical area
Boston in July 2015
Boston in July 2015
Interactive Map of Boston–Worcester–Providence, MA–RI–NH CSA
Country الولايات المتحدة
State مساتشوستس
 نيو هامپشر
 رود أيلند
Principal cities
التعداد
 (2024)
 • الإجمالي8٬493٬824 (CSA)
4٬941٬632 (MSA)
 • الترتيب
GDP
[1]
 • Total$610.486 billion (2023)
منطقة التوقيتUTC−5 (EST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−4 (EDT)
مفتاح الهاتف617, 781, 857, 339, 978, 508, 351, 774, 603, 401

Greater Boston is the metropolitan region of New England encompassing the municipality of Boston, the capital of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England, and its surrounding areas, home to 4,941,632. The most stringent definition of the region, used by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council, consists of most of the eastern third of mainland Massachusetts, excluding the Merrimack Valley and most of Southeastern Massachusetts, though most definitions (including the U.S. Census definition) include much of these areas and portions of southern New Hampshire.[2]

While the city of Boston covers 48.4 ميل مربع (125 km2) and has 675,647 residents as of the 2020 census, the urbanization has extended well into surrounding areas and the Combined Statistical Area (CSA in the rest of the document), which includes the Providence, Rhode Island, Manchester, New Hampshire, Cape Cod and Worcester areas, has a population of more than 8.4 million people, making it one of the most populous such regions in the U.S.

Some of Greater Boston's most well-known contributions involve the region's higher education and medical institutions. Greater Boston has been influential upon American history and industry. The region and the state of Massachusetts are global leaders in biotechnology, health care,[2] engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.[3]

Greater Boston is ranked tenth in population among US metropolitan statistical areas, home to 4,941,632 people as of the 2020 United States census, and seventh among combined statistical areas, with a population of 8,493,824. The area has hosted many people and sites significant to American culture and history, particularly American literature,[4] politics, and the American Revolution.

Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the Mayflower. In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials.[5] In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"[6] for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution.

The Greater Boston region has played a powerful scientific, commercial, and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, the region was a center for the abolitionist, temperance,[7] and transcendentalist[8] movements.[9] In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Boston.[10] Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the Boston region, including the Adams and Kennedy families.

Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, founded in 1636,[11] with the largest financial endowment of any university,[12] and whose Law School has spawned a contemporaneous majority of United States Supreme Court Justices.[13] Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.[14][15] Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world.[16]

Geography

Boundary definitions

Metropolitan Area

The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council.[17] The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the Massachusetts legislature to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, I-495. In 2013, the population of the MAPC district was 3.2 million, which was 48% of the total population of Massachusetts,[18] in an area of 1،422 ميل مربع (3،680 km2),[17] of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.[19]

The cities and towns included in this definition are:[20]

New England City and Town Area

Two definitions are used by the United States Census to define the Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metro Area or Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan NECTA, which is defined as a New England City and Town Area.[21][22] The metro area definition is based on counties, while the NECTA definition is based on city and town boundaries. Counties included in the county-based definition include:[21]

The NECTA definition includes all of the communities from the MAPC definition, as well as the Merrimack Valley communities, parts of southern New Hampshire (northward to Milford and Hampton, and the Taunton area.

التعداد التاريخي
التعدادPop.ملاحظة%±
1850650٬357—
1860830٬99827٫8%
1870978٬34617٫7%
18801٬205٬43923٫2%
18901٬515٬68425٫7%
19001٬890٬12224٫7%
19102٬260٬76219٫6%
19202٬563٬12313٫4%
19302٬866٬56711٫8%
19402٬926٬6502٫1%
19503٬186٬9708٫9%
19603٬516٬43510٫3%
19703٬918٬09211٫4%
19803٬938٬5850٫5%
19904٬133٬8955�0%
20004٬391٬3446٫2%
20104٬552٬4023٫7%
20204٬941٬6328٫5%
2024 (تق.)5٬025٬5171٫7%
US Census
ملف:MIT Charles River aerial.JPG
Cambridge and Boston with MIT and Kendall Square in the foreground and Boston's Financial District in the background

Combined Statistical Area

The widest definition of the metropolitan area based on commuting patterns, is defined by the U.S. Census as the Boston–Worcester–Providence combined statistical area. This area consists of the following counties in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire:[23]

Downtown Providence, Rhode Island in 2008

The total population for the extended region was estimated at 7,493,824 at the 2020 census.[citation needed]

Subregions

Climate

The Boston area has humid continental climates (Dfa and Dfb under the Köppen climate classification system), with high humidity and precipitation year-round. قالب:Concord, New Hampshire weatherbox

بيانات المناخ لـ بوسطن مساتشوستس (مطار لوجان)، درجات الحرارة العظمى والصغرى 1991−2020 [أ] extremes 1872−الحاضر[ب]
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °ف (°س) 74
(23) 		73
(23) 		89
(32) 		94
(34) 		97
(36) 		100
(38) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		102
(39) 		90
(32) 		83
(28) 		76
(24) 		104
(40)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °ف (°س) 36.8
(2.7) 		39.0
(3.9) 		45.5
(7.5) 		56.4
(13.6) 		66.5
(19.2) 		76.2
(24.6) 		82.1
(27.8) 		80.4
(26.9) 		73.1
(22.8) 		62.1
(16.7) 		51.6
(10.9) 		42.2
(5.7) 		59.3
(15.2)
المتوسط اليومي °ف (°س) 29.9
(−1.2) 		31.8
(−0.1) 		38.3
(3.5) 		48.6
(9.2) 		58.4
(14.7) 		68.0
(20.0) 		74.1
(23.4) 		72.7
(22.6) 		65.6
(18.7) 		54.8
(12.7) 		44.7
(7.1) 		35.7
(2.1) 		51.9
(11.1)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °ف (°س) 23.1
(−4.9) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		31.1
(−0.5) 		40.8
(4.9) 		50.3
(10.2) 		59.7
(15.4) 		66.0
(18.9) 		65.1
(18.4) 		58.2
(14.6) 		47.5
(8.6) 		37.9
(3.3) 		29.2
(−1.6) 		44.5
(6.9)
متوسط الدنيا °ف (°س) 4.8
(−15.1) 		8.3
(−13.2) 		15.6
(−9.1) 		31.0
(−0.6) 		41.2
(5.1) 		49.7
(9.8) 		58.6
(14.8) 		57.7
(14.3) 		46.7
(8.2) 		35.1
(1.7) 		24.4
(−4.2) 		13.1
(−10.5) 		2.6
(−16.3)
الصغرى القياسية °ف (°س) −13
(−25) 		−18
(−28) 		−8
(−22) 		11
(−12) 		31
(−1) 		41
(5) 		50
(10) 		46
(8) 		34
(1) 		25
(−4) 		−2
(−19) 		−17
(−27) 		−18
(−28)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار inches (mm) 3.39
(86) 		3.21
(82) 		4.17
(106) 		3.63
(92) 		3.25
(83) 		3.89
(99) 		3.27
(83) 		3.23
(82) 		3.56
(90) 		4.03
(102) 		3.66
(93) 		4.30
(109) 		43.59
(1٬107)
متوسط هطول الثلج inches (cm) 14.3
(36) 		14.4
(37) 		9.0
(23) 		1.6
(4.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.7
(1.8) 		9.0
(23) 		49.2
(125)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.8 10.6 11.6 11.6 11.8 10.9 9.4 9.0 9.0 10.5 10.3 11.9 128.4
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) 62.3 62.0 63.1 63.0 66.7 68.5 68.4 70.8 71.8 68.5 67.5 65.4 66.5
متوسط نقطة الندى °ف (°س) 16.5
(−8.6) 		17.6
(−8.0) 		25.2
(−3.8) 		33.6
(0.9) 		45.0
(7.2) 		55.2
(12.9) 		61.0
(16.1) 		60.4
(15.8) 		53.8
(12.1) 		42.8
(6.0) 		33.4
(0.8) 		22.1
(−5.5) 		38.9
(3.8)
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس 163.4 168.4 213.7 227.2 267.3 286.5 300.9 277.3 237.1 206.3 143.2 142.3 2٬633٫6
نسبة السطوع المحتمل للشمس 56 57 58 57 59 63 65 64 63 60 49 50 59
متوسط مؤشر فوق البنفسجية 1 2 4 5 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961−1990)[25][26][27]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[28]
Climate data for Boston, Massachusetts
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C) 41.3
(5.2) 		38.1
(3.4) 		38.4
(3.5) 		43.1
(6.2) 		49.2
(9.5) 		58.4
(14.7) 		65.7
(18.7) 		67.9
(20.0) 		64.8
(18.2) 		59.4
(15.3) 		52.3
(11.3) 		46.6
(8.2) 		52.1
(11.2)
Source: Weather Atlas[28]

قالب:Providence, Rhode Island weatherbox

Demographics

ملف:Population Density in the Boston Urban Area in 2020.png
Population density in the Boston urban area
ملف:St. Patrick's Day Parade, Scituate MA.jpg
St. Patrick's Day Parade in Scituate, Massachusetts, in Plymouth County, the municipality with the highest percentage identifying Irish ancestry in the United States, at 47.5% in 2010.[29] Irish Americans constitute the largest ethnicity in Greater Boston.
Boston's Chinatown, with its paifang gate, is home to many Chinese and also Vietnamese restaurants.
Boston gay pride march, held annually in June

Greater Boston has a sizable Jewish community, estimated at between 210,000 people,[30][31] and 261,000[32] or 5–6% of the Greater Boston metro population, compared with about 2% for the nation as a whole. Contrary to national trends, the number of Jews in Greater Boston has been growing, fueled by the fact that 60% of children in Jewish mixed-faith families are raised Jewish, compared with roughly one in three nationally.[30] The 2020 PRRI Atlas found that 35% of the Boston metro area identified as Protestant while 26% identified as Catholic.[33]

The City of Boston also has one of the largest LGBT populations per capita. It ranks fifth of all major cities in the country (behind San Francisco, and slightly behind Seattle, Atlanta, and Minneapolis), with 12.3% of the city identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[34]

County 2021 Estimate 2020 Census Change Area Density
Middlesex County, Massachusetts 1٬614٬742 1٬632٬002 −1٫06% 817.82 sq mi (2،118.1 km2) 1٬974/sq mi (762/km2)
Essex County, Massachusetts 807٬074 809٬829 −0٫34% 492.56 sq mi (1،275.7 km2) 1٬639/sq mi (633/km2)
Suffolk County, Massachusetts 771٬245 797٬936 −3٫35% 58.15 sq mi (150.6 km2) 13٬263/sq mi (5٬121/km2)
Norfolk County, Massachusetts 724٬505 725٬981 −0٫20% 396.11 sq mi (1،025.9 km2) 1٬829/sq mi (706/km2)
Plymouth County, Massachusetts 533٬003 530٬819 +0٫41% 659.07 sq mi (1،707.0 km2) 809/sq mi (312/km2)
Rockingham County, New Hampshire 316٬947 314٬176 +0٫88% 694.72 sq mi (1،799.3 km2) 456/sq mi (176/km2)
Strafford County, New Hampshire 132٬416 130٬889 +1٫17% 368.97 sq mi (955.6 km2) 359/sq mi (139/km2)
Total 4٬899٬932 4٬941٬642 −0٫84% 3،487.40 sq mi (9،032.3 km2) 1٬405/sq mi (542/km2)

The 40 most diverse Census tracts in the Boston CSA:[35]

The 40 census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Hispanic or Latino:[35]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Black American:[35]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Asian American:[35]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Irish American:[36]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Italian American:[37]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Portuguese American:[38]

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with French or French Canadian listed as first ancestry:[39]

Largest cities and towns

Cities and towns with a population over 50,000 as of the 2020 census include:[40][41][42][43][44]

State capital
State largest city
Rank Name State Population (2020) Population (2010) Change
1. Boston  مساتشوستس 675٬647 617٬594 +9٫40%
2. Worcester 206٬518 181٬045 +14٫07%
3. Providence  رود أيلند 190٬934 178٬042 +7٫24%
4. Cambridge  مساتشوستس 118٬403 105٬162 +12٫59%
5. Manchester  نيو هامپشر 115٬644 109٬565 +5٫55%
6. Lowell  مساتشوستس 115٬554 106٬519 +8٫48%
7. Brockton 105٬643 93٬810 +12٫61%
8. Quincy 101٬636 92٬271 +10٫15%
9. Lynn 101٬253 90٬329 +12٫09%
10. New Bedford 101٬079 95٬072 +6٫32%
11. Fall River 94٬000 88٬857 +5٫79%
12. Nashua  نيو هامپشر 91٬322 86٬494 +5٫58%
13. Lawrence  مساتشوستس 89٬143 76٬377 +16٫71%
14. Newton 88٬923 85٬146 +4٫44%
15. Cranston  رود أيلند 82٬934 80٬387 +3٫17%
16. Warwick 82٬823 82٬672 +0٫18%
17. Somerville  مساتشوستس 81٬045 75٬754 +6٫98%
18. Pawtucket  رود أيلند 75٬604 71٬148 +6٫26%
19. Framingham  مساتشوستس 72٬362 68٬318 +5٫92%
20. Haverhill 67٬787 60٬879 +11٫35%
21. Malden 66٬263 59٬450 +11٫46%
22. Waltham 65٬218 60٬632 +7٫56%
23. Brookline 63٬191 58٬732 +7٫59%
24. Revere 62٬186 51٬755 +20٫15%
25. Plymouth 61٬217 56٬468 +8٫41%
26. Medford 59٬659 56٬173 +6٫21%
27. Taunton 59٬408 55٬874 +6٫32%
28. Weymouth 57٬437 53٬743 +6٫87%
29. Peabody 54٬481 51٬251 +6٫30%
30. Methuen 53٬059 47٬255 +12٫28%

Education

انظر أيضاً: Boston, Massachusetts § Education; List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston; and List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts
Harvard University, a leading global university, is located in Cambridge, MA in Greater Boston

A long established center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Greater Boston contains seven R1 Research Institutions as per the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. This is, by far, the highest number of such institutions in a single Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States.

Economy

للمزيد من المعلومات: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income

Major companies

References:[45][46][47][48]

Transportation

انظر أيضاً: Transportation in Boston

Interstates

U.S. Routes

State Highways

Bridges and tunnels

Airports

Rail and bus

The MBTA district, with Commuter Rail lines in purple

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) is the primary operator of transit in Greater Boston. It operates the MBTA subway system and the MBTA bus network in Boston and inner suburbs, as well as the MBTA Commuter Rail system and the MBTA ferry network serving Greater Boston.

Other public transit includes Amtrak intercity rail service, Logan Express service to Logan International Airport, and privately-operated intercity bus and ferry systems. A number of regional transit authorities operate local bus service:

Ocean transportation

The Salem Ferry, 92 ft. Catamaran is photographed approaching its dock off Blaney Street at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site in Salem, Massachusetts, United States.

Sports

المقالة الرئيسية: Sports in Boston
Club Sport League Stadium Established League titles
Boston Bruins Ice hockey National Hockey League TD Garden (Boston) 1924 6 Stanley Cups
7 Eastern Conference Titles
Boston Celtics Basketball National Basketball Association TD Garden (Boston) 1946 18 NBA Championships
23 Eastern Conference Titles
Boston Red Sox Baseball Major League Baseball Fenway Park (Boston) 1901 9 MLB World Series Championships
14 American League Pennants
New England Patriots Football National Football League Gillette Stadium (Foxboro) 1960 6 Super Bowl Championships
11 AFC Championships
New England Revolution Soccer Major League Soccer Gillette Stadium (Foxboro) 1996 1 US Open Cup
1 Supporters' Shield
New England Free Jacks Rugby union Major League Rugby Veterans Memorial Stadium (Quincy) 2018 2 MLR Championships

Annual sporting events include:

The Greater Boston League, a high school athletic conference in Massachusetts.

Notes

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936.[24]

References

  1. ^ "Total Real Gross Domestic Product for Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (MSA)". Federal Reserve Economic Data. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
  2. ^ أ ب "Why Boston Will Be the Star of The AI Revolution". VentureFizz. أكتوبر 24, 2017. Retrieved نوفمبر 9, 2023. Boston startups are working to overcome some of the largest technical barriers holding AI back, and they're attracting attention across a wide variety of industries in the process.
  3. ^ "Housing and Economic Development:Key Industries". mass.gov. Archived from the original on أبريل 22, 2015. Retrieved مايو 9, 2016.
  4. ^ Will Joyner (أبريل 9, 1999). "Where Literary Legends Took Shape Around Boston". The New York Times. Retrieved مايو 9, 2016.
  5. ^ "The 1692 Salem Witch Trials". SalemWitchTrialsMuseum.com. Archived from the original on فبراير 20, 2003. Retrieved مايو 9, 2016.
  6. ^ "Faneuil Hall". Celebrateboston.com. Retrieved أبريل 21, 2015.
  7. ^ "The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840: Massachusetts". Teachushistory.org. Retrieved مايو 9, 2016.
  8. ^ Packer, Barbara (2007). The Transcendentalists. University of Georgia Press; First edition (April 25, 2007). ISBN 978-0820329581.
  9. ^ "Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts". Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved مايو 9, 2016.
  10. ^ "Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage". CNN. Reuters. نوفمبر 18, 2003. Archived from the original on أبريل 22, 2015. Retrieved أبريل 21, 2015.
  11. ^ "History of Harvard University". Harvard University. Archived from the original on مايو 2, 2015. Retrieved أبريل 21, 2015.
  12. ^ Tamar Lewin (يناير 28, 2015). "Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All". The New York Times. Retrieved مايو 9, 2016.
  13. ^ Richard Wolf (مارس 16, 2016). "Meet Merrick Garland, Obama's Supreme Court nominee". USA Today. Archived from the original on مارس 16, 2016. Retrieved مايو 9, 2016.
  14. ^ "Kendall Square Initiative". MIT. Retrieved ديسمبر 1, 2016.
  15. ^ Lelund Cheung. "When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?". Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 2, 2016. Retrieved ديسمبر 1, 2016.
  16. ^ "World Reputation Rankings". www.timeshighereducation.com. أبريل 21, 2016. Retrieved مايو 9, 2016.
  17. ^ أ ب "About MAPC". Metropolitan Area Planning Council. Archived from the original on فبراير 21, 2007. Retrieved مايو 14, 2007.
  18. ^ "Metropolitan Area Planning Council Strategic Plan 2015–2020" (PDF). Metropolitan Area Planning Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on أكتوبر 11, 2016. Retrieved أبريل 22, 2017.
  19. ^ "Transportation Plan – Overview". Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization. 2009. Archived from the original on أغسطس 29, 2008. Retrieved سبتمبر 27, 2009.
  20. ^ "Metro Area - the Region". Archived from the original on فبراير 21, 2007.
  21. ^ أ ب "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metro Area". data.census.gov. Retrieved أبريل 8, 2024.
  22. ^ "Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metropolitan NECTA". censusreporter.org. Archived from the original on يوليو 30, 2023. Retrieved أبريل 8, 2024.
  23. ^ "Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area" (PDF). census.gov. Retrieved أبريل 8, 2024.
  24. ^ ThreadEx
  25. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved مايو 4, 2021.
  26. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved مايو 24, 2021.
  27. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for BOSTON/LOGAN INT'L AIRPORT, MA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved يوليو 18, 2020.
  28. ^ أ ب "Boston, Massachusetts, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved يوليو 4, 2019.
  29. ^ Jane Walsh (نوفمبر 25, 2015). "The most Irish town in America is named using US census data". Irish Central. Retrieved مايو 8, 2016.
  30. ^ أ ب Michael Paulson (نوفمبر 10, 2006). "Jewish population in region rises". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 19, 2006. Retrieved نوفمبر 29, 2009.
  31. ^ "Cities with the Largest Jewish Population in the Diaspora". adherents.com. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 6, 1999. Retrieved نوفمبر 29, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  32. ^ "Metro Area Membership Report". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on فبراير 23, 2012. Retrieved نوفمبر 29, 2009.
  33. ^ Consulting, Epicenter. "PRRI – American Values Atlas". PRRI – American Values Atlas. Retrieved نوفمبر 2, 2024.
  34. ^ "12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. 2006. Retrieved مايو 1, 2009.
  35. ^ أ ب ت ث "Mapping the 2010 U.S. Census". The New York Times. ديسمبر 13, 2010.
  36. ^ "Irish as First Ancestry Population Percentage Rank of Census Tract within 100 miles of Zip Code 02176". Usa.com. Retrieved يناير 4, 2015.
  37. ^ "Italian as First Ancestry Population Percentage Rank of Census Tract within 100 miles of Zip Code 02176". Usa.com. Retrieved يناير 4, 2015.
  38. ^ "Portuguese as First Ancestry Population Percentage Rank of Census Tract within 100 miles of Zip Code 02176". www.usa.com. Retrieved فبراير 2, 2022.
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Further reading

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for بوسطن الكبرى.
  • Wilson, Susan (2005). The Literary Trail of Greater Boston: A Tour of Sites in Boston, Cambridge, and Concord, Revised Edition. Commonwealth Editions. ISBN 1-889833-67-3. An informative guidebook, with facts and data about literary figures, publishers, bookstores, libraries, and other historic sites on the newly designated Literary Trail of Greater Boston.
  • Warner, Sam Jr. (2001). Greater Boston: Adapting Regional Traditions to the Present. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1769-1.

قالب:Boston

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