ردم البحر

This article is about land reclaimed from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. For land reclaimed from the desert, see Dedesertification. For the disposal of waste material, see landfill.

"Reclaimed" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر Reclaim.

Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a landfill), is the process of creating new land from oceans, riverbeds, or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill.

Reclaiming in Perth, Australia 1964

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 Habitation

East Coast Park in Singapore was built on reclaimed land with a man-made beach.

The Flevopolder in the Netherlands, reclaimed from the IJsselmeer, is the largest reclaimed artificial island in the world.

Land Reclamation in the Beirut Central District

The whole district of Fontvieille, Monaco was reclaimed from the sea

Instances where the creation of new land was for the need of human activities.

الأمثلة البارزة تضم:

 الزراعة

Land reclamation in progress in Bingzhou (丙州) Peninsula (formerly, island) of the Dongzui Bay (东咀港). Tong'an District, Xiamen, China

 الوقع البيئي

Parts (highlighted in brown) of the San Francisco Bay were reclaimed from wetlands for urban use.

 التشريعات البيئية

A map of reclaimed land in Hong Kong: Grey (built), red (proposed or under development). Many of the urban areas of Hong Kong are on reclaimed land.

 كميات الردم المضافة

• Bangladesh – about 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) in total and has 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi) potential (8% of total area) up to 12 metres (39 ft) depth in the territorial sea area.
• Netherlands – (Main article: Land reclamation in the Netherlands)

about 1/6 (almost 17%) of the entire country, or about 7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi) in total, has been reclaimed from the sea, lakes, marshes and swamps. The province of Flevoland has almost completely been reclaimed from the Zuiderzee.

• South Korea – As of 2006, 38 percent or 1,550 square kilometres (600 sq mi) of coastal wetlands reclaimed, including 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi) at Saemangeum. Songdo International Business district, the largest private development in history, is a large-scale reclamation project built entirely on tidal mudflats.
• Singapore – 20 percent of the original size or 135 square kilometres (52 sq mi). اعتبارا من 2003, plans for 99 square kilometres (38 sq mi) more are to go ahead, despite the fact that disputes persist with Malaysia over Singapore's extensive land reclamation works.
• Hong Kong – (Main article: Land reclamation in Hong Kong)

Praya Reclamation Scheme began in the late 1860s and consisted of two stages totaling 20 to 24 hectares (50 to 60 acres). Hong Kong Disneyland, Hong Kong International Airport, and its predecessor, Kai Tak Airport, were all built on reclaimed land. In addition, much reclamation has taken place in prime locations on the waterfront on both sides of Victoria Harbour. This has raised environmental issues of the protection of the harbour which was once the source of prosperity of Hong Kong, traffic congestion in the Central district, as well as the collusion of the Hong Kong Government with the real estate developers in the territory.

In addition, as the city expands, new towns in different decades were mostly built on reclaimed land, such as Tuen Mun, Tai Po, Shatin-Ma On Shan, West Kowloon, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O.

• Macau – 170% of the original size or 17 square kilometres (6.6 sq mi)
• Jakarta, Indonesia – Giant Sea Wall Jakarta is part of a massive coastal development project at Jakarta Bay, Indonesia.
• Manila Bay, Philippines – additional 626 hectares along the eastern coast of Manila Bay created in the 1990s to the 88-hectare Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex. The shore road of Manila (Roxas Boulevard) is actually reclaimed land, as well as its extension road to Cavite (Manila-Cavite Expressway / Aguinaldo Boulevard).
• Mumbai, India – An archipelago of originally seven separate islands were joined together by land reclamation over a span of five centuries. This was done to develop Mumbai as a harbour city.
• Monaco – 0.41 square kilometres (0.16 sq mi) out of 2.05 square kilometres (0.79 sq mi), or one fifth of Monaco comes from land taken from the sea, mainly in the neighborhoods of Fontvieille, La Condamine, and Larvotto/Bas Moulins.
• Tokyo Bay, Japan – 249 square kilometres (96 sq mi) including the entirety of Odaiba artificial island.
• Kobe, Japan – 23 square kilometres (8.9 sq mi) (1995).
• Bahrain – 76.3% of original size of 410 square kilometres (160 sq mi) (1931–2007).
• New Zealand – significant areas of land totalling several hundred hectares have been reclaimed along the harbourfronts of Auckland, Wellington and Dunedin. In Dunedin – which in its early days was nicknamed "Mudedin" – around 2.5 square kilometres (0.97 sq mi), including much of the inner city and suburbs of Dunedin North, South Dunedin and Andersons Bay is reclaimed from the Otago Harbour, and a similar area in the suburbs of St Clair and St Kilda is reclaimed swampland. The international airports serving Auckland and Wellington have had significant reclamation for runway use.

• United Arab Emirates – Dubai has a total of four reclaimed islands (the Palm Jumeirah, Jebal Ali, The Burj al Arab Island, and The World Islands), with a fifth under construction (the Palm Deira). There are several man made islands in Abu Dhabi, such as Yas Island and Al Lulu Island.

Country	Reclaimed land (km2)	Note
الصين	13,500+	Land reclamation in China
هولندا	7,000	Flevoland, de Beemster, Afsluitdijk Land reclamation in the Netherlands
كوريا الجنوبية	1,550
الولايات المتحدة	1,000+	Artificial islands of the United States
اليابان	500+
الإمارات العربية المتحدة	470	Land reclamation in the UAE
البحرين	410
سنغافورة	135	Land reclamation in Singapore
بنگلادش	110
قطر	35
مكاو	17
نيوزيلندا	3.3	Reclamation of Wellington Harbour
سريلانكا	2.33 km2 (0.90 sq mi)	Colombo International Financial City
المالديڤ	0.62
موناكو	0.41	Land reclamation in Monaco

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 انظر أيضاً

• جزيرة اصطناعية
• Great wall of sand
• Marine regression – the formation of new land by reductions in sea level
• Drainage system (agriculture) – drainage for land reclamation
• Land improvement
• Land reclamation in Hong Kong
  • Hong Kong Society for Protection of the Harbour
• Land reclamation in Monaco
• Mine reclamation
• Polder – low-lying land reclaimed from a lake or sea
• Reclamation of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand
• River reclamation
• Water reclamation

 المراجع

• Wordie, Jason (18 April 1999). "Land-grabbing titans who changed HK's profit for good". The Standard. Hong Kong. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• MacKinnon, J.; Verkuil, Y.I.; Murray, N.J. (2012), IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea), Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, p. 70, ISBN 9782831712550, http://www.iucn.org/asiancoastalwetlands/ 
• Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014), "Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea", Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12 (5): 267–272, doi:10.1890/130260, http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/130260 
• http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-parliament-wants-solution-to-land-reclamation-issue-1.567052

 وصلات خارجية

• The Cape Town Foreshore Plan 1947
• The Canadian Land Reclamation Association
• The case for offshore Mumbai airport