المعرفة

ميونخ

ميونخ (Munich ؛ /ˈmjuːnᵻk/ MEW-nik; ألمانية: München [ˈmʏnçn̩]  (Speaker Icon.svg listen); باڤارية: Minga [ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ]( استمع)) هي ثالث أكبر مدن ألمانيا و عاصمة ولاية باڤاريا. تقع المدينة في جنوب ألمانيا على نهر إيزار على بعد حوالي ساعة بالسيارة من جبال الألب. تدعى أحيانا بالعاصمة الخفية لألمانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1,578,132 نسمة (في 31 مايو 2022). city's metropolitan region is home to about 6 million people.[3] موقعها المميز في وسط أوروبا، جعلها عبر التاريخ محطة و مركز مهم في القارة. اليوم تشكل ميونخ باقتصادها، إحدى أغنى مدن ألمانيا وأقواها اقتصادا. بها مقر عدد من الشركات والمصانع الألمانية المهمة، أهمها شركة السيارات بي إم في (BMW)، شركة التأمين أليانز، شركة سيمنز للكهربائيات والاتصالات وشركة مان لصناعة المركبات الثقيلة. هي أيضا مركز مهم للموضة والثقافة والأدب في ألمانيا، حيث بها مقر عدد من محطات التلفزة والإذاعة و حوالي 300 دار نشر. يزورها سنويا حوالي ثلاثة ملايين سائح. حسب الإحصاءات الألمانية، فإن ميونخ تعد المدينة المفضلة الأولى للمعيشة في ألمانيا. أقيمت بها عام 1972 الألعاب الأوليمبية.

Munich
München  (ألمانية)
Minga  (باڤارية)
City
Marienplatz with Neues Rathaus and Frauenkirche in the background
Marienplatz with Neues Rathaus and Frauenkirche in the background
Nymphenburg Palace
Nymphenburg Palace
Englischer Garten
Englischer Garten
Munich Residenz
Munich Residenz
BMW Welt
BMW Welt
Ludwigstraße
Ludwigstraße
Feldherrnhalle
Feldherrnhalle
Allianz Arena
Allianz Arena
Flag of Munich

Flag of Munich
Flag
درع Munich
Coat of arms
Location of Munich
Munich is located in ألمانيا
Munich
Munich
Munich is located in باڤاريا
Munich
Munich
الإحداثيات: 48°08′15″N 11°34′30″E / 48.13750°N 11.57500°E / 48.13750; 11.57500Coordinates: 48°08′15″N 11°34′30″E / 48.13750°N 11.57500°E / 48.13750; 11.57500
البلدألمانيا
ولايةباڤاريا
المنطقة الإداريةUpper Bavaria
المقاطعةالمقاطعة الحضرية
أول ذِكر1158
التقسيمات
الحكومة
 • العمدة اللورد (2020–26) Dieter Reiter (SPD)
 • الأحزاب الحاكمةGreens / SPD
المساحة
 • City310٫71 كم² (119٫97 ميل²)
المنسوب
520 m (1٬710 ft)
التعداد
 (2018-12-31)[2]
 • City1٬471٬508
 • الكثافة4٬700/km2 (12٬000/sq mi)
 • Urban
2٬606٬021
 • العمرانية
5٬991٬144[1]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
الرموز البريدية
80331–81929
مفاتيح الهاتف089
لوحة السيارةM
الموقع الإلكترونيstadt.muenchen.de
Mariensäule at Marienplatz
Aerial view of the old town
Lion sculptures by Wilhelm von Rümann at the Feldherrnhalle
Alps behind the skyline

Straddling the banks of the River Isar north of the Alps, Munich is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany with 4,500 people per km2. Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area, after the Austrian capital of Vienna.

The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the Reformation and was a political point of divergence during the resulting Thirty Years' War, but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes.[4] Once Bavaria was established as Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806, Munich became a major European centre of arts, architecture, culture and science. In 1918, during the German Revolution of 1918–19, the ruling House of Wittelsbach, which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic was declared. In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the Nazi Party. After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their "Capital of the Movement". The city was heavily bombed during World War II, but has restored most of its old town. After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of Wirtschaftswunder. The city hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Today, Munich is a global centre of science, technology, finance, innovation, business, and tourism. Munich enjoys a very high standard and quality of living, reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey,[5] and being rated the world's most liveable city by the Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018.[6] Munich is consistently ranked as one of the most expensive cities in Germany in terms of real estate prices and rental costs.[7][8]

In 2021, 28.8 percent of Munich's residents were foreigners, and another 17.7 percent were German citizens with a migration background from a foreign country.[9] Munich's economy is based on high tech, automobiles, and the service sector, as well as IT, biotechnology, engineering, and electronics. It has one of the strongest economies of any German city and the lowest unemployment rate of all cities in Germany with more than 1 million inhabitants. The city houses many multinational companies, such as BMW, Siemens, MAN SE, Allianz SE and Munich Re. In addition, Munich is home to two research universities, and a multitude of scientific institutions.[10] Munich's numerous architectural and cultural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest, attract considerable tourism.[11]

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التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ ميونخ
For دليل زمني, see خط زمني لميونخ.
 
Coat of arms of Munich
The unofficial city anthem of Munich, recorded in 1929


أصل الاسم

Munich was a tiny 8th century friar settlement, which was named zu den Munichen (to the Monks). The Old High German Muniche served as basis for the modern German city name München.[12]

قبل التاريخ

The river Isar was a prehistoric trade route and in the Bronze Age Munich was among the largest raft ports in Europe.[13] Bronze Age settlements, up to 4000 years old, have been discovered.[14] Evidence of Celt settlements from the Iron Age have been discovered in areas around Ramersdorf-Perlach.[15]

العصر الروماني

The ancient Roman road Via Julia, which connected Augsburg and Salzburg, crossed over the Isar river south of Munich, at the towns of Baierbrunn and Gauting.[16] A Roman settlement north-east of Munich was excavated in the neighborhood of Denning.[17]

مستوطنات ما بعد الرومان

Starting in the 6th century, the Baiuvarii populated the area around what is now modern Munich, such as in Johanneskirchen, Feldmoching, Bogenhausen and Pasing.[18][19] The first known Christian church was built ca. 815 in Fröttmanning.[20]

أصل البلدة القروسطية

 
Munich in the 16th century
 
Plan of Munich in 1642

تأسست المدينة إلى جانب مستوطنة الكاهن مونيشن (باللاتينية Monacum, Monachium) على يد هنري الملقب بهنري الأسد، من أسرة گـِلف، دوق ساكسونيا وبافاريا. نمت القرية إلى جانب كنيسة القديس بطرس الحالية بجانب جسر، الذي بناه هنري على نهر إيزار. لإجبار التجار على استخدام الجسر واقتطاع مبلغ معين لقاء ذلك، قام هنري بتدمير جسر قريب تعود ملكيته لاوتو من فريزنگ. نشأ بعدها صراع على سلطة ميونخ، بعد تدخل الإمبراطور فريدريش الأول بارباروسا، تم حل النزاع وظهرت بعدها ميونخ كبلدة تجارة مهمة في المنطقة. بعد حوالي عقدين من الزمن حصلت ميونخ على صفة المدينة وتم تحصينها. أصبحت عام 1255 مقر عدة أمراء وفي عام 1314 اتخذها الملك لودڤيگ الرابع مقراً له، توج عام 1328 ليصبح قيصرا. أدخل تحسينات عدة على ميونخ ونمت في عهده بسرعة.

عاصمة باڤاريا المعاد توحيدها

 
The Renaissance Antiquarium of the Residenz

When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief war against the Duchy of Landshut, Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court.[بحاجة لمصدر] The Renaissance movement beset Munich and the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach under the Duke of Bavaria Albrecht V bolstered their prestige by conjuring up a lineage that reached back to Classical antiquity. In 1568 Albrecht V built the Antiquarium to house the Wittelsbach collection of Greek and Roman antiquities in the Munich Residenz.[21] Albrecht V appointed the composer Orlando di Lasso as director of the court orchestra and tempted numerous Italian musicians to work at the Munich court, establishing Munich as a hub for late Renaissance music.[22] During the rule of Duke William V Munich began to be called the "German Rome" and William V began presenting Emperor Charlemagne as ancestor of the Wittelsbach dynasty.[23]

 
الملك لودڤيگ الثاني باني ميونخ وباڤاريا
 
البلدية القديمة

أصبحت ميونخ عاصمة بافاريا عام 1506. في العقود اللاحقة صارت ميونخ مركزا مهما لعصر النهضة ومركزا لمناهضة الإصلاح الديني في ألمانيا الذي بدأه مارتن لوثر.

الرابطة الكاثوليكية تأسست في ميونخ عام 1609. وفي عام 1623، في خضم حرب الثلاثين سنة أصبحت ميونخ مقراً انتخابياً عندما مـُنـِح ماكسمليان الأول، دوق باڤاريا لقب أمير-ناخب ولكن في 1632 المدينة احتلها گوستاڤ الثاني أدولف من السويد. أثر ذلك، ومعه وباء الطاعون الذي انتشر في المدينة لاحقا، على النمو السكاني في المدينة، حيث خسرت في هذه الفترة ثلث سكانها. بعد نهاية حرب الثلاثين عاما 1648، تعافت ميونخ بسرعة وبدأ طابع البناء الباروك الإيطالي بالانتشار فيها. بعد تحالف القيصر ماكسيميليان الثاني مع فرنسا، احتلت القوات الإسبانية المدينة 1704 لعدة سنوات تحت حكم آل هابسبورگ.

نمت المدينة سكانيا بشكل كبير منذ نهاية القرن الثامن عشر، حيث لوحظ تضاعف عدد السكان كل 30 عام. كان عدد سكانها على سبيل المثال عام 1701 حوالي 24,000، في 1871 170,000 نسمة، في 1933 840,000 نسمة.

باني ميونخ الحقيقي كان الملك لودڤيگ الثاني، الذي حكم ما بين 1825 إلى 1848. جعل من المدينة مركزا تجاريا وثقافيا مهما في أوروبا.

بعد نهاية الحرب العالمية الاولى عاشت ميونخ أحد أسوأ فتراتها على مر العصور، حيث انتشر الدمار والسرقة والفقر والجوع والبطالة، مما مهد الطريق لبزوغ نجم الفكر اليميني المتشدد الذي عرف فيما بعد بالفكر النازي. قاد الزعيم اليميني أدولف هتلر المسيرة النازية الشهيرة عام 1923 إلى صالة رجال الساحة (هيرنفيلد هاله) في قلب ميونخ، حاول من خلالها عمل ثورة شعبية ضد الدولة ولكنه فشل. بعد عشرة سنوات، تسلم هتلر المستشارية في ألمانيا بطريقة ديمقراطية. أعلن هتلر مدينة ميونخ عام 1935 "كعاصمة الحركة". دمرت أجزاء كبيرة من المدينة خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، ولكن في فترة الخمسينيات والستينيات أعيد إعمار ميونخ ونمت بسرعة لتصبح مدينة يفوق عدد سكانها المليون نسمة. أقيمت فيها الألعاب الأوليمبية الصيفية عام 1972 وكانت أحد مدن كأس العالم لكرة القدم التي أقيمت في ألمانيا عام 1974. أقيمت فيها مباراة افتتاح كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2006 بين منتخبي ألمانيا وكوستاريكا.

الجغرافيا

 
صورة ساتلية التقطها ESA Sentinel-2
 
منظر عام للمدينة، تظهر على جهة اليسار كنيسة السيدات ببرجيها وعلى جهة اليمين مبنى بلدية ميونخ الجديد

الطبوغرافيا

 
نهر إيزار الذي يمر بميونخ

Munich lies on the elevated plains of Upper Bavaria, about 50 km (31 mi) north of the northern edge of the Alps, at an altitude of about 520 m (1,706 ft) ASL. The local rivers are the Isar and the Würm. Munich is situated in the Northern Alpine Foreland. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile flint area which is no longer affected by the folding processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with morainic hills. Between these are fields of fluvio-glacial out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the ground water can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to marshes as in the north of Munich.


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المناخ

Munich is located in close proximity of the Alps. Munich has an oceanic climate (Cfb) under the Köppen climate classification. Annual variation in temperature can be significant, as there is no substantial bodies of water nearby. The winter in Munich can be cold and overcast, while some Munich winters can be marked by snow and frost. In Munich, January is the coldest month, night time temperature can be as low as −5 Celsius and even lower. In Munich the summer is usually pleasantly warm, with temperatures averaging 23 Celsius. But, Munich summers can average up to 28 Celsius, topping 30 Celsius on average. During extreme heat summers in Munich, rain and thunderstorms are normal.[24]

بيانات مناخ Munich (Dreimühlenviertel), elevation: 515 m and 535 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1954–present[أ]
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 18.9
(66) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.0
(75.2) 		32.2
(90) 		31.8
(89.2) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.5
(99.5) 		37.0
(98.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		28.2
(82.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		37٫5
(99٫5)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 3.5
(38.3) 		5.0
(41) 		9.5
(49.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.4
(75.9) 		23.9
(75) 		19.4
(66.9) 		14.3
(57.7) 		7.7
(45.9) 		4.2
(39.6) 		13٫9
(57)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 0.3
(32.5) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.3
(41.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		14.3
(57.7) 		17.2
(63) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.9
(66) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.1
(50.2) 		4.4
(39.9) 		1.3
(34.3) 		9٫7
(49٫5)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -2.5
(27.5) 		-1.9
(28.6) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		6.6
(43.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		-1.2
(29.8) 		5٫9
(42٫6)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -22.2
(-8) 		-25.4
(-13.7) 		-16.0
(3.2) 		-6.0
(21.2) 		-2.3
(27.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		6.5
(43.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.6
(33.1) 		-4.5
(23.9) 		-11.0
(12.2) 		-20.7
(-5.3) 		−25٫4
(−13٫7)
هطول mm (inches) 48
(1.89) 		46
(1.81) 		65
(2.56) 		65
(2.56) 		101
(3.98) 		118
(4.65) 		122
(4.8) 		115
(4.53) 		75
(2.95) 		65
(2.56) 		61
(2.4) 		65
(2.56) 		944
(37٫17)
Sunshine hours 79 96 133 170 209 210 238 220 163 125 75 59 1٬777
Source #1: DWD[26]
Source #2: SKlima.de[27]

Climate change

In Munich, the general trend of global warming with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about 1 °C in Germany over the last 120 years can be observed as well. In November 2016 the city council concluded officially that a further rise in medium temperature, a higher number of heat extremes, a rise in the number of hot days and nights with temperatures higher than 20 °C (tropical nights), a change in precipitation patterns, as well as a rise in the number of local instances of heavy rain, is to be expected as part of the ongoing climate change. The city administration decided to support a joint study from its own Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt (department for health and environmental issues) and the German Meteorological Service that will gather data on local weather. The data is supposed to be used to create a plan for action for adapting the city to better deal with climate change as well as an integrated action program for climate protection in Munich. With the help of those programs issues regarding spatial planning and settlement density, the development of buildings and green spaces as well as plans for functioning ventilation in a cityscape can be monitored and managed.[28]

السكان

التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±%
150013٬447—    
160021٬943+63.2%
175032٬000+45.8%
1880230٬023+618.8%
1890349٬024+51.7%
1900499٬932+43.2%
1910596٬467+19.3%
1920666٬000+11.7%
1930728٬900+9.4%
1940834٬500+14.5%
1950823٬892−1.3%
1955929٬808+12.9%
19601٬055٬457+13.5%
19651٬214٬603+15.1%
19701٬311٬978+8.0%
19801٬298٬941−1.0%
19901٬229٬026−5.4%
20001٬210٬223−1.5%
20051٬259٬584+4.1%
20101٬353٬186+7.4%
20111٬364٬920+0.9%
20121٬388٬308+1.7%
20131٬402٬455+1.0%
20151٬450٬381+3.4%
20181٬471٬508+1.5%
20201٬488٬202+1.1%
20221٬512٬491+1.6%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

From only 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the city population doubled about every 30 years. It was 100,000 in 1852, 250,000 in 1883 and 500,000 in 1901. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third-largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted, and in 1957 over 1 million. Munich has reached 1.5 million in 2022.


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Immigration

In July 2017, Munich had 1.42 million inhabitants; 421,832 foreign nationals resided in the city as of 31 December 2017 with 50.7% of these residents being citizens of EU member states, and 25.2% citizens in European states not in the EU (including Russia and Turkey).[29] Along with the Turks, the Croats are one of the two largest foreign minorities in the city, which is why some Croats refer to Munich as their "second capital."[30] The largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (39,204), Croats (33,177), Italians (27,340), Greeks (27,117), Poles (27,945), Austrians (21,944), and Romanians (18,085).

Foreign residents by citizenship, 2022[31][needs update]
Country Population
  كرواتيا 39,745
  تركيا 37,207
  إيطاليا 28,496
  اليونان 26,613
  البوسنة والهرسك 21,559
  النمسا 20,741
  رومانيا 18,845
  پولندا 18,639
  أوكرانيا 17,833
  صربيا 14,283
  بلغاريا 13,636
  كوسوڤو 12,354
  الهند 11,228
  العراق 11,093
  فرنسا 10,650
  روسيا 9,526
  إسپانيا 9,414
  الصين 9,240
  المجر 8,769
  أفغانستان 7,446
  الولايات المتحدة 6,705
  ڤيتنام 5,289
  سوريا 4,614
  المملكة المتحدة 4,297

الدين

About 45% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group; this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous decline in membership. As of 31 December 2017, 31.8% of the city's inhabitants were Catholic, 11.4% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish,[32] and 3.6% were members of an Orthodox Church (Eastern Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox).[33] About 1% adhere to other Christian denominations. There is also a small Old Catholic parish and an English-speaking parish of the Episcopal Church in the city. According to Munich Statistical Office, in 2013 about 8.6% of Munich's population was Muslim.[34] Munich has the largest Uyghur population with about 800 (whole Germany about 1,600) people with Uyghur diaspora. Many of them fled to Munich due to the Chinese government and are exiled in Munich. Munich is also home to World Uyghur Congress, which is an international organisation of exiled Uyghurs.[35]

الحكومة والسياسة

 
Bavarian State Chancellery

As the capital of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre for both the state and country as a whole. It is the seat of the Landtag of Bavaria, the State Chancellery, and all state departments. Several national and international authorities are located in Munich, including the Federal Finance Court of Germany, the German Patent Office and the European Patent Office.

العمدة

The current mayor of Munich is Dieter Reiter, he is Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2020. Bavaria has been dominated by the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) on a federal, state, and local level since the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1949. The Munich city council is called the Stadtrat.

The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows:

e • d {{{2}}}
Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Dieter Reiter Social Democratic Party 259,928 47.9 401,856 71.7
Kristina Frank Christian Social Union 115,795 21.3 158,773 28.3
Katrin Habenschaden Alliance 90/The Greens 112,121 20.7
Wolfgang Wiehle Alternative for Germany 14,988 2.8
Tobias Ruff Ecological Democratic Party 8,464 1.6
Jörg Hoffmann Free Democratic Party 8,201 1.5
Thomas Lechner The Left 7,232 1.3
Hans-Peter Mehling Free Voters of Bavaria 5,003 0.9
Moritz Weixler Die PARTEI 3,508 0.6
Dirk Höpner Munich List 1,966 0.4
Richard Progl Bavaria Party 1,958 0.4
Ender Beyhan-Bilgin FAIR 1,483 0.3
Stephanie Dilba mut 1,267 0.2
Cetin Oraner Together Bavaria 819 0.2
Valid votes 542,733 99.6 560,629 99.7
Invalid votes 1,997 0.4 1,616 0.3
Total 544,730 100.0 562,245 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 1,110,571 49.0 1,109,032 50.7
Source: Wahlen München (1st round, 2nd round)

مجلس المدينة

 
Groups in the council:
     Left/PARTEI: 4 seats
     SPD/Volt: 19 seats
     Greens/Pink List: 24 seats
     ÖDP/FW: 6 seats
     FDP/BP: 4 seats
     CSU: 20 seats
     AfD: 3 seats

The Munich city council (Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows:

e • d {{{2}}}
Party Lead candidate Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) Katrin Habenschaden 11,762,516 29.1 ▲ 12.5 23 ▲ 10
Christian Social Union (CSU) Kristina Frank 9,986,014 24.7   7.8 20   6
Social Democratic Party (SPD) Dieter Reiter 8,884,562 22.0   8.8 18   7
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) Tobias Ruff 1,598,539 4.0 ▲ 1.4 3 ▲ 1
Alternative for Germany (AfD) Iris Wassill 1,559,476 3.9 ▲ 1.4 3 ▲ 1
Free Democratic Party (FDP) Jörg Hoffmann 1,420,194 3.5 ▲ 0.1 3 ±0
The Left (Die Linke) Stefan Jagel 1,319,464 3.3 ▲ 0.8 3 ▲ 1
Free Voters of Bavaria (FW) Hans-Peter Mehling 1,008,400 2.5   0.2 2 ±0
Volt Germany (Volt) Felix Sproll 732,853 1.8 New 1 New
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) Marie Burneleit 528,949 1.3 New 1 New
Pink List (Rosa Liste)[ب] Thomas Niederbühl 396,324 1.0   0.9 1 ±0
Munich List Dirk Höpner 339,705 0.8 New 1 New
Bavaria Party (BP) Richard Progl 273,737 0.7   0.2 1 ±0
mut Stephanie Dilba 247,679 0.6 New 0 New
FAIR Kemal Orak 142,455 0.4 New 0 New
Together Bavaria (ZuBa) Cetin Oraner 120,975 0.3 New 0 New
BIA Karl Richter 86,358 0.2   0.5 0 ±0
Valid votes 531,527 97.6
Invalid votes 12,937 2.4
Total 544,464 100.0 80 ±0
Electorate/voter turnout 1,110,571 49.0 ▲ 7.0
Source: Wahlen München

State Landtag

In the Landtag of Bavaria, Munich is divided between nine constituencies. After the 2018 Bavarian state election, the composition and representation of each was as follows:

Constituency Area Party Member
101 München-Hadern
  • Sendling-Westpark, Hadern
  • Parts of Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln and Laim
 CSU Georg Eisenreich
102 München-Bogenhausen
  • Bogenhausen, Berg am Laim
  • Parts of Au-Haidhausen
 CSU Robert Brannekämper
103 München-Giesing
  • Sendling, Obergiesing-Fasangarten
  • Parts of Untergiesing-Harlaching and Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln
 GRÜNE Gülseren Demirel
104 München-Milbertshofen
  • Milbertshofen-Am Hart, Schwabing-West
  • Parts of Neuhausen-Nymphenburg
 GRÜNE Katharina Schulze
105 München-Moosach
  • Moosach, Feldmoching-Hasenbergl
  • Parts of Neuhausen-Nymphenburg
 GRÜNE Benjamin Adjei
106 München-Pasing
  • Pasing-Obermenzing, Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied, Allach-Untermenzing
  • Parts of Laim
 CSU Josef Schmid
107 München-Ramersdorf
  • Ramersdorf-Perlach, Trudering-Riem
 CSU Markus Blume
108 München-Schwabing
  • Schwabing-Freimann, Maxvorstadt, Altstadt-Lehe
 GRÜNE Christian Hierneis
109 München-Mitte
  • Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Schwanthalerhöhe
  • Parts of Au-Haidhausen and Untergiesing-Harlaching
 GRÜNE Ludwig Hartmann

البرلمان الاتحادي

In the Bundestag, Munich is divided between four constituencies. In the 20th Bundestag, the composition and representation of each was as follows:

Constituency Area Party Member
217 Munich North
  • Maxvorstadt, Schwabing-West, Moosach, Milbertshofen-Am Hart, Schwabing-Freimann, Feldmoching-Hasenbergl
 CSU Bernhard Loos
218 Munich East
  • Altstadt-Lehel, Au-Haidhausen, Bogenhausen, Berg am Laim, Trudering-Riem, Ramersdorf-Perlach
 CSU Wolfgang Stefinger
219 Munich South
  • Sendling, Sendling-Westpark, Obergiesing, Untergiesing-Harlaching, Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln, Hadern
 GRÜNE Jamila Schäfer
220 Munich West/Centre
  • Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Schwanthalerhöhe, Neuhausen-Nymphenburg, Pasing-Obermenzing, Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied, Allach-Untermenzing, Laim
 CSU Stephan Pilsinger

التقسيمات

المقالة الرئيسية: Boroughs of Munich
 
Munich's boroughs

Since the reform of 1992, Munich is divided into 25 administrative boroughs (Stadtbezirke). They are subdivided into 105 statistical areas.

Allach-Untermenzing (23), Altstadt-Lehel (1), Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied (22), Au-Haidhausen (5), Berg am Laim (14), Bogenhausen (13), Feldmoching-Hasenbergl (24), Hadern (20), Laim (25), Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt (2), Maxvorstadt (3), Milbertshofen-Am Hart (11), Moosach (10), Neuhausen-Nymphenburg (9), Obergiesing (17), Pasing-Obermenzing (21), Ramersdorf-Perlach (16), Schwabing-Freimann (12), Schwabing-West (4), Schwanthalerhöhe (8), Sendling (6), Sendling-Westpark (7), Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln (19), Trudering-Riem (15), and Untergiesing-Harlaching (18).

There is no official division into districts. The number of districts is about 50, and if smaller units are counted as well, there are about 90 to 100 (see map). The three largest districts are Schwabing in the north (about 110,000 inhabitants), Sendling in the southwest (about 100,000 inhabitants), and Giesing in the south (about 80,000 inhabitants).[36]

معالم المدينة

 
The New Town Hall and Marienplatz
 
Frauenkirche

من أهم معالم ميونخ:

ويوجد في الضاحية الشمالية من مدينة ميونخ قصر شليسهايم المزخرف الذي يعتبر تعبيرا لنمط من الحياة تسوده الأناقة والترف. وقد تم بناء هذا المقر الصيفي لأهل فيتلسباخ في القرن 18.

قصر شليسهايم وقريبا من الأوبرا في وسط المدينة توجد إقامة مدينة ميونخ التي استغرقت أشغال ترميمها وبنائها وإعادة بنائها خمسمائة عاما. وتعتبر هذه الإقامة مجمعا رائعا من البنايات المنتمية إلى أكبر القصور الأوربية والمحتوبة على متحف للنفائس يثير الإعجاب.

الاقتصاد والبنية التحتية

 
BMW Headquarters building (one of the few buildings that has been built from the top to the bottom) and the bowl-shaped BMW Museum
 
BMW Museum Entrance
 
Siemens-Forum in Munich
 
The HypoVereinsbank tower

Munich has the strongest economy of any German city according to a study[37] and the lowest unemployment rate (5.4% in July 2020) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne).[38][39] Munich ranks third on the list of German cities by gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, it is one of the most attractive business locations in Germany.[37] The city is also the economic centre of southern Germany. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine Capital in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in 60 German cities.

Munich is a financial center and global city that holds the headquarters of many companies. This includes more companies listed by the DAX than any other German city, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as McDonald's and Microsoft. One of the best-known newly established Munich companies is Flixbus.

الصناعة

Munich holds the headquarters of Siemens AG (electronics), BMW (car), MAN AG (truck manufacturer, engineering), MTU Aero Engines (aircraft engine manufacturer), Linde (gases) and Rohde & Schwarz (electronics). Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, purchasing power is highest in Munich (€26,648 per inhabitant) اعتبارا من 2007.[40] In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of €18.62 (ca. $20).[41]

The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009.[42] Munich is also a centre for biotechnology, software and other service industries. Furthermore, Munich is the home of the headquarters of many other large companies such as the injection moulding machine manufacturer Krauss-Maffei, the camera and lighting manufacturer Arri, the semiconductor firm Infineon Technologies (headquartered in the suburban town of Neubiberg), lighting giant Osram, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as Microsoft.

التمويل

Munich has significance as a financial centre (second only to Frankfurt), being home of HypoVereinsbank and the Bayerische Landesbank. It outranks Frankfurt though as home of insurance companies such as Allianz (insurance) and Munich Re (re-insurance).[43]

الإعلام

Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe[44] and home to the Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germany's biggest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, ARD, while the largest commercial network, Pro7-Sat1 Media AG, is headquartered in the suburb of Unterföhring. The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, and of Burda publishing group are also in Munich.

The Bavaria Film Studios are located in the suburb of Grünwald. They are one of Europe's biggest film production studios.[45]

 
BMW Headquarters building (one of the few buildings that have been built from the top to the bottom) and the bowl shaped BMW museum

ميونخ هي أحد مراكز الاقتصاد الألماني وخاصة في مجالات البرمجيات والصناعة والبيوتكنلوجيا. حسب إحدى الدراسات التي قامت بها مجلات اقتصادية ألمانية مختصة، فإن ميونخ تعد أحد أفضل الأماكن الاقتصادية وأسرعها نموا في ألمانيا. المدينة هي مقر أكبر شركة تأمين في العالم شركة أليانز، ومقر كل من الشركات التالية:

المواصلات

 
شبكة القطارات الداخلية لميونخ
 
الاستاد الأوليمبي الذي أقيمت عليه الألعاب الأوليمبية عام 1972

افتتح مطار فرانز يوسف شتراوس ميونخ الدولي في 1992 على بعد 29 كم من المدينة. استعمله عام 2004 حوالي 27 مليون مسافر، ليكون بذلك ثاني أكبر مطار في ألمانيا وثامن أكبر مطار في أوروبا. تتخذ لوفتانزا من المطار كمركز ثاني لها ولصيانة طائراتها بعد فرانكفورت. ترتبط ميونخ من خلال محطات القطار الرئيسية فيها بشبكة القطارات الألمانية. أهم هذه المحطات هي: محطة ميونخ للقطارات الرئيسية، محطة ميونخ الشرقية، ميونخ-باسينگ و محطة رانگير-ميونخ الشمالية. هناك ثلاثة أنواع رئيسية من شبكة القطارات الداخلية في المدينة: اس-بان (S-Bahn) الذي تملكه شركة القطارات الألمانية (Deutsche Bahn)، أو-بان (U-Bahn) والترام (Straßenbahn) الذان تملكهما شركة مواصلات ميونخ. هناك ما مجموعه 10 خطوط اس-بان، 8 خطوط أو-بان و 12 خط ترام. يبلغ طول شبكة الأو-بان ما مجموعه 94,6 كم، منها 80,4 كم تحت الأرض. شركة مواصلات ميونخ تنقل 1,5 مليون مسافر يوميا.

التعليم

هناك عدد من الجامعات والمعاهد العالية والكليات في ميونخ، أهمها:

التخصصات في الطهي

 
Weißwürste with süßer Senf (sweet mustard) and a Brezeln (pretzel).

المدن الشقيقة

 
قوائم في نويس راتهاوز (مجلس المدينة الجديد) يظهر المدن الشقيقة لميونخ.

ميونخ متوأمة مع::[46]

المصادر

  • كتاب ألمانيا من دار نشر بدكر أليانز، الطبعة الخامسة 2000 باللغة الألمانية، ISBN 3-89525-976-4

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Two meteorological stations are responsible for the climatological data so that they are interpolated.[25]
  2. ^ It ist a local party, founded in 1989 to support the queer community. It is represented in some Munich borough coucils since 1990 (with its stronghold in the borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt) and in the city council continuously since 1996.

الهامش

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وصلات خارجية

قالب:Boroughs of Munich قالب:Mayors of Munich

قالب:Germany districts bavaria

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