1808
| القرون: | قرن 18 · قرن 19 · قرن 20 |
| العقود: | ع1770 ع1780 ع1790 ع1800 ع1810 ع1820 ع1830 |
| السنوات: | 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 18 – القرن 19 – القرن 20 |
| عقود: | عقد 1770 عقد 1780 عقد 1790 – عقد 1800 – عقد 1810 عقد 1820 عقد 1830 |
| سنين: | 1805 1806 1807 – 1808 – 1809 1810 1811 |
| 1808 في موضوعات: |
| الإنسانيات |
| الآثار – العمارة – الفن – الأدب (الشعر) – الموسيقى |
| حسب البلد |
| مصر – سوريا - إيران – الصين - فرنسا – ألمانيا – الدولة العثمانية – إيطاليا - اسبانيا - المغرب– روسيا - اليابان – البرازيل - الهند - المملكة المتحدة – الولايات المتحدة – إندونسيا |
| موضوعات أخرى |
| السكك الحديدية – العلوم – الرياضة |
| قوائم الزعماء |
| الدول ذات السيادة – زعماء الدول – حكام الأقاليم – الزعماء الدينيون |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات |
| المواليد – الوفيات |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات |
| تصنيف الأعمال |
| الأعمال |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1808 MDCCCVIII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2561 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 1257 ԹՎ ՌՄԾԷ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6558 |
| التقويم البهائي | −36 – −35 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 1215 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2758 |
| سنة العهد البريطاني | 48 Geo. 3 – 49 Geo. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 2352 |
| التقويم البورمي | 1170 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 7316–7317 |
| التقويم الصيني | 丁卯年 (النار الأرنب) 4504 أو 4444 — إلى — 戊辰年 (التراب التنين) 4505 أو 4445 |
| التقويم القبطي | 1524–1525 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2974 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1800–1801 |
| التقويم العبري | 5568–5569 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1864–1865 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1730–1731 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4909–4910 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11808 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 808–809 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 1186–1187 |
| التقويم الهجري | 1222–1223 |
| التقويم الياباني | Bunka 5 (文化５年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | الگريگوري ناقص 12 يوم |
| التقويم الكوري | 4141 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 104 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前104年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 2351 |
سنة 1808 (MDCCCVIII) كانت سنة كبيسة تبدأ يوم الجمعة (الرابط يعرض التقويم كاملاً) التقويم الگريگوري، السنة 1808 بعد الميلاد (م)، السنة 808 في الألفية 2، السنة 8 في القرن 19، والسنة 9 في عقد 1800 بين 1583 و 1929 ومع فارق 1808 is 12 يوم عن التقويم اليوليوسي، والذين ظلوا مستخدمين حتى التحول الكامل إلى التقويم الگريگوري في 1929.
أحداث
يناير-مارس
- 1 يناير - The importation of slaves into the United States is banned, as the 1806 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves takes effect; African slaves continue to be imported into Cuba, and until Cuba abolishes slavery in 1865, half a million slaves will arrive on the island.[1]
- January 12 - The organizational meeting leading to the creation of the Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is held in Edinburgh.
- January 12 - John Rennie's scheme to defend St Mary's Church, Reculver, founded in 669, from coastal erosion is abandoned in favour of demolition, despite the church being an exemplar of Anglo-Saxon architecture and sculpture.
- January 22 - The Bragança Portuguese Royal Family arrives in Brazil, fleeing from the French army.
- 26 يناير - Rum Rebellion: On the 20th anniversary of the foundation of the colony of New South Wales, disgruntled military officers of the New South Wales Corps (the Rum Corps) overthrow and imprison Governor William Bligh, and seize control of the colony.
- February 2 - French troops occupy the Papal States.
- February 6 - The ship Topaz (from Boston April 5, 1807, hunting seals) rediscovers the Pitcairn Islands; only one HMS Bounty mutineer is still alive, (John Adams), who is using the pseudonym Alexander Smith.
- February 11 - In Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, Jesse Fell becomes the first person in the world to burn anthracite coal, as residential heating fuel.
- February 21 -
- The Finnish War begins, as Russian troops cross the border into Finland without a declaration of war.
- Russia issues an ultimatum to Sweden, to join Napoleon's Continental System against Great Britain and Ireland.[2]
- March 1 - The slave trade is abolished by the United Kingdom in all of its colonies, as the act of January 22, 1807 takes effect.[3]
- March 2
- Russian troops occupy Helsinki, and threaten Sveaborg.
- The inaugural meeting of the Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is held in Edinburgh.
- March 8 - Brazil: With the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil, the colony becomes the seat of Portuguese Empire.
- March 11 - Russian troops occupy Tampere.
- March 13 - Upon the death of Christian VII, Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day (March 14), Denmark declares war on Sweden.
- March 19 - Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII.
- March 22
- Russian troops occupy Turku.
- English Wars: Britain defeats Denmark and Norway during the Battle of Zealand Point.
أبريل-يونيو
- أبريل
- A volcano erupts from an unknown location in the western Pacific. This causes a localized drop in marine air temperatures during this year, and a worldwide drop in marine air temperature for the following decade.[4]
- Prussian philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte publishes his Addresses to the German Nation, having delivered them over the winter at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, before crowded audiences.
- April 6 - John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company.
- April 16 - Troops under Colonel Carl von Döbeln clash with Russian troops, in Pyhäjoki, Finland.
- May 2 - Peninsular War: The people of Madrid rise up against the French troops.
- May 3
- Finnish War: The fortress of Sveaborg is lost by Sweden to Russia.
- Peninsular War: The Madrid rebels who rose on May 2 are executed near Príncipe Pío Hill (Francisco Goya paints the fight and the execution in 1814).
- June 12 - Finnish War: A landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu, near Turku, fails.
- June 19 - Finnish War: A second landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu fails.
- June 30
- Finnish War - Battle of Turku: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians.
- Humphry Davy informs the Royal Society of London of his isolation and discovery of two elements by electrolysis. From lime, he has produced calcium and established that lime is calcium oxide; by heating boric acid and potassium in a copper tube, he creates a substance he calls boracium, and which is eventually called boron.[5]
يوليو-سبتمبر
- July 5 - Wooster, Ohio Established by David Wooster from Connecticut.
- July 8 - Joseph Bonaparte approves the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter intended as the basis for his rule as King of Spain, during the Peninsular War.
- July 14 - Finnish War: Swedish troops under Colonel Adlercreutz force the Russians to withdraw in Lapua.
- July 22 - Battle of Bailén: French General Dupont surrenders to Spanish irregular forces.
- August 10 - Finnish War: Swedish troops under Carl von Döbeln defeat a Russian attack in Kauhajoki.
- August 17 - Battle of Roliça: An Anglo-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeats an outnumbered French army, under General Henri Delaborde.
- August 21 - Battle of Vimeiro: British troops under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeat the French under General Jean-Andoche Junot.
- September 13 - Finnish War - Battle of Jutas: Swedish forces under Lieutenant General Georg Carl von Döbeln beat the Russians, making von Döbeln a Swedish war hero.
- September 27 - The Congress of Erfurt, between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia, begins.
- September 29 - Finnish War: A truce is declared between Swedish and Russian troops in Finland; it ends on October 19.
أكتوبر-ديسمبر
- October 6 - English chemist Humphry Davy electrochemically isolates potassium from potash.[6]
- November 8 - United States presidential election, 1808: James Madison defeats Charles C. Pinckney, winning 122 electoral votes to Pinckney's 47. Ten of the 17 states choose their electors by popular vote, the rest choose through state legislatures. George Clinton, who is separately elected as Vice President, gets six electoral votes for President.[7]
- November 12 - Four large French frigates under the command of Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin, including the Venus, are sent to operate from Isle de France (Mauritius) against British trade in the Indian Ocean, triggering the Mauritius campaign of 1809–11.[8]
- November 15 - Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808), as sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- November 19 - A new truce at Olkijoki ends fighting in Finland, and Swedish troops concede that area to Russia.[9]
- November 23 - Battle of Tudela: French Marshal Lannes defeats a Spanish army.
- December 1 - Tsar Alexander I of Russia proclaims Finland a part of Russia.[10]
- December 4 - Napoleon joins his army in Spain.[11]
- December 9 - At 20:34 UTC, Mercury occults Saturn (there are no observation records).
- 20 ديسمبر - The original Covent Garden Theatre in London is destroyed by a fire, along with most of the scenery, costumes and scripts.
- December 20 - Peninsular War: The Siege of Zaragoza begins.
- December 22 - Beethoven concert of 22 December 1808: Ludwig van Beethoven conducts and plays piano in a marathon benefit concert, at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, consisting entirely of first public performances of works by him, including Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 6, Piano Concerto No. 4 and Choral Fantasy.
مجهولة التاريخ
- The British Royal Navy establishes the West Africa Squadron on the coast of West Africa, to enforce the abolitionist Blockade of Africa.
- Goethe's Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy is published in full in Tübingen.
- The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich is founded.
- Barium, calcium, magnesium and strontium are isolated by Humphry Davy in England.
مواليد
يناير-يونيو
- January 6 - Joseph Pitty Couthouy, American naval officer (ت. 1864)
- January 13 - Salmon P. Chase, American politician, Chief Justice of the United States (ت. 1873)
- January 19 - Lysander Spooner, American philosopher (ت. 1887)
- January 27 - David Strauss, German theologian (ت. 1874)
- February 5 - Carl Spitzweg, German painter (ت. 1885)
- February 26 - Honoré Daumier, French painter, illustrator, and sculptor (ت. 1879)
- March 1 - Edward "Ned" Kendall, American bandleader, instrumentalist (keyed bugle) (ت. 1861)
- March 17 - Pierre-Louis Dietsch, French composer, conductor (ت. 1865)
- March 19 - José María Urvina, 5th President of Ecuador (ت. 1891)
- April 13 - Antonio Meucci, Italian-born inventor (ت. 1889)
- April 20 - Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (ت. 1873)
- May 6 - William Strong, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (ت. 1895)
- May 18 - Venancio Flores, general, president of Uruguay (ت. 1868)
- May 21 - David de Jahacob Lopez Cardozo, Dutch Talmudist (ت. 1890)
- May 22 - Gérard de Nerval, French writer (ت. 1855)
- May 30 - Caroline Chisholm, Australian humanitarian (ت. 1877)
- June 3 - Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States (ت. 1889)
- June 13 - Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, French general and politician, first president of the Third Republic (1875-1879) (ت. 1893)
- June 16 - James Frederick Ferrier, Scottish metaphysical writer and philosopher (ت. 1864)
- June 17 - Henrik Wergeland, Norwegian author (ت. 1845)
- June 20 - Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi (ت. 1888)
يوليو-ديسمبر
- July 9 - Alexander William Doniphan, American lawyer, military leader (ت. 1887)
- July 16 - Daniel Wells Jr., American politician (ت. 1902)
- September 7 - William Lindley, English sanitary engineer (ت. 1900)
- September 9 - Wendela Hebbe, Swedish journalist (ت. 1899)
- September 15 - John Hutton Balfour, Scottish botanist (ت. 1884)
- September 29 - Henry Bennett, American politician (ت. 1868)
- October 6 - King Frederick VII of Denmark (ت. 1863)
- October 20 - Karl Andree, German geographer (ت. 1875)
- November 1 - John Taylor, American Mormon leader (ت. 1887)
- November 2 - Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly, French writer (ت. 1889)
- November 6 - Friedrich Julius Richelot, German mathematician (ت. 1875)
- November 29 - William F. Johnston, American politician (ت. 1872)
- December 29 - Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (ت. 1875)
وفيات
يناير-يونيو
- 4 يناير - Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais, Italian general in the الثورة الفرنسية (و. 1741)
- January 5 - Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov, Russian soldier and statesman (و. 1737)
- January 8 - William Linn, American President of Queen's College) (و. 1752)
- February 12 - Anna Maria Bennett, English novelist (ت. 1750)
- February 14 - John Dickinson, American lawyer, governor of Delaware and Pennsylvania (و. 1732)
- 13 مارس - الملك كريستيان السابع من الدنمارك (و. 1749)
- May 18 - Elijah Craig, American minister, inventor (و. 1738)
- 19 مارس - John Redman (physician), American physician (و. 1722)
- 28 مايو - Richard Hurd، أسقف وكاتب إنگليزي (و. 1720)
يوليو-ديسمبر
- September 3 - John Montgomery, American delegate to the Continental Congress (و. 1722)
- September 5 - John Home, Scottish writer (و. 1722)
- September 6 - Louis-Pierre Anquetil, French historian (و. 1723)
- September 13 - Saverio Bettinelli, Italian writer (و. 1718)
- September 17 - Benjamin Bourne, American politician (و. 1755)
- October 1 - Carl Gotthard Langhans, German architect (و. 1732)
- October 9 - John Claiborne, U.S. politician (و. 1777)
- November 3 - Theophilus Lindsey, English theologian (و. 1723)
- November 10 - Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, British soldier, governor of Quebec (و. 1724)
- November 17 - David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary (و. 1721)
مجهولة التاريخ
- Omie Wise, subject of a murder ballad (و. 1789)
- Urszula Zamoyska, Polish noblewoman and socialite (و. 1750)
المراجع
- ^ Joseph R. Conlin, The American Past: A Survey of American History (Cengage Learning, 2008)
- ^ E. I. Kouri and Jens E. Olesen, eds. The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Volume 2, 1520–1870 (Cambridge University Press, 2016)
- ^ Antigua and the Antiguans: A Full Account of the Colony and Its Inhabitants (1844, reprinted by Cambridge University Press, 2011) p136
- ^ Chenoweth, M. (2001), Two major volcanic cooling episodes derived from global marine air temperature, AD 1807–1827, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(15), 2963–2966, DOI:10.1029/2000GL012648.
- ^ Marco Fontani, Mariagrazia Costa and Mary Virginia Orna, The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side (Oxford University Press, 2014)
- ^ "England's Greatest Chemist, Sir Humphry Davy", by John A. Bowes, in Young England magazine (Sunday School Union, 1883) p63
- ^ Thomas Hudson McKee, The National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties (Friedenwald, 1901) p18
- ^ William James and Frederick Chamier, The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 5 (Macmillan and Company, 1902) p53
- ^ Jón Stefánsson, Denmark and Sweden: With Iceland and Finland (T.F. Unwin, Ltd., 1916) p332
- ^ Edward C. Thaden, Russia's Western Borderlands, 1710-1870 (Princeton University Press, 2014) p85
- ^ James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard, eds., Outlines of European History: From the opening of the eighteenth century to the present day (Ginn and Company, 1912) p214