المعرفة

خط زمني لاكتشافات العناصر الكيميائية

(تم التحويل من Timeline of chemical element discoveries)

The discovery of the elements known to exist today is presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately defined.

Given is each element's name, atomic number, year of first report, name of the discoverer, and some notes related to the discovery.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الجدول

قالب:Periodic table (discovery periods)


الاكتشافات غير المسجلة

Z
 الاسم
 أول استعمال
 أقدم
عينة
متبقية
 المكتشفون مكان
أقدم
عينة
 ملاحظات
29 نحاس 9000 قبل الميلاد 6000 قبل الميلاد شعوب الشرق الأوسط الأناضول من المرجح أن يكون النحاس أول الفلزات التي اكتشفت واستعملت من قبل الإنسان.[1] تشير أبعد التقديرات إلى أن النحاس اكتشف في الشرق الأوسط وذلك حوالي 9000 سنة قبل الميلاد. يعد النحاس واحداً من أهم المواد التي تم استعمالها من قبل البشر في العصر النحاسي والعصر البرونزي. تم العثور على قلائد نحاسية تعود إلى 6000 سنة قبل الميلاد في الأناضول.[2]
79 ذهب قبل 6000 قبل الميلاد 5500 قبل الميلاد شعوب الشرق الأوسط مصر يذهب علماء الآثار إلى الاعتقاد بأن أول استعمال للذهب بدأ مع أول نشوء للحضارات في الشرق الأوسط. ويمكن أن يكون أول فلز استعمل من قبل الإنسان. أقدم حلي ذهبي تم اكتشافه يعود للملكة المصرية زر zer.[3][4]
82 رصاص 7000 قبل الميلاد 3800 قبل الميلاد في الشرق الأدنى أبيدوس من المعتقد أن صهر الرصاص عرف حوالي 9000 سنة قبل الميلاد، وأن أقدم المكتشفات الأثرية المصنوعة من الرصاص هو تمثال وجد في معبد أوزيريس في موقع أبيدوس الأثري ويعود إلى حوالي 3800 سنة قبل الميلاد.[5] تمت تنقية الرصاص وتمييزه عن القصدير من قبل علماء الكيمياء في عهد الدولة الإسلامية في العصور الوسطى[6]
47 فضة قبل 5000 قبل الميلاد ~4000 BCEقبل الميلاد شعب الأناضول ? يقدر أن اكتشافه تم بعد فترة قصيرة من اكتشاف النحاس والذهب.[7][8]
26 حديد قبل 5000 قبل الميلاد 4000 قبل الميلاد ? مصر هناك دليل على أن اكتشاف الحديد تم قبل 5000 سنة قبل الميلاد.[9] أقدم اكتشاف لأشياء حديدية استعملت من قبل الإنسان هي حلي وجدت في مصر صنعت من حديد نيزكي وذلك حوالي 4000 سنة قبل الميلاد. أدى اكتشاف الصهر حوالي 3000 سنة قبل الميلاد إلى طغيان استعمال الحديد في صناعة الأدوات والأسلحة، مما مهد لبدء العصر الحديدي قبل 1200 سنة من الميلاد.[10]
6 كربون 3750 قبل الميلاد ? الفراعنة والسومريون ? أقدم استعمال معروف للفحم هو لاختزال خامات النحاس والزنك والقصدير لإنتاج البرونز من قبل المصريين والسومريين.[11] يعود اكتشاف الألماس غالباً إلى 2500 سنة قبل الميلاد [12] أول تحليل كيميائي مميز للكربون كان في القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي،[13] وفي عام 1789 كان الكربون مدرجاً بين العناصر من قبل أنطوان لافوازييه.[14]
50 قصدير 3500 قبل الميلاد 2000 قبل الميلاد ? ? تم صهره مع النحاس حوالي 3500 سنة قبل الميلاد لإنتاج البرونز والنحاس الأصفر.[15] أقدم اكتشافات للقصدير تعود إلى 200 سنة قبل الميلاد.[16] تمت تنقية القصدير وتمييزه عن الرصاص من قبل علماء الكيمياء في عهد الدولة الإسلامية في العصور الوسطى (حوالي 700–1400 للميلاد).[6]
16 كبريت قبل 2000 قبل الميلاد ? الصينيون والهنود ? أول استعمال للكبريت كان قبل حوالي 4000 سنة.[17] أول تمييز له كعنصر كان من قبل جابر بن حيان (حوالي. 800 للميلاد).[18] كما أن لافوازييه أدرجه كعنصر عام1777.
80 زئبق قبل 2000 قبل الميلاد 1500 قبل الميلاد الصينيون والهنود مصر كان الزئبق معروفاً للصينيين القدماء والهندوس حوالي 2000 سنة قبل الميلاد، كما وجد في المقابر المصرية التي تعود إلى 1500 سنة قبل الميلاد.[19] أول تمييز له كعنصر كان من العالم جابر بن حيان (حوالي. 800 للميلاد).[18]
30 زنك قبل 1000 قبل الميلاد 1000 ق.م. الهنود شبه القارة الهندية تم استخراج الزنك كفلز كم قبل الهنود قبل ألف سنة من الميلاد، لكن لم تفهم طبيعة هذا الفلز في تلك العصور. تم تمييزه كعنصر مستقل من قبل العالم الهندي ساموكايا حوالي 800 سنة بعد الميلاد [20] ومن قبل الخيميائي باراسيلسوس في عام 1526.[21] وعزل من قبل أندرياس زيغيزموند مارغراف عام 1746.

الاكتشافات المسجلة

Z العنصر Observed or predicted Isolated (widely known) Observer First isolator Notes
15 Phosphorus 1669 1669 H. Brand H. Brand Prepared from urine, it was the first element to be chemically discovered.[22]
27 Cobalt 1732 G. Brandt Proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal and not bismuth as thought previously.[23]
78 Platinum 1735 1735 A. de Ulloa A. de Ulloa First description of a metal found in South American gold was in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger. Ulloa published his findings in 1748, but Sir Charles Wood also investigated the metal in 1741. First reference to it as a new metal was made by William Brownrigg in 1750.[24]
28 Nickel 1751 1751 F. Cronstedt F. Cronstedt Found by attempting to extract copper from the mineral known as fake copper (now known as niccolite).[25]
83 Bismuth 1753 C.F. Geoffroy Definitively identified by Claude François Geoffroy in 1753.[26]
12 Magnesium 1755 1808 J. Black H. Davy Black observed that magnesia alba (MgO) was not quicklime (CaO). Davy isolated the metal electrochemically from magnesia.[27]
1 Hydrogen 1766 1500 H. Cavendish Paracelsus Cavendish was the first to distinguish H 2 from other gases, although Paracelsus around 1500, Robert Boyle, and Joseph Priestley had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1793.[28][29]
8 Oxygen 1771 1771 W. Scheele W. Scheele Obtained it by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777.[30][31]
7 Nitrogen 1772 1772 D. Rutherford D. Rutherford He discovered Nitrogen while he was studying at the University of Edinburgh.[32] He showed that the air in which animals had breathed, even after removal of the exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley also studied the element at about the same time, and Lavoisier named it in 1775-6.[33]
17 Chlorine 1774 1774 W. Scheele W. Scheele Obtained it from hydrochloric acid, but thought it was an oxide. Only in 1808 did Humphry Davy recognize it as an element.[34]
25 Manganese 1774 1774 W. Scheele G. Gahn Distinguished pyrolusite as the calx of a new metal. Ignatius Gottfred Kaim also discovered the new metal in 1770, as did Scheele in 1774. It was isolated by reduction of manganese dioxide with carbon.[35]
56 Barium 1772 1808 W. Scheele H. Davy Scheele distinguished a new earth (BaO) in pyrolusite and Davy isolated the metal by electrolysis.[36]
42 Molybdenum 1778 1781 W. Scheele J. Hjelm Scheele recognised the metal as a constituent of molybdena.[37]
52 Tellurium 1782 F.-J.M. von Reichenstein H. Klaproth Muller observed it as an impurity in gold ores from Transylvania.[38]
74 Tungsten 1781 1783 T. Bergman J. and F. Elhuyar Bergman obtained from scheelite an oxide of a new element. The Elhuyars obtained tungstic acid from wolframite and reduced it with charcoal.[39]
38 Strontium 1787 1808 W. Cruikshank H. Davy Cruikshank and Adair Crawford in 1790 concluded that strontianite contained a new earth. It was eventually isolated electrochemically in 1808 by Humphry Davy.[40]
1789 A. Lavoisier The first modern list of chemical elements – containing, among others, 29 elements of those known then.[41] He also redefined the term "element". Until then, no metals except mercury were considered elements.
40 Zirconium 1789 1824 H. Klaproth J. Berzelius Klaproth identified a new element in zirconia.[42][43]
92 Uranium 1789 1841 H. Klaproth E.-M. Péligot Mistakenly identified a uranium oxide obtained from pitchblende as the element itself and named it after the recently discovered planet Uranus.[44][45]
22 Titanium 1791 1825 W. Gregor J. Berzelius Gregor found an oxide of a new metal in ilmenite; Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it. The pure metallic form was only obtained in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter.[46][47]
39 Yttrium 1794 1840 J. Gadolin G. Mosander Discovered in gadolinite, but Mosander showed later that its ore, yttria, contained more elements.[48][49]
24 Chromium 1797 1798 N. Vauquelin N. Vauquelin Vauquelin discovered the trioxide in crocoite ore, and later isolated the metal by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven.[50]
4 Beryllium 1798 1828 N. Vauquelin F. Wöhler and A. Bussy Vauquelin discovered the oxide in beryl and emerald, and Klaproth suggested the present name around 1808.[51]
23 Vanadium 1801 1830 M. del Río N.G.Sefström Río found the metal in vanadinite but retracted the claim after Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils disputed it. Sefström isolated and named it, and later it was shown that Río had been right in the first place.[52]
41 Niobium 1801 1864 C. Hatchett W. Blomstrand Hatchett found the element in columbite ore and named it columbium. Heinrich Rose proved in 1844 that the element is distinct from tantalum, and renamed it niobium which was officially accepted in 1949.[53]
73 Tantalum 1802 G. Ekeberg Ekeberg found another element in minerals similar to columbite and in 1844, Heinrich Rose proved that it was distinct from niobium.[54]
46 Palladium 1803 1803 H. Wollaston H. Wollaston Wollaston discovered it in samples of platinum from South America, but did not publish his results immediately. He had intended to name it after the newly discovered asteroid, Ceres, but by the time he published his results in 1804, cerium had taken that name. Wollaston named it after the more recently discovered asteroid Pallas.[55]
58 Cerium 1803 1839 H. Klaproth, J. Berzelius, and W. Hisinger G. Mosander Berzelius and Hisinger discovered the element in ceria and named it after the newly discovered asteroid (then considered a planet), Ceres. Klaproth discovered it simultaneously and independently in some tantalum samples. Mosander proved later that the samples of all three researchers had at least another element in them, lanthanum.[56]
76 Osmium 1803 1803 S. Tennant S. Tennant Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium.[57]
77 Iridium 1803 1803 S. Tennant S. Tennant Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium, and published the iridium results in 1804.[58]
45 Rhodium 1804 1804 H. Wollaston H. Wollaston Wollaston discovered and isolated it from crude platinum samples from South America.[59]
19 Potassium 1807 1807 H. Davy H. Davy Davy discovered it by using electrolysis on potash.[60]
11 Sodium 1807 1807 H. Davy H. Davy Davy discovered it a few days after potassium, by using electrolysis on sodium hydroxide.[61]
20 Calcium 1808 1808 H. Davy H. Davy Davy discovered the metal by electrolysis of quicklime.[61]
5 Boron 1808 1808 L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thénard H. Davy On June 21, 1808, Lussac and Thénard announced a new element in sedative salt, Davy announced the isolation of a new substance from boracic acid soon afterwards.[62]
9 Fluorine 1810 1886 A.-M. Ampère H. Moissan André-Marie Ampère predicted an element analogous to chlorine obtainable from hydrofluoric acid, and between 1812 and 1886 many researchers tried to obtain this element. It was eventually isolated by Moissan.[63]
53 Iodine 1811 1811 B. Courtois B. Courtois Courtois discovered it in the ashes of seaweed.[64]
3 Lithium 1817 1821 A. Arfwedson W. T. Brande Arfwedson discovered the alkali in petalite.[65]
48 Cadmium 1817 1817 S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff All three found an unknown metal in a sample of zinc oxide from Silesia, but the name that Stromeyer gave became the accepted one.[66]
34 Selenium 1817 1817 J. Berzelius and G. Gahn J. Berzelius and G. Gahn While working with lead they discovered a substance that they thought was tellurium, but realized after more investigation that it is different.[67]
14 Silicon 1824 1824 J. Berzelius J. Berzelius Humphry Davy thought in 1800 that silica was an element, not a compound, and in 1808 suggested the present name. In 1811 Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure silicon, but Berzelius is credited with the discovery for obtaining the pure element in 1824.[68]
13 Aluminium 1825 1825 H.C.Ørsted H.C.Ørsted Antoine Lavoisier predicted in 1787 that alumine is the oxide of an undiscovered element, and in 1808 Humphry Davy tried to decompose it. Although he failed, he suggested the present name. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to isolate metallic aluminium in 1825.[69]
35 Bromine 1825 1825 J. Balard and L. Gmelin J. Balard and L. Gmelin They both discovered the element in the autumn of 1825 and published the results the next year.[70]
90 Thorium 1829 J. Berzelius Berzelius obtained the oxide of a new earth in thorite.[71]
57 Lanthanum 1838 G. Mosander Mosander found a new element in samples of ceria and published his results in 1842, but later he showed that this lanthana contained four more elements.[72]
68 Erbium 1842 G. Mosander Mosander managed to split the old yttria into yttria proper and erbia, and later terbia too.[73]
65 Terbium 1842 1842 G. Mosander G. Mosander In 1842 Mosander split yttria into two more earths, erbia and terbia[74]
44 Ruthenium 1844 1844 K. Claus K. Claus Gottfried Wilhelm Osann thought that he found three new metals in Russian platinum samples, and in 1844 Karl Karlovich Klaus confirmed that there was a new element.[75]
55 Caesium 1860 1882 R. Bunsen and R. Kirchhoff C. Setterberg Bunsen and Kirchhoff were the first to suggest finding new elements by spectrum analysis. They discovered caesium by its two blue emission lines in a sample of Dürkheim mineral water.[76] The pure metal was eventually isolated in 1882 by Setterberg.[77]
37 Rubidium 1861 R. Bunsen and G. R. Kirchhoff R. Bunsen Bunsen and Kirchhoff discovered it just a few months after caesium, by observing new spectral lines in the mineral lepidolite. Bunsen never obtained a pure sample of the metal, which was later obtained by Hervesy.[78]
81 Thallium 1861 1862 W. Crookes C.-A. Lamy Shortly after the discovery of rubidium, Crookes found a new green line in a selenium sample; later that year, Lamy found the element to be metallic.[79]
49 Indium 1863 1867 F. Reich and T. Richter T. Richter Reich and Richter First identified it in sphalerite by its bright indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line. Richter isolated the metal several years later.[80]
2 Helium 1868 1895 P. Janssen and N. Lockyer W. Ramsay, T. Cleve, and N. Langlet Janssen and Lockyer observed independently a yellow line in the solar spectrum that did not match any other element.

Years later, Ramsay, Cleve, and Langlet observed independently the element trapped in cleveite about the same time.[81]

1869 D. I. Mendeleev Mendeleev arranges the 64 elements known at that time into the first modern periodic table and correctly predicts several others.
31 Gallium 1875 P. E. L. de Boisbaudran P. E. L. de Boisbaudran Boisbaudran observed on a pyrenea blende sample some emission lines corresponding to the eka-aluminium that was predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 and subsequently isolated the element by electrolysis.[82]
70 Ytterbium 1878 1907 J.C.G. de Marignac G. Urbain On October 22, 1878, Marignac reported splitting terbia into two new earths, terbia proper and ytterbia.[83]
67 Holmium 1878 M. Delafontaine Delafontaine found it in samarskite and next year, Per Teodor Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.[84]
69 Thulium 1879 1879 T. Cleve T. Cleve Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.[85]
21 Scandium 1879 1879 F. Nilson F. Nilson Nilson split Marignac's ytterbia into pure ytterbia and a new element that matched 1871 Mendeleev's predicted eka-boron.[86]
62 Samarium 1879 1879 P.E.L. de Boisbaudran P.E.L. de Boisbaudran Boisbaudran noted a new earth in samarskite and named it samaria after the mineral.[87]
64 Gadolinium 1880 1886 J. C. G. de Marignac F. L. de Boisbaudran Marignac initially observed the new earth in terbia, and later Boisbaudran obtained a pure sample from samarskite.[88]
59 Praseodymium 1885 A. von Welsbach Von Welsbach discovered two new distinct elements in ceria: praseodymium and neodymium.[89]
60 Neodymium 1885 A. von Welsbach Von Welsbach discovered two new distinct elements in ceria: praseodymium and neodymium.[90]
66 Dysprosium 1886 P.E.L. de Boisbaudran De Boisbaudran found a new earth in erbia.[90]
32 Germanium 1886 A. Winkler In February 1886 Winkler found in argyrodite the eka-silicon that Mendeleev had predicted in 1871.[91]
18 Argon 1894 1894 Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay They discovered the gas by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by liquefaction from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. It is the first noble gas to be isolated.[92]
36 Krypton 1898 1898 W. Ramsay and W. Travers W. Ramsay and W. Travers On May 30, 1898, Ramsay separated a noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.[93]
10 Neon 1898 1898 W. Ramsay and W. Travers W. Ramsay and W. Travers In June 1898 Ramsay separated a new noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.[93]
54 Xenon 1898 1898 W. Ramsay and W. Travers W. Ramsay and W. Travers On July 12, 1898 Ramsay separated a third noble gas within three weeks, from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.[94]
84 Polonium 1898 1902 P. and M. Curie W. Marckwald In an experiment done on July 13, 1898, the Curies noted an increased radioactivity in the uranium obtained from pitchblende, which they ascribed to an unknown element.[95]
88 Radium 1898 1902 P. and M. Curie M. Curie The Curies reported on December 26, 1898, a new element different from polonium, which Marie later isolated from uraninite.[96]
86 Radon 1898 1910 E. Dorn W. Ramsay and R. Whytlaw-Gray Dorn discovered a radioactive gas resulting from the radioactive decay of radium, isolated later by Ramsay and Gray.[97][98]
89 Actinium 1899 1899 A.-L. Debierne A.-L. Debierne Debierne obtained from pitchblende a substance that had properties similar to those of thorium.[99]
63 Europium 1896 1901 E.-A. Demarçay E.-A. Demarçay Demarçay found spectral lines of a new element in Lecoq's samarium, and separated this element several years later.[100]
71 Lutetium 1906 1906 G. Urbain and C.A. von Welsbach G. Urbain and C.A. von Welsbach Urbain and von Welsbach proved independently that the old ytterbium also contained a new element.[101]
75 Rhenium 1908 1925 M. Ogawa M. Ogawa Ogawa found it in thorianite but assigned it as element 43 instead of 75 and named it nipponium.[102] In 1922 Walter Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke and Otto Berg announced its separation from gadolinite and gave it the present name.[59]
72 Hafnium 1911 1922 G. Urbain and V. Vernadsky D. Coster and G. von Hevesy Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues, while Vernadsky independently found it in orthite. Neither claim was confirmed due to الحرب العالمية الأولى. After the war, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon.[103] Hafnium was the last stable element to be discovered.[104]
91 Protactinium 1913 O.H.Göhring and K. Fajans The two obtained the first isotope of this element that had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as a member of the natural decay of 238U.[105] Originally isolated in 1900 by William Crookes.[106]
43 Technetium 1937 1937 C. Perrier and E. Segrè C. Perrier & E.Segrè The two discovered a new element in a molybdenum sample that was used in a cyclotron, the first synthetic element to be discovered. It had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as eka-manganese.[107][108]
87 Francium 1939 M. Perey Perey discovered it as a decay product of 227Ac.[109] Francium is the last element to be discovered in nature, rather than synthesized in the lab, although some of the "synthetic" elements that were discovered later (plutonium, neptunium, astatine) were eventually found in trace amounts in nature as well.[110]
85 Astatine 1940 R. Corson, R. MacKenzie and E. Segrè Obtained by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.[111] Later determined to occur naturally in minuscule quantities (<25 grams in earth's crust).[112]
93 Neptunium 1940 E.M. McMillan and H. Abelson Obtained by irradiating uranium with neutrons, it is the first transuranium element discovered.[113]
94 Plutonium 1940–1941 Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur C. Wahl, W. Kennedy and E.M. McMillan Prepared by bombardment of uranium with deuterons.[114]
95 Americium 1944 G. T. Seaborg, A. James, O. Morgan and A. Ghiorso Prepared by irradiating plutonium with neutrons during the Manhattan Project.[115]
96 Curium 1944 G. T. Seaborg, R. A. James and A. Ghiorso Prepared by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles during the Manhattan Project[116]
61 Promethium 1942 1945 S. Wu, E.G. Segrè and A. Bethe Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin, and Harold G. Richter It was probably first prepared in 1942 by bombarding neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, but separation of the element could not be carried out. Isolation was performed under the Manhattan Project in 1945.[89]
97 Berkelium 1949 G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (University of California, Berkeley) Created by bombardment of americium with alpha particles.[117]
98 Californium 1950 S. G. Thompson, K. Street,Jr., A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (University of California, Berkeley) Bombardment of curium with alpha particles.[118]
99 Einsteinium 1952 1952 A. Ghiorso et al. (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley) Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; kept secret for several years.[119]
100 Fermium 1952 A. Ghiorso et al. (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley) Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; kept secret for several years.[120]
101 Mendelevium 1955 A. Ghiorso, G. Harvey, R. Choppin, S. G. Thompson and G. T. Seaborg Prepared by bombardment of einsteinium with helium.[121]
102 Nobelium 1958 A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, R. Walton and G. T. Seaborg First prepared by bombardment of curium with carbon atoms.[122]
103 Lawrencium 1961 A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, E. Larsh and M. Latimer First prepared by bombardment of californium with boron atoms.[123]
104 Rutherfordium 1968 A. Ghiorso, M. Nurmia, J. Harris, K. Eskola and P. Eskola Prepared by bombardment of californium with carbon atoms.[124]
105 Dubnium 1970 A. Ghiorso, M. Nurmia, K. Eskola, J. Harris and P. Eskola Prepared by bombardment of californium with nitrogen atoms.[125]
106 Seaborgium 1974 A. Ghiorso, J. Nitschke, J. Alonso, C. Alonso, M. Nurmia, G. T. Seaborg, K. Hulet and W. Lougheed Prepared by collisions of californium-249 with oxygen atoms.[126]
107 Bohrium 1981 G.Münzenberg et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Obtained by bombarding bismuth with chromium.[127]
109 Meitnerium 1982 G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with iron atoms.[128]
108 Hassium 1984 G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of lead with iron atoms[129]
110 Darmstadtium 1994 S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of lead with nickel.[130]
111 Roentgenium 1994 S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with nickel.[131]
112 Copernicium 1996 S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) Prepared by bombardment of lead with zinc.[132][133]
114 Flerovium 1999 Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) Prepared by bombardment of plutonium with calcium[134]
116 Livermorium 2000 Y.Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) Prepared by bombardment of curium with calcium[135]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

اكتشافات غير مؤكدة

Z Name Discovery
year 		Discoverer Notes
118 Ununoctium 2002 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Prepared by bombardment of californium with calcium[136]
113 Ununtrium 2003 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Alpha decay of ununpentium[137]
115 Ununpentium 2003 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Prepared by bombardment of americium with calcium[137]
117 Ununseptium 2010 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Prepared by bombardment of berkelium with calcium[138]

بيانيات

 
Development in discovery


انظر أيضاً

الهامش

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