الدخل القومي الإجمالي

(تم التحويل من Gross national income)
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Gross domestic product or Modified gross national income (GNI*).
"GNP" redirects here. For other uses, see GNP (توضيح).
"Gross National Product" redirects here. For the satirical group, see Gross National Product (comedy group).
Map of countries by income groups, based on their gross national income (GNI) per capita, 2023, according to World Bank[1]
القطاعات الاقتصادية
نموذج القطاعات الثلاث
القطاعات الإضافية
المنظرون
القطاعات حسب الملكية
جزء من سلسلة عن
السوق الرمادية
الأنواع
النواحي القانونية
النواحي السياسية
مواضيع متعلقة
جزء من سلسلة عن
الأنظمة الاقتصادية
حسب الأيديولوجيا
حسب التنسيق
حسب النمط الإقليمي
القطاعات
أنواع الملكية
التحول
التنسيق
أنواع أخرى

Gross national income (GNI), formerly known as gross national product (GNP), is the total amount of factor incomes earned by the residents of a country. It is equal to gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes received from non-residents by residents, minus factor income paid by residents to non-residents.[2]:44

In contrast to GDP, GNI is not a concept of value added, but a concept of income. GNI is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to the Budget of the European Union.[3] In February 2017, Ireland's GDP became so distorted from the base erosion and profit shifting ("BEPS") tax planning tools of U.S. multinationals, that the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, Irish Modified GNI (or "GNI*"). In 2017, Irish GDP was 127% of Irish GNI and 162% of Irish Modified GNI.[4]

GNI contrast with net national income : NNI = GNI - Depreciation[5]

The Atlas method can be applied to correct for fluctuating exchange rates.[6]

التاريخ وتغيير الاسم

The modern concept of GNP, along with GDP, was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a 1934 U.S. Congress report. Countries like the US and the UK originally preferred GNP as a measure of economic activity while other like Norway preferred GDP.[7] Over time economists settled on using GDP, the US switched to using GDP in 1991.

GNP was defined in the United Nations' 1953 System of National Accounts (SNA) as:

"the market value of product before deduction of provisions of consumption of fixed capital, attributable to factors of production supplied by normal residents of the given country"

Despite framing GNP as a concept of production, the attribution of the value was defined by the income earned by the owner of the factor of production.

In the 1993 revision to the SNA, the GNP definition was reframed from the point of view of the residents receiving income rather than the point of view of the factor of production. To reflect this, GNP was renamed GNI; the "national" part was kept as it is embedded in economic usage, even though the same concept of residence is used to define both GDP and GNI.[8]

GNP continues to be used in the National income and product accounts to refer to GNI calculated for expenditure data.

Type of income included in GNI

GNI includes the salaries and wages of cross-border commuters and seasonal workers working overseas but does not include remittance sent by workers to their families overseas. This explains why France GNI is higher than its GDP as a lot of French residents work in Luxembourg, Monaco, or Switzerland. In comparison, India GNI is lower than its GDP despite being the larger receiver of remittances.

GNI also includes the propriety income: rent, interest, and "profit". The "profit" included both distributed income of corporations (dividends) and reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment, those are profit retained by the corporation. Like in the IMF balance of payments manual they are treated as if they were distributed to foreign direct investors in proportion to their ownership of the equity of the enterprise and then reinvested by them using additions in equity.

The GNI of EU countries also included subsidies received from the EU and excluded tariffs as the EU receives those.

GNI contrasts with Gross national disposable income which includes all current transfer income like international cooperation and remittance.

مقارنة GNI و GDP

GNI=GDP+Money flowing from foreign countries−Money flowing to foreign countries

Comparison of GNI (Atlas method). GNI and GDP
2024 World Bank (millions of current US$)
Country GNI (Atlas method)[9] GNI[10] GDP[11]
a a - c b b - c c
 الولايات المتحدة 28395284.6 −466392.3 29194127.0 164165.0 27360935.0
 الصين 19253311.9 1104478.2 18615022.9 −131070.1 17794782.0
ألمانيا 4601090.9 646932.4 4847009.0 203987.2 4212945.2
 اليابان 4463243.8 103052.1 4290008.0 178408.2 4456081.0
 الهند 3837862.8 80317.8 3853338.9 −52097.4 3549918.9
المملكة المتحدة 3424416.8 −73042.8 3659245.4 −43335.4 3340032.4
 فرنسا 3096054.8 41559.7 3221122.9 47987.2 3030904.1
 إيطاليا 2275197.0 −10266.3 2374544.0 −3942.8 2254851.2
 روسيا 2236147.7 22547.1 2210877.7 −30699.9 2140085.6
 كندا 2204813.0 63336.6 2145349.9 −27001.6 2021421.5
 البرازيل 2105073.3 −2108530.0 2112836.2 −63108.6 2173665.7
 كوريا الجنوبية 1902094.9 122682.9 1902456.7 31909.8 1712792.9
 أستراليا 1701530.0 −41827.8 1805281.8 −71320.8 1723827.2
 المكسيك 1681001.9 −1674500.0 1721317.2 −10836.8 1580694.7
 إسپانيا 1630800.7 −234550.7 1695733.1 −44175.4 1788886.8
 اندونيسيا 1393240.4 −18582.8 1359439.6 −35304.8 1371171.2
 السعودية 1255610.6 −33335.0 1343248.7 −6673.3 1118124.7
هولندا 1130800.1 −7726.9 1245906.1 5835.5 1067582.9
 تركيا 1124430.0 −114010.1 1204132.0 −11213.0 1108022.4
سويسرا 866359.1 −42808.3 897366.8 −27647.8 884940.4
 بولندا 787996.1 −87547.1 887015.3 −34122.6 811229.1
 بلجيكا 655615.0 651342.4 682334.1 23537.2 593267.7
 السويد 621736.3 12471.7 630512.1 13803.3 632216.6
 الأرجنتين 614324.6 −56481.4 625195.0 −14253.3 640591.4
نرويج 547619.3 80024.9 568335.7 20147.1 485513.3
 الإمارات العربية المتحدة 538364 26956.3 535825.3 −922.2 509901.5
 إسرائيل 528041.4 604.3 533758.6 −12024.2 514945.0
 الفلپين 518147.7 13974.2 521766.4 −919.6 504173.5
 تايلند 508953.5 −13102.9 510441.3 −1590.5 516034.1
نمسا 497098.9 59019.8 505791.6 48008.2 437146.4
بنگلادش بنگلادش 490164.5 56516.6 454873.5 17458.1 437415.3
 مصر 439247.2 43321.1 378607.7 −17318.4 395926.1
 الدنمارك 436283.0 32084.2 418427.5 14228.7 404198.8
 نيجيريا 432496.7 69681.8 355832.5 −6982.4 362815.0
 أيرلندا 423058.9 −122570.6 421766.9 −123862.6 545629.5
 سنغافورة 417722.2 −83705.3 420675.1 −80752.4 501427.5
إيران إيران 417389.0 15884.5 401036.3 −468.3 401504.5
 هونگ كونگ 415973.1 33918.5 416242.1 34187.5 382054.6
 ڤيتنام 412944.1 −16772.8 407254.0 −22463.0 429717.0
ماليزيا ماليزيا 410754.5 11105.6 387578.2 −12070.6 399648.8
علم جنوب أفريقيا جنوب أفريقيا 407575.9 29794.3 372625.7 −5155.9 377781.6
 پاكستان 360729.3 22360.9 332603.5 −5765.0 338368.5
كولومبيا كولومبيا 357640.3 −5899.9 361333.8 −2206.4 363540.2
 رومانيا 317743.0 −33259.6 341578.5 −9424.1 351002.6
 تشيلي 310627.6 −24905.7 318450.1 −17083.2 335533.3
فنلندا 298118.3 −2068.9 299653.1 −534.1 300187.2
التشيك 294826.0 −36032.4 315842.0 −15016.4 330858.3
البرتغال البرتغال 276490.3 −10589.7 281729.0 −5351.1 287080.0
 العراق 254601.2 3758.4 252096.7 1253.9 250842.8
نيوزيلندا 253873.8 408.1 247095.5 −6370.2 253465.7
 پيرو 240295.2 −27308.1 253910.6 −13692.7 267603.2
اليونان 233934.8 −4271.5 236451.9 −1754.4 238206.3
الجزائر الجزائر 226263.4 −13636.1 236495.6 −3403.9 239899.5
كازاخستان كازاخستان 217777.6 −43643.6 235418.9 −26002.2 261421.1
الكويت الكويت 198885.2 37113.0 194323.8 32551.6 161772.2
المجر 190073.7 −22315.2 206408.0 −5980.9 212388.9
 أوكرانيا 174919.0 −3838.0 184268.0 5511.0 178757.0
 إثيوپيا 142605.3 −21092.6 163284.5 −413.4 163697.9
المملكة المغربية المملكة المغربية 142288.8 1179.4 138989.9 −2119.5 141109.4
سلوفاكيا 123675.8 −9117.8 129363.5 −3430.1 132793.6
 إكوادور 118390.5 −454.4 116176.1 −2668.7 118844.8
 كينيا 116406.4 8965.9 105674.4 −1766.1 107440.6
 جمهورية الدومنيكان 109970.1 −11474.2 116006.7 −5437.6 121444.3
عُمان عُمان 100047.1 −8145.4 100551.0 −7641.5 108192.5
 گواتيمالا 98164.7 −3885.8 100245.8 −1804.7 102050.5
 بلغاريا 92955.1 −8629.3 98154.8 −3429.6 101584.4
أوزبكستان أوزبكستان 86005.4 −4883.8 90128.1 −761.0 90889.1
 پورتو ريكو 80926.1 −36976.2 81550.7 −36351.6 117902.3
 پنما 80479.7 −2902.7 80057.3 −3325.1 83382.4
 غانا 79823.5 3453.1 75420.4 −950.0 76370.4
 كرواتيا 79658.8 −3030.0 82762.1 73.3 82688.8
 تنزانيا 79293.0 134.8 77758.4 −1399.9 79158.3
 أنگولا 78319.3 −6403.7 77036.1 −7686.8 84723.0
 سريلانكا 77922.9 −6434.0 81623.4 −2733.4 84356.9
 ساحل العاج 77059.7 −1729.1 75606.1 −3182.7 78788.8
 كوستاريكا 72207.0 −14291.0 79835.0 −6662.9 86497.9
 بلاروس 71440.1 −417.3 69257.3 −2600.1 71857.4
لتوانيا 71291.2 −6545.2 75164.4 −2672.0 77836.4
أذربيجان أذربيجان 67529.1 −4827.1 69157.1 −3199.1 72356.2
 الكونغو الديمقراطية 67082.2 699.0 64288.3 −2095.0 66383.3
 أوروگواي 66854.0 −10386.8 71856.3 −5384.6 77240.8
 صربيا 66392.7 −8794.5 71011.8 −4175.3 75187.1
 ميانمار 65964.1 1149.1 63663.6 −1151.4 64815.0
سلوفينيا 64938.3 −3278.5 67196.3 −1020.5 68216.8
ترکمنستان ترکمنستان 59682.1 −205.2 59381.9 −505.5 59887.3
 لوكسمبورگ 59083.3 −26671.7 58922.1 −26832.9 85755.0
 ليبيا 52179.3 1687.6 50562.0 70.3 50491.7
الأردن الأردن 50512.7 −301.0 50351.8 −461.8 50813.6
السودان السودان 47595.1 −61731.9 108427.0 −900.0 109327.0
أوغندا أوغندا 47399.0 −1873.9 48300.2 −972.7 49272.9
 كاميرون 47320.1 −625.5 46953.4 −992.1 47945.5
 تونس 46907.4 −1622.2 47219.7 −1309.9 48529.6
 بوليفيا 44649.2 −1200.7 44844.2 −1005.6 45849.8
 پاراگواي 42537.6 −418.6 41585.0 −1371.3 42956.3
 نيبال 42332.9 1424.8 41385.1 477.0 40908.1
البحرين البحرين 42014.0 −1191.0 40659.8 −2545.2 43205.0
لاتفيا 41337.1 −2290.0 42515.0 −1112.1 43627.1
إستونيا 37217.0 −3527.9 39377.3 −1367.6 40744.8
آيسلندا 31424.8 404.8 31707.5 687.5 31020.0
 السلڤادور 31320.4 −2695.2 31874.0 −2141.6 34015.6
 هندوراس 30718.6 −3681.9 31872.8 −2527.7 34400.5
 كمبوديا 30702.3 −1070.5 30819.4 −953.4 31772.8
 سنغال 29421.1 −1592.9 29981.0 −1033.0 31014.0
 پاپوا غينيا ج. 29337.9 −1594.6 29106.1 −1826.4 30932.5
 زيمبابوي 29075.3 2537.0 26187.2 −351.0 26538.3
 قبرص 28780.3 −3449.3 28974.2 −3255.4 32229.6
ترينيداد وتوباگو 27538.8 −601.2 27093.9 −1046.0 28139.9
 زامبيا 27196.3 −966.3 27020.1 −1142.6 28162.6
 البوسنة والهرسك 26211.2 −843.7 26986.0 −68.9 27054.9
 جورجيا 25119.5 −5416.0 28505.4 −2030.1 30535.5
فلسطين السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية 21800.7 4404.4 20858.3 3462.0 17396.3
ألبانيا ألبانيا 20773.7 −2204.0 22674.9 −302.8 22977.7
 هايتي 20425.7 574.8 19855.1 4.3 19850.8
 بوتسوانا 20389.2 993.5 19153.4 −242.4 19395.8
 أرمنيا 20363.8 −3848.4 23567.1 −645.0 24212.1
 مالي 20055.6 −849.3 19940.5 −964.4 20904.9
بنين بنين 19699.6 26.3 19549.8 −123.5 19673.3
 بوركينا فاسو 19697.5 −627.1 19484.8 −839.9 20324.6
الگابون الگابون 19393.8 −1122.4 18421.3 −2094.9 20516.1
غينيا غينيا 19271.1 −4341.2 21019.3 −2593.0 23612.3
 مالطا 18940.1 −2016.9 19088.4 −1868.6 20957.0
موزمبيق موزمبيق 17880.1 −2744.5 18787.4 −1837.2 20624.6
 جامايكا 17385.2 −2038.1 18894.1 −529.2 19423.4
 منغوليا 17068.9 −2803.3 17982.8 −1889.4 19872.2
گويانا گويانا 16572.5 −213.8 15206.3 −1580.0 16786.3
نيجر نيجر 16303.3 −515.9 16182.4 −636.8 16819.2
 لاوس 16195.4 352.2 14685.7 −1157.5 15843.2
 نيكاراگوا 16015.9 −1813.4 16935.0 −894.2 17829.2
 مدغشقر 15926.5 −105.2 15703.0 −328.7 16031.7
بروناي بروناي 15825.3 697.0 15322.3 194.0 15128.3
 مولدوڤا 15192.2 −1347.2 16749.2 209.8 16539.4
 الكونغو 15080.9 −240.2 14485.8 −835.3 15321.1
طاجيكستان طاجيكستان 14584.5 2523.9 15143.8 3083.1 12060.6
 موريشيوس 14539.1 141.9 14752.7 355.6 14397.1
 شمال مقدونيا 13879.1 −882.2 13952.0 −809.2 14761.2
 رواندا 13853.0 −244.7 13817.6 −280.1 14097.8
 ملاوي 13395.3 −689.1 13726.2 −358.2 14084.3
 البهاما 13200.7 −1137.8 13626.7 −711.8 14338.5
تشاد تشاد 12999.9 −149.4 12956.6 −192.7 13149.3
 ناميبيا 12676.7 325.6 11781.6 −569.4 12351.0
قرغيزستان قرغيزستان 12065.6 −1922.0 13295.7 −691.9 13987.6
الصومال الصومال 11137.4 −542.4 11635.8 −44.0 11679.8
قالب:XKX 10505.2 66.9 10636.2 197.8 10438.4
موريتانيا موريتانيا 10453.5 1.0 10443.3 −9.3 10452.6
توغو توغو 9323.2 151.9 9210.7 39.4 9171.3
 غينيا الإستوائية 8988.7 −3128.2 8682.0 −3435.0 12116.9
 الجبل الأسود 7088.6 −315.9 7477.5 72.9 7404.5
 بربادوس 6000.8 −392.7 6126.6 −267.0 6393.6
ملديڤ ملديڤ 5745.3 −854.7 5777.2 −822.8 6600.0
 فيجي 5221.7 −273.1 5113.3 −381.5 5494.8
سيراليون سيراليون 4921.8 1111.9 4395.3 585.5 3809.8
 إسواتيني 4674.2 76.3 4289.4 −308.5 4597.9
 ليبيريا 3950.9 −381.1 4058.0 −274.0 4332.0
جيبوتي جيبوتي 3921.8 −176.8 4006.5 −92.0 4098.5
سورينام سورينام 3342.8 −439.6 3474.5 −307.9 3782.4
 بوروندي 3032.6 390.4 2648.0 5.8 2642.2
 بليز 2955.1 −326.4 3170.4 −111.1 3281.5
 تيمور الشرقية 2904.9 661.8 2581.3 338.2 2243.1
 أفريقيا الوسطى 2710.7 155.2 2706.5 151.0 2555.5
 ليسوتو 2700.2 654.2 2393.9 347.9 2046.0
 الرأس الأخضر 2561.8 −25.4 2577.5 −9.8 2587.3
غامبيا غامبيا 2308.4 −31.5 2309.3 −30.6 2339.9
 سانت لوشيا 2235.6 −284.4 2304.5 −215.4 2519.9
 سيشيل 2029.0 −112.5 2124.7 −16.8 2141.5
غينيا بيساو غينيا بيساو 1943.5 −23.0 1993.6 27.1 1966.5
 أنتيگا وبربودا 1884.7 −148.4 1940.1 −93.0 2033.1
 جزر سليمان 1680.0 48.7 1656.4 25.1 1631.3
جزر القمر جزر القمر 1362.9 10.5 1355.2 2.8 1352.4
گرينادا 1236.5 −83.9 1237.4 −82.9 1320.3
 ڤانواتو 1224.7 98.4 1281.0 154.7 1126.3
 جزر تركس وكايكوس 1224.0 −178.1 1342.5 −59.6 1402.1
 س. ڤنسنت والگرنادينز 1043.8 −22.2 1058.6 −7.4 1066.0
 سانت كيتس ونڤيس 1020.9 −56.1 1049.2 −27.8 1077.0
 ساموا 908.2 −25.9 922.4 −11.7 934.1
 دومينيكا 651.2 −2.8 655.8 1.8 654.0
 ساو تومه وپرنسيپه 573.9 −29.4 610.8 7.5 603.2
 كيريباس 497.8 218.8 467.5 188.5 279.0
 ميكرونزيا 478.6 18.6 504.3 44.3 460.0
 جزر مارشال 318.0 34.0 324.8 40.8 284.0
 ناورو 282.3 128.2 262.4 108.3 154.1
 پالاو 257.3 −5.8 269.8 6.7 263.0
 توڤالو 86.0 23.8 84.2 21.9 62.3


قوائم GNI للفرد

GNI (Atlas method) PPP

PPP – millions of international dollars (top 15)[12]

Rank 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
1  الصين 34٬388٬534  الصين 31٬576٬043  الصين 28٬620٬862  الصين 25٬044٬516  الصين 24٬232٬656  الصين 22٬355٬235  الصين 20٬567٬696  الصين 19٬169٬812  الولايات المتحدة 18٬608٬138  الولايات المتحدة 17٬984٬237  الولايات المتحدة 17٬140٬708
2  الولايات المتحدة 27٬525٬100  الولايات المتحدة 25٬926٬000  الولايات المتحدة 23٬777٬600  الولايات المتحدة 21٬479٬588  الولايات المتحدة 21٬760٬847  الولايات المتحدة 20٬883٬383  الولايات المتحدة 19٬837٬150  الولايات المتحدة 18٬983٬369  الصين 18٬129٬539  الصين 17٬445٬351  الصين 16٬241٬642
3  الهند 14٬324٬038  الهند 12٬858٬238  الهند 11٬250٬341  الهند 9٬639٬773  الهند 9٬837٬436  الهند 9٬131٬972  الهند 8٬264٬362  الهند 7٬706٬181  الهند 7٬120٬994  الهند 6٬732٬248  الهند 6٬416٬831
4  اليابان 6٬554٬254  اليابان 6٬254٬021  اليابان 5٬866٬681  اليابان 5٬554٬842  اليابان 5٬616٬185  اليابان 5٬548٬453  اليابان 5٬456٬930  اليابان 5٬338٬419  اليابان 5٬404٬453  اليابان 5٬221٬591  اليابان 5٬194٬308
5  روسيا 6٬366٬121  روسيا 5٬884٬375  روسيا 5٬598٬676 ألمانيا 4٬952٬942 ألمانيا 5٬021٬459 ألمانيا 4٬730٬328 ألمانيا 4٬491٬248 ألمانيا 4٬268٬496 ألمانيا 3٬977٬709 ألمانيا 3٬883٬390 ألمانيا 3٬712٬582
6 ألمانيا 6٬092٬387 ألمانيا 5٬799٬414 ألمانيا 5٬351٬636  روسيا 4٬542٬377  روسيا 4٬434٬791  روسيا 4٬128٬705  روسيا 3٬705٬398  روسيا 3٬440٬587  روسيا 3٬428٬610  روسيا 3٬639٬325  روسيا 3٬611٬853
7  البرازيل 4٬325٬589  البرازيل 4٬055٬711  فرنسا 3٬728٬403  فرنسا 3٬370٬362  فرنسا 3٬527٬047  فرنسا 3٬197٬838  فرنسا 3٬050٬429  فرنسا 2٬924٬693  البرازيل 2٬932٬875  البرازيل 3٬107٬798  البرازيل 3٬077٬182
8  فرنسا 4٬235٬079  فرنسا 3٬984٬079  البرازيل 3٬669٬595  البرازيل 3٬289٬682 المملكة المتحدة 3٬332٬513  البرازيل 3٬098٬566 المملكة المتحدة 3٬009٬162  البرازيل 2٬846٬198  فرنسا 2٬777٬205  فرنسا 2٬719٬730  فرنسا 2٬666٬952
9  اندونيسيا 4٬221٬517  اندونيسيا 3٬870٬444 المملكة المتحدة 3٬561٬213 المملكة المتحدة 3٬151٬687  البرازيل 3٬244٬271 المملكة المتحدة 3٬087٬113  البرازيل 2٬924٬571 المملكة المتحدة 2٬824٬431 المملكة المتحدة 2٬706٬923 المملكة المتحدة 2٬619٬025 المملكة المتحدة 2٬516٬787
10 المملكة المتحدة 3٬974٬003 المملكة المتحدة 3٬866٬883  اندونيسيا 3٬434٬771  اندونيسيا 3٬134٬896  اندونيسيا 3٬166٬892  اندونيسيا 2٬978٬437  اندونيسيا 2٬766٬769  اندونيسيا 2٬628٬825  اندونيسيا 2٬538٬121  اندونيسيا 2٬518٬157  اندونيسيا 2٬448٬797
11  تركيا 3٬729٬107  إيطاليا 3٬324٬775  إيطاليا 2٬988٬508  إيطاليا 2٬660٬830  إيطاليا 2٬797٬692  إيطاليا 2٬629٬049  إيطاليا 2٬531٬220  إيطاليا 2٬427٬622  المكسيك 2٬251٬300  المكسيك 2٬200٬816  إيطاليا 2٬183٬587
12  إيطاليا 3٬446٬469  تركيا 3٬227٬873  تركيا 2٬627٬527  المكسيك 2٬375٬085  المكسيك 2٬564٬439  المكسيك 2٬538٬888  المكسيك 2٬464٬263  المكسيك 2٬393٬565  إيطاليا 2٬225٬429  إيطاليا 2٬200٬447  المكسيك 2٬088٬045
13  المكسيك 3٬207٬460  المكسيك 2٬972٬064  المكسيك 2٬608٬640  تركيا 2٬362٬958  تركيا 2٬313٬729  تركيا 2٬271٬021  تركيا 2٬235٬991  تركيا 2٬094٬056  تركيا 1٬999٬739  تركيا 1٬844٬207  كوريا الجنوبية 1٬737٬910
14  كوريا الجنوبية 2٬846٬253  كوريا الجنوبية 2٬706٬619  كوريا الجنوبية 2٬542٬823  كوريا الجنوبية 2٬360٬461  كوريا الجنوبية 2٬290٬264  كوريا الجنوبية 2٬229٬385  كوريا الجنوبية 2٬112٬226  كوريا الجنوبية 2٬034٬378  كوريا الجنوبية 1٬939٬637  كوريا الجنوبية 1٬801٬276  السعودية 1٬730٬115
15  إسپانيا 2٬535٬604  كندا 2٬384٬385  كندا 2٬114٬747  إسپانيا 1٬850٬441  إسپانيا 2٬065٬307  إسپانيا 1٬908٬195  إسپانيا 1٬843٬464  إسپانيا 1٬738٬407  إسپانيا 1٬621٬469  السعودية 1٬777٬122  تركيا 1٬688٬340

Gross national product

Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. In fact it calculates income by the location of ownership and residence, and so its name is also the less ambiguous gross national income.

GNP is an economic statistic that is equal to GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.

GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".[13]

When a country's capital or labour resources are employed outside its borders, or when a foreign firm is operating in its territory, GDP and GNP can produce different measures of total output. In 2009 for instance, the United States estimated its GDP at $14.119 trillion, and its GNP at $14.265 trillion.[14]

The term gross national income (GNI) has gradually replaced the Gross national product (GNP) in international statistics.[15][12] While being conceptually identical, the precise calculation method has evolved at the same time as the name change.[16]

Use of GNP

The United States used GNP as its primary measure of total economic activity until 1991, when it began to use GDP.[17] In making the switch, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) noted both that GDP provided an easier comparison of other measures of economic activity in the United States and that "virtually all other countries have already adopted GDP as their primary measure of production".[18] Many economists have questioned how meaningful GNP or GDP is as a measure of a nation's economic well-being, as it does not count most unpaid work and counts much economic activity that is unproductive or actually destructive.[19]

GNI vs GDP

While GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced in a given country, GNI measures income generated by the country's citizens, regardless of the geographic location of the income. In many states, those two figures are close, as the difference between income received by the country versus payments made to the rest of the world is not significant. According to the World Bank, the GNI of the US in 2016 was 1.5% higher than GDP.[20]

In developing countries, on the other hand, the difference might be significant due to a large amount of foreign aid and capital inflow. In 2016, the GNI[21] of Armenia was 4.45% higher than GDP.[22] Based on the OECD reports, in 2015 alone, Armenia has received a total of US$409 million development assistance. Over the past 25 years, USAID has provided more than one billion USD to improve the living of the people in Armenia. GNI equals GDP plus wages, salaries, and property income of the country's residents earned abroad that also constitutes the higher GNI figure. According to the UN report on migration from Armenia in 2015–17, every year around 15–20 thousand people leave Armenia permanently,[23] and roughly 47% of those are working migrants that leave the country to earn income and sustain the families left in Armenia. In 2016 Armenian residents received in a total of around $150 million remittances.[24] Armenia's GNI, measured in US dollars, amounted to US$13.5 billion in 2021, according to the National Statistical Office. This is an 8.23% increase over the prior year. GNI in USD terms in Armenia has historically ranged from a record high of US$13.8 billion in 2019 to a record low of US$1.06 billion in 1992. Regarding interest rates on GNI expressed in USD, Armenia is ranked 119th out of the 155 monitored nations.[25] The Philippines Gni per capita was also exceeding the targets as projected to achieve middle status, and the country is a pioneer in digital finance as It is the first country in the world to put its entire national budget under blockchain technology.[26]

Lists of GNI per capita

See also

المراجع

مراجع مكتبية عن
Gross national income
  1. ^ "World Bank's Income Groups". Our World in Data. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  2. ^ Todaro, Michael P.; Smith, Stephen C. (2012). Economic development (11 ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-13-801388-2.
  3. ^ "Monitoring GNI for own resource purposes". Eurostat Statistic Explained. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  4. ^ Joebges, Heike (January 2017). "CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland" (PDF). IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung.
  5. ^ "Net national income". OECD. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  6. ^ "detailed methodology – World Bank Data Help Desk". The World Bank Atlas method. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  7. ^ Vanoli, André (2005). A history of national accounting. Washington, DC: IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-469-6.
  8. ^ Fund, International Monetary (15 March 1993), "VII. The primary distribution of income account" (in en), System of National Accounts, 1993, International Monetary Fund, ISBN 978-92-1-161352-0 
  9. ^ "GNI. Atlas method (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  10. ^ "GNI (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  11. ^ "GDP (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  12. ^ أ ب World Bank. "GNI, PPP (international $)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  13. ^ Daly, Herman E. (1996), Beyond Growth. Beacon Press
  14. ^ "Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States" (PDF). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 17 September 2010. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  15. ^ World Bank. "GNI, Atlas method". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  16. ^ "Glossary:Gross national income (GNI)". Eurostat Statistic Explained. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  17. ^ "BEA: Glossary "G"". Bureau of Economic Analysis. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007.
  18. ^ "Gross Domestic Product as a Measure of U.S. Production" (PDF). August 1991.
  19. ^ "Beyond GDP". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  20. ^ "BEA: The World Bank - US figures". the World Bank. 2017.
  21. ^ "BEA: Armenia GNP". Macrotrends. 2019.
  22. ^ "BEA: Armenia GDP". Macrotrends. 2019.
  23. ^ "BEA: Migration Rate and Associated Issues in Armenia in 2016–2017". UN Armenia. 2017.
  24. ^ "BEA: Inflow of Remittances by Balance of Payments". Central Bank of Armenia. 2019.
  25. ^ "GNI (Current USD) in Armenia".
  26. ^ Venzon, Iñigo (January 15, 2026). "Philippines becomes first country to put entire national budget on blockchain". YugaTech. Retrieved March 18, 2026.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=الدخل_القومي_الإجمالي&oldid=4347213"