المعرفة

فريسنو، كاليفورنيا

(تم التحويل من Fresno, California)

فرزنو ( Fresno ؛ /ˈfrɛznoʊ/; إسپانية for 'Ash')، هي سادس أكبر مدن ولاية كاليفورنيا قدر عدد سكانها عام 2020 بنحو 542,107 نسمة، مما يجعلها fifth-most populous city in California, the most populous inland city in California, and the 33rd-most populous city in the nation.[11][7][12]

فرزنو
Fresno
مدينة
Fresno skyline with the Sierra Nevada
Fresno Bee Building
Fulton Mall
Warnors Theatre
Santa Fe Depot
علم فرزنو
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ فرزنو
Seal
الإحداثيات: 36°45′N 119°46′W / 36.750°N 119.767°W / 36.750; -119.767Coordinates: 36°45′N 119°46′W / 36.750°N 119.767°W / 36.750; -119.767
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountyFresno
RegionSan Joaquin Valley
Railway stationMay 1872
IncorporatedOctober 21, 1885[1]
السمِيْSpanish for "ash tree"
الحكومة
 • النوعStrong Mayor
 • MayorJerry Dyer[2]
 • Council PresidentNelson Esparza
 • Council Vice PresidentTyler Maxwell
 • City council[4]
 • City managerGeorgeanne White[3]
المساحة
[5]
 • City116٫00 ميل² (300٫43 كم²)
 • البر114٫79 ميل² (297٫30 كم²)
 • الماء1٫21 ميل² (3٫13 كم²)  1.04%
المنسوب
[6]
308 ft (94 m)
التعداد
 (2020)[7]
 • City542٬107
 • الترتيب94th in North America
33rd in the United States
5th in California
 • الكثافة4٬722٫60/sq mi (1٬823٫43/km2)
 • Urban
717٬589 (US: 61st)
 • الكثافة الحضرية4٬510٫0/sq mi (1٬741٫3/km2)
 • العمرانية
[8]
1٬008٬654 (US: 56th)
صفة المواطنFresnan
منطقة التوقيتUTC−08:00 (Pacific)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−07:00 (PDT)
ZIP Codes[9]
93650, 93701–93712, 93714–93718, 93720–93730, 93737, 93740, 93741, 93744, 93745, 93747, 93750, 93755, 93760, 93761, 93764, 93765, 93771–79, 93786, 93790–94, 93844, 93888
Area code559
FIPS code06-27000[10]
GNIS feature IDs277606, 2410546
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.fresno.gov

Named for the abundant ash trees lining the San Joaquin River, Fresno was founded in 1872 as a railway station of the Central Pacific Railroad before it was incorporated in 1885. It has since become an economic hub of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley, with much of the surrounding areas in the Metropolitan Fresno region predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production. Fresno is near the geographic center of California, approximately 220 miles (350 km) north of Los Angeles, 170 miles (270 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento, and 185 miles (300 km) southeast of San Francisco. Yosemite National Park is about 60 miles (100 km) to the north, Kings Canyon National Park 60 miles (100 km) to the east, and Sequoia National Park 75 miles (120 km) to the southeast.

Fresno is also the third-largest majority-Hispanic city in the United States with 50.5% of its population being Hispanic in 2020.[13]

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تاريخ

The original inhabitants of the San Joaquin Valley region were the Yokuts people and Miwok people, who engaged in trading with other Californian tribes of Native Americans including coastal peoples such as the Chumash of the Central California coast, with whom they are thought to have traded plant and animal products.

 
The old Fresno County Courthouse, built in 1875 and demolished in 1966

The first European to enter the San Joaquin Valley was Pedro Fages in 1772.[14] The county of Fresno was formed in 1856 after the California Gold Rush and was named for the abundant ash trees (Spanish: fresno) lining the San Joaquin River.

The San Joaquin River flooded on December 24, 1867, inundating Millerton. Some residents rebuilt, others moved. Flooding also destroyed the town of Scottsburg on the nearby Kings River that winter. Rebuilt on higher ground, Scottsburg was renamed Centerville.[15]

In 1867, Anthony Easterby purchased land bounded by the present Chestnut, Belmont, Clovis and California avenues, that today is called the Sunnyside district. Unable to grow wheat for lack of water, he hired sheep man Moses Church in 1870 to create an irrigation system.[16] Building new canals and purchasing existing ditches, Church then formed the Fresno Canal and Irrigation Company, a predecessor of the Fresno Irrigation District.

In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store near the station and the store grew into the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. At that time, Mariposa street was the main artery, a rough dusty or muddy depression.[17] Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding, moved to the new community. Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885. In 1903, the faltering San Joaquin Power Company was renamed the San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation and included the Fresno City Water Company and the Fresno City Railway.[18] By 1931 the railway, now known as the Fresno Traction Company, operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles (79 km) of track.[19]

 
Fresno High School in 1896

In 1865, William Helm brought his sheep to Fresno county, which was then a vast space of open land.[20] By 1877, Helm made Fresno his home with a five-acre tract of land at the corner of Fresno and R streets. Helm was the largest individual sheep grower in Fresno County.[21]

Two years after the station was established, county residents voted to move the county seat from Millerton to Fresno. When the Friant Dam was completed in 1944, the site of Millerton became inundated by the waters of Millerton Lake. In extreme droughts, when the reservoir shrinks, ruins of the original county seat can still be observed.

In the nineteenth century, with so much wooden construction and in the absence of sophisticated firefighting resources, fires often ravaged American frontier towns. The greatest of Fresno's early-day fires, in 1882, destroyed an entire block of the city. Another devastating blaze struck in 1883.

In 1909, Fresno's first and oldest synagogue, Temple Beth Israel, was founded.

Fresno entered the ranks of the 100 most populous cities in the United States in 1960 with a population of 134,000. Thirty years later, in the 1990 census, it moved up to 47th place with 354,000, and in the census of 2000, it achieved 37th place with 428,000.[22]

 
Downtown Fresno in 1904

The Fresno Municipal Sanitary Landfill was the first modern landfill in the United States, and incorporated several important innovations to waste disposal, including trenching, compacting, and the daily covering of trash with dirt. It was opened in 1937 and closed in 1987. It is a National Historic Landmark as well as a Superfund site.[23]

Before World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Fresno's population as 94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7% Asian.[24] Chinatown was primarily a Japanese neighborhood and today few Japanese-American businesses remain.[25] During 1942, Pinedale, in what is now North Fresno, was the site of the Pinedale Assembly Center, an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps.[26] The Fresno Fairgrounds were also utilized as an assembly center.

 
The San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation Building, built in 1923

Row crops and orchards gave way to urban development particularly in the period after World War II; this transition was particularly vividly demonstrated in locations such as the Blackstone Avenue corridor.

In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the world's first successful credit card. This financial instrument was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.

 
Downtown Fresno in 1964

In the 1960's, Fresno suffered numerous demolitions of historic buildings, including the old Fresno County Courthouse and the original buildings of Edison High School.

The dance style commonly known as popping evolved in Fresno in the 1970s.[27]

In 1995, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Operation Rezone sting resulted in several prominent Fresno and Clovis politicians being charged in connection with taking bribes in return for rezoning farmland for housing developments. Before the sting brought a halt to it, housing developers could buy farmland cheaply, pay off council members to have it rezoned, and make a large profit building and selling inexpensive housing. Sixteen people were eventually convicted as a result of the sting.[28]

In the early 2000's, Fresno's two major venues were built, Chukchansi Park (2002) and Save Mart Center (2003). The 2017 Fresno shootings resulted in the death of 4 people.


الجغرافيا

 
Aerial view of Fresno

Fresno has a total area of 116 square miles (300 km2) with 98.96% land covering 114.79 square miles (297.3 km2), and 1.04% water, 1.21 square miles (3.1 km2).

Fresno's location, very near the geographical center of California, places the city a comfortable distance from many of the major recreation areas and urban centers in the state. Just 60 mi (97 km) south of Yosemite National Park, it is the nearest major city to the park. Likewise, Sierra National Forest is 40 mi (64 km), Kings Canyon National Park is 60 mi (97 km) and Sequoia National Park is 75 mi (121 km). The city is located near several Sierra Nevada lakes including Bass Lake, Shaver Lake, and Huntington Lake. Fresno is also only two and a half hours from Monterey, Carmel, Big Sur and the central coast.

Because Fresno sits at the junction of Highways 41 and 99 (SR 41 is Yosemite National Park's southern access road, and SR 99 bypasses Interstate 5 to serve the urban centers of the San Joaquin Valley), the city is a major gateway for Yosemite visitors coming from Los Angeles. The city also serves as an entrance into Sierra National Forest via Highway 168, and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks via Highway 180.

 
Tulare Street in Downtown Fresno

Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, boasts numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails. It is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is home to the Fresno Chaffee Zoo, and Rotary Storyland and Playland. Kearney Park is the largest of the Fresno region's park system and is home to historic Kearney Mansion and plays host to the annual Civil War Revisited, the largest reenactment of the Civil War in the west coast of the U.S.[29][30]

In its 2023 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, reported that Fresno had one of the worst park systems among the 100 most populous U.S. cities, with only 5% of city land being used for parks and recreation. [31] The survey measures median park size, park acres as percent of city area, residents' access to parks, spending on parks per resident, and playgrounds per 10,000 residents.

المناخ

متوسطات الطقس لفرزنو، كاليفورنيا
شهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر السنة
العظمى القياسية °F (°C) 78 (25.6) 84 (28.9) 90 (32.2) 101 (38.3) 110 (43.3) 112 (44.4) 115 (46.1) 113 (45.0) 111 (43.9) 102 (38.9) 89 (31.7) 77 (25.0) 115 (46٫1)
متوسط العظمى °ف (°م) 54 (12.2) 61 (16.1) 66 (18.9) 74 (23.3) 81 (27.3) 91 (32.8) 97 (36.1) 95 (35.0) 87 (30.7) 76 (24.6) 61 (16.2) 54 (12.1) 75 (24٫1)
متوسط الصغرى °ف (°م) 38 (3.3) 41 (5.0) 45 (7.2) 48 (8.9) 55 (12.8) 61 (16.1) 66 (18.9) 65 (18.3) 60 (15.6) 52 (11.1) 42 (5.6) 37 (2.8) 51 (10٫5)
الصغرى القياسية °ف (°C) 17 (-8.3) 24 (-4.4) 26 (-3.3) 32 (0.0) 36 (2.2) 42 (5.6) 50 (10.0) 49 (9.4) 37 (2.8) 27 (-2.8) 26 (-3.3) 18 (-7.8) 17 (−8٫3)
هطول الأمطار بوصة (mm) 2.4 (59.9) 2.2 (54.8) 2.2 (56.9) 0.8 (20.3) 0.4 (9.9) 0.2 (5.8) 0 (0.3) 0 (0.3) 0.3 (7.6) 0.7 (17.5) 1.2 (29.9) 1.4 (36) 11٫2 (285٫2)
المصدر: weather.com[1] 2008-03-01

الديموغرافيا

 
Location of the Fresno-Madera CSA and its components:
  Fresno Metropolitan Statistical Area
  Madera Metropolitan Statistical Area
التعداد التاريخي
التعداد Pop. %±
18801٬112—
189010٬818872٫8%
190012٬47015٫3%
191024٬89299٫6%
192045٬08681٫1%
193052٬51316٫5%
194060٬68515٫6%
195091٬66951٫1%
1960133٬92946٫1%
1970165٬65523٫7%
1980217٬49131٫3%
1990354٬20262٫9%
2000427٬65220٫7%
2010494٬66515٫7%
2020542٬1079٫6%
U.S. Decennial Census[32]
2010–2020[7]


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الحكومة

أسماء العمد

انظر أيضاً: List of mayors of Fresno, California
  • 2009-present Ashley Swearengin
  • 2001-2009 Alan Autry
  • 1993-2001 Jim Patterson
  • 1989-1993 Karen Humphrey
  • 1985-1989 Dale Doig
  • 1977-1985 Dan Whitehurst
  • 1969-1977 Ted C. Wills
  • 1965-1969 Floyd H. Hyde
  • 1964-1965 Wallace Henderson (acting)
  • 1958-1964 Arthur L. Selland †
  • 1957-1958 C. Cal Evans
  • 1949-1957 Gordon D. Dunn
  • 1947 Glenn M. Devore (acting)
  • 1941-1947 Z.S. Leymel †
  • 1937-1941 Frank A. Homan
  • 1929-1934 Z.S. Leymel
  • 1925-1929 A.E. Sunderland
  • 1921-1925 Truman C. Hart
  • 1917-1921 William F. Toomey
  • 1912-1917 Alva E. Snow
  • 1909-1912 Chester Rowell †
  • 1908-1909 Ed. F. Bush (acting)
  • 1905-1908 W. Parker Lyon
  • 1901-1905 L.O. Stephens

† توفي في المنصب

منظر المدينة

 
The Robert E. Coyle United States Courthouse is the new building housing the Eastern District of California, Fresno Division, Federal Courts.
 
The California Fifth Appellate District Fresno courthouse.

الاقتصاد

التعليم

 
The Old Administration Building, the first permanent structure on California State University, Fresno's original campus, is now part of Fresno City College and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[33]

الأحياء

 
Fresno County Courthouse
 
Van Ness Arch

الثقافة

الرياضة

Foot Ball - WAC Bulldog Stadium
النادي الرياضة تأسس الاتحاد الاستاد
Fresno Grizzlies Baseball 1998 Pacific Coast League Chukchansi Park
Central Valley Coyotes Arena Football 2002 Arena Football 1 Selland Arena
Fresno Fuego Soccer 2003 USL Premier Development League Chukchansi Park
Fresno Monsters Hockey 2009 Western States Hockey League Selland Arena

الاعلام

النقل

المدن الشقيقة

فرزنو لديها خمس مدن شقيقة هي:


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انظر أيضا

  • Japanese American internment
  • For a long list of [Fresnans][34] who have been first to win major awards of all types, see the Fresno Bee article: "Fresno First Pulitzer Pursuits," Sunday, February 28, 1988.

المصادر

  1. ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  2. ^ "Mayor's Office". City of Fresno. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  3. ^ "City Manager". City of Fresno. Archived from the original on January 30, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  4. ^ "Fresno City Council". City of Fresno. City of Fresno. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  5. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  6. ^ "Fresno". نظام معلومات الأسماء الجغرافية، المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكي.
  7. ^ أ ب ت "QuickFacts: Fresno city, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  8. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  9. ^ "ZIP Code(tm) Lookup". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on November 16, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  10. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  11. ^ "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 TO 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  12. ^ قالب:Cite US Gazetteer
  13. ^ "P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE". 2020 Census. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  14. ^ Capace, Nancy (1999). Encyclopedia of California. North American Book Dist LLC. Page 410. ISBN 9780403093182.
  15. ^ قالب:California's Geographic Names
  16. ^ "Fresno Irrigation District | Full History". Fresno Irrigation (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  17. ^ Vandor, Paul E. (1919). History of Fresno County, California, with biographical sketches of the leading men and women of the county who have been identified with its growth and development from the early days to the present. Los Angeles, CA: Historic Record Company. Mariposa Street, the main artery, was a rough depression
  18. ^ "Huntington Boulevard Historic District (Fresno, California)". A Guide to Historic Architecture in Fresno, California. historicfresno.org. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
  19. ^ Demoro, Harre W. (1986). California's Electric Railways. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-916374-74-7.
  20. ^ Guinn, J. M. (1905). History of the State of California with Biographical Record. Chicago: The Chapman Publishing Co. pp. 669–670.
  21. ^ Vandor, Paul E. (1919). History of Fresno County California with Biographical Sketches. Los Angeles, California: Historic Record Company. pp. 220–221.
  22. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau, Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 TO 1990". Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  23. ^ Kevin Enns-Rempel; John Edward Powell. "Fresno Sanitary Landfill (1937)". HistoricFresno.org. Archived from the original on March 21, 2005. Retrieved April 23, 2007.
  24. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة census
  25. ^ Bowden, Bridgit; Johnson, Shawn (September 18, 2019). "The High-Speed Rail Debate Persists In California". Wisconsin Public Radio (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  26. ^ "Pinedale Assembly Center, California". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2007.
  27. ^ Holman, Michael (October 1984). "History". Breaking and the New York City Breakers. Freundlich Books. ISBN 978-0-88191-016-2. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
  28. ^ Jim Boren (December 12, 2002). "Lessons learned from Rezone can't be forgotten". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on December 28, 2002. Retrieved April 23, 2007.
  29. ^ "Civil War Revisited Wraps Up". ABC30.com. October 10, 2005. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
  30. ^ "The Civil War Revisited". Fresno Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
  31. ^ "City Profiles: Fresno" Archived فبراير 1, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. "The Trust for Public Land". Retrieved on July 10, 2013.
  32. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  33. ^ History, SCCC Foundation: Old Administration Building, Accessed August 3, 2009.
  34. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnans

وصلات خارجية

 
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