1281

القرون: قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14
العقود: ع1250 ع1260 ع1270 ع1280 ع1290 ع1300 ع1310
السنوات: 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284
ألفية: الألفية 2
قرون: القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14
عقود: عقد 1250  عقد 1260  عقد 1270  – عقد 1280 –  عقد 1290  عقد 1300  عقد 1310
سنين: 1278 1279 1280 – 1281 – 1282 1283 1284
Japanese attack Mongol ships, Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (c. 1291)
1281 حسب الموضوع
السياسة
زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة
تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات
المواليد – الوفيات
تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات
التأسيسات – الانحلالات
الفن والأدب
1281 في الشعر
1281 في التقاويم الأخرى
التقويم الگريگوري1281
MCCLXXXI
آب أوربه كونديتا2034
التقويم الأرمني730
ԹՎ ՉԼ
التقويم الآشوري6031
التقويم البهائي−563 – −562
التقويم البنغالي688
التقويم الأمازيغي2231
سنة العهد الإنگليزي9 Edw. 1 – 10 Edw. 1
التقويم البوذي1825
التقويم البورمي643
التقويم البيزنطي6789–6790
التقويم الصيني庚辰年 (المعدن التنين)
3977 أو 3917
    — إلى —
辛巳年 (المعدن الثعبان)
3978 أو 3918
التقويم القبطي997–998
التقويم الديسكوردي2447
التقويم الإثيوپي1273–1274
التقويم العبري5041–5042
التقاويم الهندوسية
 - ڤيكرام سامڤات1337–1338
 - شاكا سامڤات1203–1204
 - كالي يوگا4382–4383
تقويم الهولوسين11281
تقويم الإگبو281–282
التقويم الإيراني659–660
التقويم الهجري679–680
التقويم اليابانيKōan 4
(弘安４年)
تقويم جوچىN/A
التقويم اليوليوسي1281
MCCLXXXI
التقويم الكوري3614
تقويم مينگوو631 قبل جمهورية الصين
民前631年
التقويم الشمسي التايلندي1824
This box:

Year 1281 (MCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

أحداث

By place

Byzantine Empire

  • Spring – Siege of Berat: A Byzantine relief force under Michael Tarchaneiotes arrives at the strategically important citadel of Berat. Tarchaneiotes avoids a confrontation with the Angevines and relies on ambushes and raids instead. He manages to capture the Angevin commander, Hugh of Sully. A few of Sully's guards escape and reach their camp, where they report his capture. Panic spreads among the Angevin troops at this news and they begin to flee towards Avlon. The Byzantines take advantage of their disordered flight and attack, joined by the troops in the besieged citadel. Tarchaneiotes takes an enormous booty while a small remnant of the Angevin army manages to cross the Vjosa River and reach the safety of Kanina.[1]
  • October 18 – Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.[2]

Europe

Middle East

  • September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One is commanded by Abaqa Khan, who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley, where he is joined by Knights Hospitallerr and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus.[5]
  • October 29 – Second Battle of Homs: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center; Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses; the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the Mamluk Sultanate.[6]
  • Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Söğüt tribe in central Anatolia after the death of his father, Ertuğrul Ghazi. Osman's accession to power is not peaceful, as he has to fight his relatives before he gets hold of the clan's leadership. One of Osman's major rivals is his uncle Dündar Bey, who rebels against him.[7]

Asia

By topic

Markets

Religion

مواليد

(some dates approximate)

وفيات

References

  1. ^ Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, p. 137. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-114-0.
  2. ^ Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258-1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations, pp. 341–42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC 1011763434.
  3. ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  4. ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 149. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  5. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 327. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  6. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  7. ^ Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, pp. 13–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7.
  8. ^ Davis, Paul K. (1999). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present, p. 145. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514366-9.
  9. ^ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
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