1260
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1230 ع1240 ع1250 ع1260 ع1270 ع1280 ع1290 |
| السنوات: | 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1230 عقد 1240 عقد 1250 – عقد 1260 – عقد 1270 عقد 1280 عقد 1290 |
| سنين: | 1257 1258 1259 – 1260 – 1261 1262 1263 |
| 1260 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1260 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1260 MCCLX |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2013 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 709 ԹՎ ՉԹ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6010 |
| التقويم البهائي | −584 – −583 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 667 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2210 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 44 Hen. 3 – 45 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1804 |
| التقويم البورمي | 622 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6768–6769 |
| التقويم الصيني | 己未年 (التراب الماعز) 3956 أو 3896 — إلى — 庚申年 (المعدن القرد) 3957 أو 3897 |
| التقويم القبطي | 976–977 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2426 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1252–1253 |
| التقويم العبري | 5020–5021 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1316–1317 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1182–1183 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4361–4362 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11260 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 260–261 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 638–639 |
| التقويم الهجري | 658–659 |
| التقويم الياباني | Shōgen 2 / Bun'ō 1 (文応元年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1260 MCCLX |
| التقويم الكوري | 3593 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 652 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前652年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1803 |
Livonia in 1260
Year 1260 (MCCLX) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
أفريقيا
- 3 سبتمبر - معركة عين جالوت بين المماليك بقيادة قطز والمغول بقيادة كتبغا.
- October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.[1][2]
- The civil servant and bard longing for lost al-Andalus, Ibn al-Abbar, is burnt at the stake by the Marinid ruler.[3]
- The Arba'a Rukun Mosque is completed in Mogadishu. The Arba'a Rukun Mosque (Arabic: أربع ركون), also known as Arba Rucun, is a mosque in the medieval district Shangani, Mogadishu, Somalia.[4]
Asia
- April – The Japanese Shōgen era ends, and the Bun'ō era begins (to February 1261).[5][6]
- May 5 – Kublai Khan becomes a claimant to the Mongol Empire, after the death of Möngke Khan.[7]
- The Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, for the title of Great Khan.[7]
- May 21 – Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with Song dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangtze River is destroyed, by a Chinese army of the Southern Song dynasty. Chancellor Jia Sidao imprisons the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight will not be forgotten by Kublai, but he is unable to assault the Song, due to the civil war with his rival brother Ariq Böke.[citation needed]
- September 3 – Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee: The Mamluks defeat the Mongols, marking their first decisive defeat, and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire. Isa ibn Muhanna is appointed amir al-ʿarab under the Mamluks.[8][9]
- The Chinese era Jingding begins and ends in 1264 in the Southern Song dynasty of China (last era of Emperor Lizong).[10]
Europe
- July 12 – Battle of Kressenbrunn: King Ottokar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Béla IV of Hungary.[11]
- July 13 – Livonian Crusade: The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania decisively defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Durbe. This leads the Estonians of Saaremaa Island to once again rebel against the Livonian Order.[12]
- September 4 – Battle of Montaperti: The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs.[13][14]
- September 20 – Second of the two major Prussian uprisings by the Old Prussian tribe of Balts against the Teutonic Order begins.
- The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.[15]
- War breaks out in the Valais (in modern-day Switzerland), as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.[citation needed]
- Croatia is divided into two sub-regions ruled by ban: the Croatian region on the south and Slavonian region on the north, by King Béla IV of Hungary.[16][17]
By topic
Arts and culture
- October 24 – The Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France (the cathedral is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).[18]
- Jacobus de Voragine compiles his work, the Golden Legend, a late medieval best-seller.[19][20]
- The mosaic Christ between the Virgin and St Minias is made on the facade of Florence's Basilica di San Miniato al Monte.[21]
- German musical theorist Franco of Cologne publishes Ars Cantus Mensurabilis, in which he advances a new theory of musical notation, in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.[22][23]
- Construction begins on the Dunkeld Cathedral in Perthshire, Scotland.[24]
- Construction begins on the cathedrals at Meißen and Schwerin.[25]
- Nicola Pisano sculpts the pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery.[26]
Religion
- The newly formed Sukhothai Kingdom of Thailand adopts Theravada Buddhism.[27]
- The advent of the Age of the Holy Spirit predicted by Joachim of Fiore, according to his interpretation of the Book of Revelation, chapter 6.[28]
مواليد
- May 15 or July 25 – John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos (d. 1319)[citation needed]
- August 2 – Kyawswa of Pagan, last ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1299)[29]
- approximate date
- Enguerrand de Marigny, minister to King Philip IV of France[30]
- Fatima bint al-Ahmar, Nasrid princess in the Emirate of Granada (d. 1349)
- Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (d. 1339)[31]
- Matthew III Csák, Hungarian oligarch[32]
- Meister Eckhart, German theologian, philosopher and mystic (d. 1328)[33][34]
- Guillaume de Nogaret, keeper of the seal to King Philip IV of France (d. 1313)[35]
- Maximus Planudes, Byzantine grammarian and theologian (approximate date; d. 1330)[36][37]
- Khutulun, Mongol princess and warrior (d. 1306)[38]
وفيات
- April 28 – Luchesius Modestini, founding member of the Third Order of St. Francis[39]
- May – Marie of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress, wife of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (alternative date is June)[40]
- August 9 – Walter of Kirkham, Bishop of Durham[41][42]
- October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt[1]
- December 4 – Aymer de Valence, Bishop of Winchester (b. 1222)[43]
- date unknown
- Kitbuqa, Mongol military leader (executed)[44]
- Sicko Sjaerdema, ruler of Friesland[citation needed]
- Ibn al-Abbar, Andalusian diplomat and scholar (b. 1199)[3]
- probable – Franciscus Accursius, Italian jurist[45]
References
- ^ أ ب Cobb, Paul M. (2014). The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades (in الإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-19-061446-1.
- ^ Lower, Michael (2018). The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History (in الإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-874432-0.
- ^ أ ب Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature (in الإنجليزية). London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-415-18571-4.
- ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. pp. 204–205.
- ^ Mass, Jeffrey P. (1989). Lordship and Inheritance in Early Medieval Japan: A Study of the Kamakura Soryo System (in الإنجليزية). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-0-8047-1540-9.
- ^ Conlan, Thomas (2011). From Sovereign to Symbol: An Age of Ritual Determinism in Fourteenth Century Japan (in الإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-977810-2.
- ^ أ ب Allsen, Thomas T. (2004) [2001]. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-60270-9.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (in الإنجليزية). Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.
- ^ Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (2004) [1995]. Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281 (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–30. ISBN 978-0-521-52290-8.
- ^ Zhu, Ruixi; Zhang, Bangwei; Liu, Fusheng; Cai, Chongbang; Wang, Zengyu (2016). A Social History of Medieval China (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 757. ISBN 978-1-107-16786-5.
- ^ Grant, R. G. (2011). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History (in الإنجليزية). New York: Book Sales. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-7858-3553-0.
- ^ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I: A-E. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.
- ^ Trollope, Thomas Adolphus (1865). A History of the Commonwealth of Florence: From the Earliest Independence of the Commune to the Fall of the Republic in 1531 (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 154–160.
- ^ Lincoln, Bruce (2014). Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification (in الإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–24. ISBN 978-0-19-937238-6.
- ^ Gyllenbok, Jan (2018). Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures. Science Networks Historical Studies 57 (in الإنجليزية). Vol. 2. Cham, Switzerland: Birkhäuser. p. 1266. ISBN 978-3-319-66691-4.
- ^ Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG (2008). Künker Auktion 137 – The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights (in الإنجليزية). Osnabrück, Germany: Numismatischer Verlag Künker. p. 261.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest (in الإنجليزية). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- ^ Morganstern, Anne McGee (2011). "Chapter Five: The North Transept Porch of Chartres Cathedral". High Gothic Sculpture at Chartres Cathedral, the Tomb of the Count of Joigny, and the Master of the Warrior Saints (in الإنجليزية). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-271-04865-9.
- ^ Ryan, William Granger (1995) [1993]. Vorágine, Jacobo de (ed.). The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints (in الإنجليزية). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. xiii. ISBN 978-0-691-00153-1.
- ^ Delaure, Dominic E. (2018). "Chapter 4: Concepts of Solitude in Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda aurea". In Enenkel, Karl A. E.; Göttler, Christine (eds.). Solitudo: Spaces and Places of Solitude in Late Medieval and Early Modern Cultures (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 121. ISBN 9789004367432.
- ^ Buckley, Jonathan; Jepson, Tim (2009). The Rough Guide to Florence & the best of Tuscany (in الإنجليزية). New York, London, Delhi: Rough Guides UK. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-84836-197-3.
- ^ Lord, Suzanne (2008). Music in the Middle Ages: A Reference Guide: A Reference Guide (in الإنجليزية). Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-313-08368-6.
- ^ Peraino, Judith A. (2011). Giving Voice to Love: Song and Self-Expression from the Troubadours to Guillaume de Machaut (in الإنجليزية). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-19-975724-4.
- ^ Munro, David M.; Gittings, Bruce (2006). Scotland: An Encyclopedia of Places & Landscapes (in الإنجليزية). London and New York: Harper Collins. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-00-472466-9.
- ^ Swenson, Astrid (2013). The Rise of Heritage: Preserving the Past in France, Germany and England, 1789–1914 (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-107-46911-2.
- ^ Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages (in الإنجليزية). Vol. II: The Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge. p. 747. ISBN 978-1-57958-041-4.
- ^ Keown, Damien (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism (in الإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-19-157917-2.
- ^ Andrews, Frances (2017). "The Influence of Joachim in the 13th Century". In Riedl, Matthias (ed.). A Companion to Joachim of Fiore. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 241–244. ISBN 9789004339668.
- ^ Chen, Joseph J. F. (2014). Maitreya Buddha in I-Kuan Tao (in الإنجليزية). Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4969-4659-1.
- ^ Mariana, Juan de (2011). A Treatise on the Alteration of Money: Sources in Early Modern Economics, Ethics, and Law (in الإنجليزية). Grand Rapids, MI: Christian's Library Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-880595-88-6.
- ^ Stephen, Sir Leslie (1887). Dictionary of National Biography (in الإنجليزية). London: Smith, Elder, & Company. p. 155.
- ^ Antonín, Robert (2017). The Ideal Ruler in Medieval Bohemia (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 397. ISBN 9789004341128.
- ^ Eckhart, Meister (1981). Meister Eckhart: The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises, and Defense. The Classics of Western Spirituality (in الإنجليزية). Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8091-2370-4.
- ^ Aertsen, Jan A. (1998). Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 286–288. ISBN 978-0-415-18715-2.
- ^ Aguilera-Barchet, Bruno (2014). A History of Western Public Law: Between Nation and State (in الإنجليزية). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 217. ISBN 978-3-319-11803-1.
- ^ Agarwal, Ravi P.; Sen, Syamal K. (2014). Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences (in الإنجليزية). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-319-10870-4.
- ^ Robins, Robert H. (2011) [1993]. The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 70 (in الإنجليزية). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 201. ISBN 978-3-11-085722-1.
- ^ Mayor, Adrienne (2014). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World (in الإنجليزية). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-4008-6513-0.
- ^ Ellsberg, Robert (2016). Blessed Among Us: Day by Day with Saintly Witnesses (in الإنجليزية). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8146-4745-5.
- ^ Jackson, Guida M.; Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide (in الإنجليزية). Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 267 – 268. ISBN 978-1-57607-091-8.
1260 Maria of Brabant.
- ^ Moule, Thomas (1830). Great Britain Illustrated: A Series of Original Views (in الإنجليزية). London: C. Tilt. pp. 11.
1260 Walter of Kirkham.
- ^ Aston, Trevor Henry (1984). The History of the University of Oxford (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I: The Early Oxford Schools. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-19-951011-5.
- ^ Jobson, Adrian (2016). Baronial Reform and Revolution in England, 1258–1267 (in الإنجليزية). Woodbridge and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-84383-467-0.
- ^ Runciman, Steven (1999) [1951]. A History of the Crusades (in الإنجليزية). Vol. III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press Archive. pp. 305–314. ISBN 978-0-521-34772-3.
- ^ Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-135-94880-1.
This article contains content from Wikimedia licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Please comply with the license terms.