1212
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1180 ع1190 ع1200 ع1210 ع1220 ع1230 ع1240 |
| السنوات: | 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1180 عقد 1190 عقد 1200 – عقد 1210 – عقد 1220 عقد 1230 عقد 1240 |
| سنين: | 1209 1210 1211 – 1212 – 1213 1214 1215 |
| 1212 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1212 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1212 MCCXII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 1965 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 661 ԹՎ ՈԿԱ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 5962 |
| التقويم البهائي | −632 – −631 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 619 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2162 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 13 Joh. 1 – 14 Joh. 1 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1756 |
| التقويم البورمي | 574 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6720–6721 |
| التقويم الصيني | 辛未年 (المعدن الماعز) 3908 أو 3848 — إلى — 壬申年 (الماء القرد) 3909 أو 3849 |
| التقويم القبطي | 928–929 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2378 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1204–1205 |
| التقويم العبري | 4972–4973 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1268–1269 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1134–1135 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4313–4314 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11212 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 212–213 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 590–591 |
| التقويم الهجري | 608–609 |
| التقويم الياباني | Kenryaku 2 (建暦２年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1212 MCCXII |
| التقويم الكوري | 3545 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 700 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前700年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1755 |
Year 1212 (MCCXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
By place
England
- July 10 – The Great Fire: The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground; over 3,000 people die, many of them by drowning in the River Thames. According to a contemporary account: "An awful fire broke out on the Southwark side of London Bridge; while it was raging, a fire broke out at the other end also and so hemmed in the numerous crowds who had assembled to help the distressed. The sufferers, to avoid the flames, threw themselves over the bridge into boats and barges; but many of these sunk, the people crowding into them.".[1]
- John, King of England, impounds the revenue of all prelates appointed by bishops, who have deserted him at his excommunication. He remains on good terms, however, with churchmen who stood by him, including Abbot Sampson, who this year bequeaths John his jewels.[2]
Europe
- Spring – After the fall of Argos the Crusaders complete their conquest of the Morea in southern Greece. The city, along with Nauplia, is given to Othon de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, as a fief, along with an income of 400 hyperpyron from Corinth.[3] Meanwhile, the Venetians conquer Crete and evict Henry, Count of Malta ("Enrico Pescatore"), a Genoese adventurer and pirate, active in the Mediterranean.
- 16 يوليو - معركة العُقاب أو معركة لاس نافاس دي تولوسا في شبه جزيرة أيبيريا . انتصر الملك ألفونسو الثامن من قشتالة ومنافسوه السياسيين على قوات الموحدين، led by Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir. The victory gives a further impulse to the Reconquista but this leaves the Kingdom of Castile in a difficult financial position, as numerous soldiers have to be paid by the treasury.[4]
- The Children's Crusade is organized. There are probably two separate movements of young people, both led by shepherd boys, neither of which embark for the Holy Land – but both of which suffer considerable hardship.[5]
- Early Spring – Nicholas leads a group from the Rhineland and crosses the alps into Italy. In August, he arrives with some 7,000 children in Genoa. Nicholas travels to the Papal States where he meets Pope Innocent III.
- June – The 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across France to Vendôme. Attracting a following of over 30,000 adults and children. After arriving in Marseille the vast majority return home to their families.
- December 9 – The 18-year-old Frederick II is crowned King of the Germans at Mainz. Frederick's authority in Germany remains tenuous, and he is recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of Guelph power, his rival Otto IV continues to hold the imperial power despite his excommunication.[6]
- The Teutonic Order builds Bran Castle in the Burzenland (modern Romania) as a fortified position at the entrance of a mountain pass through which traders can travel. The Teutonic Knights build another five castles, some of them made of stone. Their rapid expansion in Hungary makes the nobility and clergy, who are previously uninterested in those regions, jealous and suspicious.
- A storm surge in the north of Holland claims approximately 60,000 lives.[citation needed]
آسيا
- الربيع - أمير الخيتان يى-لو ليو-كو يثور على الجورچي في جنوب غرب منشوريا في منطقة لياو هو.[7] في مواجهة تفوقهم العددي، طلب المساعدة من جنكيز خان، الذي أرسل إليه نائبه جيب. نجح ييلو ليوكو في استعادة استقلاله وإعادة بناء إمبراطورية خيتان في منطقتها الأصلية حول لياويانغ حتى وفاته عام 1220، بينما ظل تابعًا لجنكيز خان.
- ثورة سمرقند. الخوارزميونيتعرضون لمذابح. علاء الدين محمد يرد، ويستولي على المدينة ويذبح سكانها، بمن فيهم صهره السلطان عثمان، آخر القراخانيين.[8].
- أصبح جان دي بريين وصيًا على مملكة القدس لابنته إيزابيلا الثانية ملكة القدس بعد وفاة ماري دي مونفيرات (انتهت في 1225)[9].
- 20 mai : le sultan d’Égypte al-Adel achève la construction d'une forteresse sur le mont Thabor qui domine la plaine d’Acre[10].
- ثلاثة آلاف تاجر افرنجي في الإسكندرية.[11]
- الخريف - Genghis Khan invades Jin territory and besieges Datong. During the assault, he is wounded by an arrow in his knee and orders a withdrawal for rest and relaxation.[12]
By topic
Literature
- Kamo no Chōmei, a Japanese poet and essayist, writes the Hōjōki, one of the great works of classical Japanese prose.
Religion
- The contemplative Order of Poor Clares is founded by Clare of Assisi (approximate date).
- The Papal Interdict of 1208 laid on England and Wales by Innocent III remains in force.
مواليد
- March 22 – Go-Horikawa, emperor of Japan (d. 1234)
- May 6 – Constance, margravine of Meissen (d. 1243)
- July 9 – Muiz ud-Din Bahram, Indian ruler (d. 1242)
- Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari, Andalusian poet (d. 1269)
- Farinata degli Uberti, Italian military leader (d. 1264)
- Ibn Sahl of Seville, Almohad poet and writer (d. 1251)
- Isabella II, queen and regent of Jerusalem (d. 1228)
- Malatesta da Verucchio, Italian nobleman (d. 1312)
- Maria of Chernigov, Kievan Rus' princess (d. 1271)
- Yolande of Dreux, French noblewoman (d. 1248)
- Zita (or Sitha), Italian maid and saint (d. 1272)
وفيات
- February 2 – Bernhard III, German nobleman (b. 1140)
- February 29 – Hōnen, Japanese Buddhist reformer (b. 1133)
- April 6 – Bertram of Metz (or Berthold), German bishop
- April 15 – Vsevolod III, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1154)
- May 24 – Dagmar of Bohemia, queen of Denmark
- July 15 – John I (or Johann), German archbishop
- July 16 – William de Brus, Scottish lord of Annandale
- August 11 – Beatrice, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1198)
- August 26 – Michael IV, patriarch of Constantinople
- September 19 – Henry fitz Ailwin, Lord Mayor of London
- October 9 – Philip I of Namur ("the Noble"), Flemish nobleman
- October 25 – John Comyn, English archbishop (b. 1150)
- November 4 – Felix of Valois, French hermit (b. 1127)
- November – Azzo VI of Este (or Azzolino), Italian nobleman (b. 1170)
- December 5 – Dirk van Are, bishop and lord of Utrecht
- December 12 – Geoffrey, Anglo-Norman archbishop of York and Chancellor of England (b. 1152)
- December 14 – Matilda de Bailleul, Flemish abbess
- Abu al-Abbas al-Jarawi, Moroccan poet and writer
- Anna Komnene Angelina, Nicene empress (b. 1176)
- Baldwin of Béthune, French nobleman and knight
- David Komnenos, emperor of Trebizond (b. 1184)
- Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud, ruler of the Ghurid Empire
- Guillem de Cabestany, Spanish troubadour (b. 1162)
- Henry de Longchamp, English High Sheriff (b. 1150)
- Maria of Montferrat, queen of Jerusalem (b. 1192)
- Peter de Preaux, Norman nobleman and knight
- Robert of Auxerre, French chronicler and writer
- Robert of Shrewsbury, English cleric and bishop
- Walter of Montbéliard, constable of Jerusalem
References
- ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p26
- ^ Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 169–172.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 90. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ^ Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–671. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
- ^ Bridge, Antony (1980). The Crusades. London: Granada Publishing. ISBN 0-531-09872-9.
- ^ Toch, Michael (1999). "Welffs, Hohenstaufen and Habsburgs". In Abulafia, David; McKitterick, Rosamond (eds.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1198– c. 1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 381.
- ^ L'Asie Orientale des origines au xve siècle, par René Grousset, Jeannine Auboyer, Jean Buhot Publié par Presses universitaires de France, 1941
- ^ Samarcande, Boukhara, Chakhrisiabz, Khiva, par Youri Goldenchtein, Sylvia Melkoyan Publié par www.acr-edition.com, 1995 ISBN 978-2-86770-074-3
- ^ L'île de Chypre, par Louis Mas Latrie Publié par Firmin-Didot et cie, 1861
- ^ The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus, par Denys Pringle, Peter E. Leach Publié par Cambridge University Press, 1993 ISBN 978-0-521-39037-8
- ^ . ISBN 978-2-13-044489-3.
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