1248
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1210 ع1220 ع1230 ع1240 ع1250 ع1260 ع1270 |
| السنوات: | 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1210 عقد 1220 عقد 1230 – عقد 1240 – عقد 1250 عقد 1260 عقد 1270 |
| سنين: | 1245 1246 1247 – 1248 – 1249 1250 1251 |
| 1248 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1248 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1248 MCCXLVIII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2001 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 697 ԹՎ ՈՂԷ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 5998 |
| التقويم البهائي | −596 – −595 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 655 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2198 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 32 Hen. 3 – 33 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1792 |
| التقويم البورمي | 610 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6756–6757 |
| التقويم الصيني | 丁未年 (النار الماعز) 3944 أو 3884 — إلى — 戊申年 (التراب القرد) 3945 أو 3885 |
| التقويم القبطي | 964–965 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2414 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1240–1241 |
| التقويم العبري | 5008–5009 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1304–1305 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1170–1171 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4349–4350 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11248 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 248–249 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 626–627 |
| التقويم الهجري | 645–646 |
| التقويم الياباني | Hōji 2 (宝治２年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1248 MCCXLVIII |
| التقويم الكوري | 3581 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 664 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前664年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1791 |
Year 1248 (MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
الحملة الصليبة السابعة
 |
- August 12 – King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") leaves Paris together with his wife, Queen Margaret of Provence, and her sister Beatrice of Provence. Two of Louis' brothers, Charles of Anjou and Robert of Artois, are also present. He is followed by his cousins, Hugh IV of Burgundy and Peter Mauclerc, both are veterans of the Barons' Crusade.[1]
- August 25 – Louis IX departs from Aigues-Mortes and Marseilles with a French expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) transported by 100 ships. An English detachment (some 5,000 men) under William Longespée the Younger, grandson of King Henry III, and his mistress Ida de Tosny follows close behind with 36 transport ships.[1]
- September 17 – Louis IX arrives at Limassol on the island of Cyprus. He gathers his forces and is well received by King Henry I of Cyprus ("the Fat"). The Crusaders are supplemented by nobles from Acre, including Grand Masters Jean de Ronay and Guillaume de Sonnac. Louis prepares a plan of campaign, with Egypt as the prime objective.[1]
- December – Louis IX receives an embassy during his stay in Cyprus from the Mongol general, Eljigidei, who is viceroy in Persia. They bring a letter from Guyuk Khan (who had died by the time his envoys reached Cyprus[2]) with no demands of submission, but talking in terms about Mongol favouritism for Christianity, and a proposal of a joint invasion against the Ayyubid forces in Syria.[1]
- December – Louis IX decides to spend the winter on Cyprus to make preparations against Egypt. Meanwhile, the nobles persuade him to start negotiations with Sultan As-Salih Ayyub to intervene in the internal Ayyubid affairs. But Louis rejects this offer and orders the Knights Templar to break off their negotiations with As-Salih.[1]
Europe
- February 18 – Battle of Parma: Imperial forces (some 6,000 men) under Emperor Frederick II are defeated by the Lombard League at Parma. Much of Frederick's treasure is lost, while he is hunting in the Taro Valley.
- November 23 – Reconquista: Siege of Seville: Castilian forces under King Ferdinand III of Castile ("the Saint") recapture the city of Seville from the Almohads, after a 16-month siege. Prince Alfonso X of Castile takes the city of Alicante.
- November 24–25 – In the middle of the night a mass on the north side of Mont Granier suddenly collapses, in one of the largest historical rock slope failures.[3]
- December – William of Villehardouin, Latin ruler of the Principality of Achaea, captures Monemvasia – last remaining Byzantine outpost on the Peloponnese.
- December – Reconquista: Ferdinand III issues an edict to expel the Almohads out of Seville. Many Muslims sail to North Africa and others travel to Granada in Al-Andalus.
حسب الموضوع
المدن والبلدات
- August 25 – The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, archbishop of Utrecht, after the town has been pillaged by a local robber baron.
الدين
- April 26 – The Gothic chapel Sainte-Chapelle (Holy Chapel) is completed and consecrated in Paris. Louis IX moves the relics of the True Cross and Holy Lance to the chapel with great ceremony.
- August 15 – The foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral is laid by Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden, after the older cathedral is burned down on April 30 (construction is completed in 1880).
- Pope Innocent IV grants the Croatians of southern Dalmatia permission to use their own language and script in the Roman Rite liturgy (see Glagolitic alphabet).
مواليد
- July 21 – Bogo de Clare, English cleric and writer (d. 1294)
- December 22 – Ichijō Ietsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1293)
- Abu Said Faraj, Andalusian advisor and governor (d. 1320)
- Angela of Foligno, Italian nun, mystic and writer (d. 1309)
- Gao Kegong (or Fang Shan), Chinese painter (d. 1310)
- Hōjō Akitoki, Japanese military leader and poet (d. 1301)
- Kujō Tadanori, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1332)
- Peter John Olivi, French monk and theologian (d. 1298)
- Yeshe Rinchen, Tibetan Imperial Preceptor (d. 1294)
- Zaynab bint al-Kamal, Syrian female scholar (d. 1339)
- Approximate date – Blanche of Artois, queen and regent of Navarre (d. 1302)
وفيات
- January 4 – Sancho II ("the Pious"), king of Portugal (b. 1209)
- January 18 – Fujiwara no Ritsushi, Japanese empress (b. 1192)
- February 1 – Henry II, Dutch nobleman and knight (b. 1207)
- February 9 – Al-Adil II, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt and Damascus
- February 18 – Taddeo da Suessa, Italian jurist and diplomat
- February 25 – Bolesław I of Masovia, Polish prince (b. 1208)
- March 27 – Maud Marshal, English noblewoman (b. 1192)
- April 9 – Hugh I of Châtillon, French nobleman and knight
- April 20 – Güyük Khan (or Kuyuk), Mongol emperor (b. 1206)
- June 19 – Otto III of Merania, French nobleman and knight
- August 7 – Giordano Forzatè, Italian religious leader (b. 1158)
- September 13 – Kunigunde, Bohemian queen consort (b. 1202)
- c. October 28 – Walter Mauclerk, English bishop, diplomat and Treasurer
- November/December – Richard Siward, English adventurer and knight banneret
- December 26 – Theobald Butler, Irish chief governor (b. 1224)
- Al-Qifti, Egyptian scholar, historian and biographer (b. 1172)
- Haraldr Óláfsson, Scottish ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles, drowned (b. 1223/4)
- Hermann von Buxhövden, Livonian prince-bishop (b. 1163)
- ضياء الدين بن البيطار المالقي، طبيب وعالم نبات أندلسي (و. 1197)
- John Blund, English archbishop and philosopher (b. 1175)
- Koga Michiteru, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. 1187)
- Richard Fishacre, English theologian and writer (b. 1200)
- Shams Tabrizi, Persian poet and philosopher (b. 1185)
- Subutai, Mongol general and military strategist (b. 1175)
- Yolande of Dreux, duchess consort of Burgundy (b. 1212)
- Probable date – John of Monmouth, Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1182)
المراجع
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 213–218. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Atwood, C. P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York. p. 213. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Fort, Monique (2009), Geomorphic impacts of large and rapid mass movements: a review, 15, pp. 47–64, doi:, Bibcode: 2009GRPE...15.4764F, http://geomorphologie.revues.org/7495, retrieved on 2015-08-25