1197
| القرون: | قرن 11 · قرن 12 · قرن 13 |
| العقود: | ع1160 ع1170 ع1180 ع1190 ع1200 ع1210 ع1220 |
| السنوات: | 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 11 – القرن 12 – القرن 13 |
| عقود: | عقد 1160 عقد 1170 عقد 1180 – عقد 1190 – عقد 1200 عقد 1210 عقد 1220 |
| سنين: | 1194 1195 1196 – 1197 – 1198 1199 1200 |
| 1197 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفات المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفات التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفنون والآداب | |
| 1197 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1197 MCXCVII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 1950 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 646 ԹՎ ՈԽԶ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 5947 |
| التقويم البهائي | −647 – −646 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 604 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2147 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 8 Ric. 1 – 9 Ric. 1 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1741 |
| التقويم البورمي | 559 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6705–6706 |
| التقويم الصيني | 丙辰年 (النار التنين) 3893 أو 3833 — إلى — 丁巳年 (النار الثعبان) 3894 أو 3834 |
| التقويم القبطي | 913–914 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2363 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1189–1190 |
| التقويم العبري | 4957–4958 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1253–1254 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1119–1120 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4298–4299 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11197 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 197–198 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 575–576 |
| التقويم الهجري | 593–594 |
| التقويم الياباني | Kenkyū 8 (建久８年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1197 MCXCVII |
| التقويم الكوري | 3530 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 715 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前715年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1740 |
Year 1197 (MCXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
By place
Europe
- Spring – Emperor Henry VI travels to Italy to persuade Pope Celestine III to crown his infant son Frederick II, who has been elected "King of the Romans" at Frankfurt.
- King Richard I of England (the Lionheart) has Château Gaillard (Normandy) built on the Seine River as he fights to restore Angevin power in northern France (approximate date).
- Summer – Henry VI takes cruel measures to put down Jordan Lupin's insurrection in Sicily and southern Italy, which has been provoked by the oppression of his German officials.
- June/July – German crusaders launch a raid on Silves.[1]
- September 28 – Henry VI dies of malaria at Messina (also possibly poisoned),[2] while preparing an expedition against the Byzantine usurper Alexios III Angelos.
- Autumn – A German throne dispute begins upon the sudden death of Henry VI. Henry's brother, Philip of Swabia, takes over the family lands and claims his inheritance.[3]
- Autumn – A brothers' quarrel breaks out between Emeric, King of Hungary and his younger brother Duke Andrew. After a brief skirmish, Emeric is forced to cede Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew, who begins to administer the provinces as a de facto sovereign monarch.[4]
- Winter – Duke Ottokar I forces his brother, Vladislaus III, to abandon Bohemia. Ottokar restores power and Vladislaus accepts the margravial title of Moravia.
- Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the city of Toulon in Provence, and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat, on the Lérins Islands.[5]
- Northern Crusades: Danish forces led by King Canute VI raid the area of present-day Estonia.[6]
- Civil war era in Norway: conflict between king Sverre of Norway and the party of Bagler.
Wales
- April 28 – Rhys ap Gruffydd, a Welsh prince, dies and is succeeded by his eldest son Gruffydd ap Rhys II. With the help of Gwenwynwyn, his brother Maelgwn ap Rhys invades southern Wales.
- Summer – Gruffydd ap Rhys II is captured and handed over to Gwenwynwyn, who transfers him to the English. Gruffydd is imprisoned at Corfe Castle and Maelgwn ap Rhys claims the throne.
Levant
- September 10 – Henry II, Count of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, dies from falling out a first-floor window at his palace in Acre. His widow, Isabella I, becomes regent while the kingdom is thrown into consternation.[7]
- September 22 – About 16,000 German crusaders reach Acre, starting the crusade of 1197. Emperor Henry VI, who planned to join the forces later on, was forced to stay behind in Sicily due to illness. On September 28 he dies at Messina. Meanwhile the crusaders manage to reconquer Sidon and Beirut but return to Germany after receiving the news of the emperor's death.
Asia
- Genghis Khan (or Temüjin), with help from the Keraites, defeats the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty. The Jin bestow Genghis' blood brother Toghrul with the honorable title of Ong Khan, and Genghis receives the lesser title of j'aut quri. During the winter, Toghrul returns and re-establishes himself as leader of the Keraites.[8]
By topic
Religion
- Arbroath Abbey located in the Scottish town of Arbroath, is consecrated and dedicated to St. Thomas Becket.
مواليد
- October 22 – Juntoku, emperor of Japan (d. 1242)
- ضياء الدين بن البيطار المالقي عالم النبات العربي. (توفي 1248)
- Amadeus IV, count of Savoy (House of Savoy) (d. 1253)
- Dharmasvamin, Tibetan monk and pilgrim (d. 1264)
- John de Braose (Tadody), English nobleman (or 1198)
- Naratheinga Uzana, Burmese prince and regent (d. 1235)
- Nicola Paglia, Italian priest and preacher (d. 1256)
- Nikephoros Blemmydes, Byzantine theologian (d. 1272)
- Oberto Pallavicino, Italian nobleman (signore) (d. 1269)
- Raymond VII, French nobleman and knight (d. 1249)
- Richard of Chichester, English bishop of Chichester (d. 1253)
- William de Braose, English nobleman (d. 1230)
وفيات
- April 23 – Davyd Rostislavich, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1140)
- April 28 – Rhys ap Gruffydd, Welsh prince of Deheubarth
- June 1 – Gertrude of Bavaria, queen consort of Denmark
- July 9 – Rudolf of Wied, archbishop of Trier
- September 10 – Henry II, Count of Champagne (or Henry II), king of Jerusalem (b. 1166)
- September 18 – Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary, consort, daughter of Louis VII
- September 28 – Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165)[9]
- November 13 – Homobonus of Cremona, Italian merchant and saint
- December 12 – Wu (or Xiansheng), Chinese empress (b. 1115)
- Alix of France, French countess consort and regent (b. 1150)
- Bretislav III, bishop of Prague (House of Přemyslid) (b. 1137)
- برهان الدين المرغيناني، فقيه حنفي عربي (و. 1135)
- جمال الدين الغزنوي، Arab scholar and theologian
- Jón Loftsson, Icelandic chieftain and politician (b. 1124)
- Jordan Lupin, Italo-Norman nobleman and rebel leader
- Margaritus of Brindisi, Sicilian Grand Admiral (b. 1149)
- Owain Cyfeiliog (ap Gruffydd]]), Welsh prince (b. 1130)
- Peter II (or Theodor-Peter), ruler (tsar) of the Bulgaria
- Peter Cantor, French theologian and writer
- Ruadhri Ua Flaithbertaigh, Irish king of Iar Connacht
- Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, Ayyubid emir (prince) of Arabia
- Walter Devereux, Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1173)
- William de Longchamp, Norman nobleman and bishop
المراجع
- ^ David, Charles Wendell (1939). "Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A.D. 1189". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 81 (5): 591–676 (at 660). JSTOR 985010.
- ^ "Henry VI died in Messina, poisoned, so it was believed, by his own entourage because of his Italian policy." P. 41 in Kenneth Varty (editor), Reynard the Fox: Social Engagement and Cultural Metamorphoses in the Beast Epic from the Middle Ages to the Present (Berghahn Books, 2000). ISBN 1-57181-737-9.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. pp. 86–87. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- ^ Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Sulev Vahtre (2007). Eesti ajalugu: kronoloogia, 2007. Printed by "Olion". Pg 21.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 78. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Biran, Michal (2012). Genghis Khan, p. 35. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-204-5.
- ^ Kleinhenz, Christopher (2 August 2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-135-94880-1.