قائمة الزلازل التاريخية

(تم التحويل من List of historical earthquakes)

Historical earthquakes is a list of significant earthquakes known to have occurred prior to the beginning of the 20th century. As the events listed here occurred before routine instrumental recordings, they rely mainly on the analysis of written sources or using stone/wooden poles or vessels filled with water. There is often significant uncertainty in location and magnitude and sometimes date for each earthquake. The number of fatalities is also often highly uncertain, particularly for the older events.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pre-11th century

Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources
1920 BC Qinghai

see Jishi Gorge outburst flood

Flood caused by landslide after earthquake [1]
1740 BC Fa of Xia
see Mount Tai earthquake
N 34.2705° E 108.92512° ? ? Listed in the Bamboo Annals [2][3]
479 BC Aegean Sea
see 479 BC Potidaea earthquake
N 39.7° E 23.3° Many 7.0 (approx) Oldest record of a tsunami. Saved Potidaea from an invasion by the Achaemenid Empire. [4]
464 BC Sparta, Greece
see 464 BC Sparta earthquake
? 7.2 (approx) Ms Led to a helot uprising and strained relations with Athens, one of the factors that led to the Peloponnesian War [5]
373 BC Gulf of Corinth, Greece Destroyed ancient city of Helike by Tsunami [6]
226 BC Rhodes, Greece
see 226 BC Rhodes earthquake
? Destroyed Colossus of Rhodes and city of Kameiros [7]
60 BC Portugal and Galicia coasts ? 8.5 Caused a tsunami [8]
17 AD At night Asia minor
see AD 17 Lydia earthquake
37.85 27.3 ? Destroyed 13 cities in Asia (minor) Described by the historians Tacitus and Pliny the Elder
February 5, 62 AD Bay of Naples, Italy
see AD 62 Pompeii earthquake
? 5–6 Brought down a large part of Pompeii, caused severe damage in Herculaneum and Nuceria. Seneca describes it in his "Quaestiones Naturales VI" [9]
89 AD Baekje, Seoul, Korea lots of people 6.7 houses were broken and lots of people died [10]
110 AD Dian Kingdom, Yunnan, southwestern China probably thousands Flooded administrative centre of the Dian Kingdom [11]
December 13, 115 AD Antioch
see 115 Antioch earthquake
36.1 36.1 260,000 (approx) 7.5 Ms [12]
141 or 142 AD Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese
see 141 Lycia earthquake
36.7 28.0 ? 8 Triggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes [13]
May 18, 363 AD Syria
see 363 Galilee earthquake
"thousands" 7 (approx) Destruction also in "The Holy Land", Petra Ammianus Marcellinus[14] and numerous other late Antiquity writers.[15]
July 21, 365 AD Crete (Greece)
see 365 Crete earthquake
"thousands" 8.5+ Destruction also in Cyrene & Alexandria (by tsunami). Uplifted Crete by 9 metres. Ammianus Marcellinus[14] and numerous other late Antiquity writers[15]
382 AD Cape St. Vincent, Portugal 7.5 According to Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, the earthquake and corresponding tsunami sank two islets that were situated near Cape St. Vincent. Ammianus Marcellinus
May 19, 526 AD Antioch, Turkey
see 526 Antioch earthquake
250,000 7.0 The city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000. Procopius, II.14.6; sources based on John of Ephesus
July 6, 551 AD Beirut, Tyre, Tripoli
see 551 Beirut earthquake
33.9 35.5 30,000 7.5 Mw Triggered a devastating tsunami, all the cities of the Phoenician coast from Tyre to Tripoli were reduced to ruins [16]
November 26, 684 AD Shikoku, Japan
see 684 Hakuhō earthquake
32.8 134.3 101–1,000 8.4 MK (Kawasumi scale) Various references estimate the quake's magnitude at 8.0 to 8.4, with damage being "severe". Other dates for the quake are: October 14 (incorrect date) and November 24.[17] Described in the history book Nihon Shoki
January 18, 749 AD The Levant
see 749 Galilee earthquake
"tens of thousands" 7.0–7.5 (approx) The cities of Tiberias, Beit She'an, Hippos and Pella were largely destroyed while many other cities across the Levant region were heavily damaged. [18][19]
April 29, 801 AD Central Italy
see 801 Apennine earthquake
41.896 12.482 5.4 Me There was severe damage in Rome. The quake was also felt in Spoleto. [20]
November 24, 847 AD Damascus, Syria
see 847 Damascus earthquake
33.5 36.3 70,000 7.3   [16][21]
December 856 AD Corinth, Greece 37.9 22.9 45,000   [21][22]
December 22, 856 AD (aftershocks for about a year) Qumis, Iran. From Khuvar to Bustam and Gurgan. The town of Qumis (Hecatompylos) hardest hit.
see 856 Damghan earthquake
36.23 54.14 200,000. 7.9 (approx) The city of Qumis was half destroyed and had 45,096 casualties. [21][23]
July 13, 869 AD Sendai, Japan
see 869 Jōgan earthquake
38.5 143.8 1,000 (approx) 8.6–9.0 Ms [24]
March 23, 893 AD Ardabil, Iran
see 893 Ardabil earthquake
38.28 48.30 150,000 Regarded as a 'fake earthquake', due to misunderstanding of original Armenian sources for the 893 Dvin event.[25][26][27][28]
December 28, 893 AD Dvin, Armenia
see 893 Dvin earthquake
40.0 44.6 30,000 6 (approx) Mislocated in India [29]


11th–17th centuries

Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources
December 1033 Jordan Valley, Levant, Israel & the State of Palestine
see 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
32.5 35.5 70,000 7.3 Mw . Triggered a tsunami. [30]
December 1037 Taizhou, Jiangsu, China 32.0 119.0 22,391 [31][32]
August 12, 1042 Palmyra, Baalbek, Syria, Lebanon 35.1 38.9 50,000 7.2 (>VIII)   [16][21]
March 18, 1068 Near East
see 1068 Near East earthquake
20,000 ≥7.0   [33][34]
October 11, 1138 Aleppo, Syria
see 1138 Aleppo earthquake
36.1 36.8 230,000 7.1   [16][35]
September 30, 1139 Ganja, Azerbaijan
see 1139 Ganja earthquake
40.3 46.2 230,000–300,000 7.7 Ms . Resulted in the total destruction of Ganja. [36]
August 12, 1157 08:15 Hama, Syria
see 1157 Hama earthquake
35.1 36.3 "Tens of thousands" 7.2 Ms Largest in a sequence lasting from late 1156 to early 1159 [16][35][37]
February 4, 1169 Sicily
see 1169 Sicily earthquake
37.3 15.0 15,000 6.4–7.3   [38]
June 29, 1170 06:29 Eastern Mediterranean
see 1170 Syria earthquake
34.4 36.4 5,000–80,000 in Aleppo[39]
25,000 in Hama
7.3–7.5[40]
7.7[41]
Syria, Lebanon, central southern Turkey Numerous sources from Crusader times.[35][37]
July 5, 1201 and/or May 20, 1202 Eastern Mediterranean; see 1202 Syria earthquake 1,100,000 (includes famine/disease deaths) 7.6 Damage across a wide area from Syria to Upper Egypt
May 11, 1222 06:15 Cyprus
see 1222 Cyprus earthquake
34.7 32.6 7.0–7.5 Caused damage at Paphos, Limassol and Nicosia [42]
1268 Cilicia, Anatolia (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)
see 1268 Cilicia earthquake
37.5 35.5 60,000 7 (approx)
September 27, 1290 Zhili (Hebei), China
see 1290 Zhili earthquake
41.5 119.3 100,000 6.8 Ms [43]
May 26, 1293 Kamakura, (now in Kanagawa Prefecture, Kantō region,) Japan
see 1293 Kamakura earthquake
35.2 139.4 23,024 7.1 [44]
August 8, 1303 06:00 1303 Crete earthquake, Greece 35 27 up to 10,000 ~8 Triggered a major tsunami that devastated Alexandria in Egypt [45]
September 25, 1303 1303 Hongdong earthquake, China 36.3 111.7 270,000 Mw  7.2–7.6 Taiyuan and Pingyang (modern Linfen) were leveled. [46]
January 1, 1341 Crimea, Ukraine Not known 6 [47]
January 25, 1348 15:00 Friuli, Venice, Rome
see 1348 Friuli earthquake
46.37 13.58 10,000 6.9 [21]
August 24, 1356 Lisbon, Portugal
see 1356 Lisbon earthquake
8.5 Mw [48][49]
October 18, 1356 Basel, Switzerland
see 1356 Basel earthquake
47.5 07.6 1,000 6.2 Mw [50]
May 21, 1382 Canterbury, UK
see 1382 Dover Straits earthquake
? 5.8 Struck during synod – later called "Earthquake Synod" – called to condemn heresy of John Wycliffe – some saw as portentous [51][52]
February 2, 1428 Catalonia (now Spain)
1428 Catalonia earthquake
42.4 2.2 1,000s 6.7 Sometimes called the terratrèmol de la candelera because it took place during the Candlemas. [21][53][54]
December 5, 1456 Province of Benevento, Kingdom of Naples (now Italy)
1456 Central Italy earthquakes
41.3 14.7 30,000–70,000 7.2 The largest and most widespread earthquake on the Italian Peninsula. Was followed by another Mw  7.0 shock on December 30.
May 3, 1481 03:00 Rhodes
see 1481 Rhodes earthquake
36.0 28.0 30,000 7.1 Largest of a series that lasted 10 months [55]
September 20, 1498 08:00 local time Honshu
see 1498 Meiō earthquake
34.0 138.1 31,000 8.6 Ms [56]
June 6, 1505 Nepal
see 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake
29.5 83.0 30% of Nepalese population 8.2–8.8
September 10, 1509 22:00 Istanbul, Turkey
see 1509 Istanbul earthquake
40.9 28.7 10,000 7.2 Ms [57]
January 26, 1531 04:30 Lisbon, Portugal
see 1531 Lisbon earthquake
38.9 −09.0 30,000 6.9   [58]
January 23, 1556 Shaanxi, China
see 1556 Shaanxi earthquake
34.5 109.7 830,000+ 8.2–8.3 Deadliest earthquake in recorded history USGS
November 16–17, 1570 19:10 Ferrara, Italy
see 1570 Ferrara earthquake
44.817 11.633 70–200 5.5 Azariah de Rossi's Kol Elohim [21][59]
December 16, 1575 18:30 Valdivia, Chile
see 1575 Valdivia earthquake
−39.8 −73.2 ? 8.5 [21][60]
June 10–11, 1585 Unk Aleutian Islands, Alaska
see 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake
Unk Unk Unk 9.25 Mw
On June 11, 1585, a moderate tsunami struck the Sanriku coast of Japan. At the same time, a number of Hawaiian natives died after their settlements was struck by a tsunami-like event described in oral traditions. Paleotsunami evidence was also found in the Hawaiian Islands corresponding to a large tsunami in the 16th century. Modelling of a magnitude 9.25 earthquake in the Aleutian Islands matched the descriptions and geological evidences in Japan and Hawaii.
[61]
January 18, 1586 23:00 Chūbu region, Japan
see 1586 Tenshō earthquake
36.0 136.9 8,000 7.9 MJMA [62]
November 24, 1604 12:30 local time Arica, Chile
see 1604 Arica earthquake
-18.500 -70.400 ? 8.5 MI [63]
February 3, 1605 20:00 local time Shikoku, Honshu, Japan
see 1605 Keichō earthquake
33.5 138.5 thousands 7.9 Ms [64]
July 13, 1605 Qiongshan, Hainan, China
see 1605 Guangdong earthquake
19.9 110.5 3,000 7.5 (X) [65]
October 25, 1622 Ningxia, China
see 1622 North Guyuan earthquake
36.5 106.3 12,000 7.0 Ms [66]
August 1, 1629 Banda Sea, Indonesia
see 1629 Banda Sea earthquake
-4.6 129.9 0 8.2-8.8 Mw [67]
March 27, 1638 Calabria, Kingdom of Sicily (present-day Italy)
see 1638 Calabrian earthquakes
38.64 15.78 9,581–30,000 7.1 A sequence of four earthquakes. [68]
March 27, 1638 night Tabriz, Iran
see 1641 Tabriz earthquake
37.9 46.1 12,613–30,000 6.8 Ms
February 5, 1663 17:30 local time Quebec, Canada
see 1663 Charlevoix earthquake
47.6 70.1 0 7.3–7.9 Landslides were the primary feature. [69]
April 6, 1667 Dubrovnik, Croatia
see 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake
42.3 18.1 3,000 7.2 [70]
November 25, 1667 Shamakhi, Azerbaijan
see 1667 Shamakhi earthquake
40.6 48.6 80,000 6.9 Ms [43]
July 25, 1668 Shandong, China
see 1668 Shandong earthquake
35.3 118.6 42,578 8.5 Largest earthquake in East China. [71]
August 17, 1668 Anatolia, Turkey
see 1668 North Anatolia earthquake
40 36 8,000 8 Largest earthquake in Turkey. USGS
February 17, 1674 19:30 Ambon, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)
see 1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami
3.75 127.75 2,347 6.8 Major tsunami up to 100 meters high. First and largest ever documented tsunami in Indonesia.
October 20, 1687 11:30 Lima, Peru
see 1687 Peru earthquake
−15.2 −75.9 5,000 8.2 [21]
June 5, 1688 Province of Benevento, Italy
see 1688 Sannio earthquake
41.3 14.6 est. 10,000 7 Completely destroyed Cerreto Sannita and Guardia Sanframondi, heavily damaged Benevento. [72]
September 13, 1692 11:00 Salta Province, Argentina
see 1692 Salta earthquake
−25.40 −64.80 ~13 7.0 The small village of Talavera del Esteco was completely destroyed. [73]
June 7, 1692 11:43 local time Port Royal, Jamaica
see 1692 Jamaica earthquake
17.9 −76.8 2,000+ 7 (approx) (X)   [74][75]
January 11, 1693 Catania Province, Sicily
see 1693 Sicily earthquake
60,000 7.5
September 5, 1694 11:40 Irpinia, Italy
see 1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake
40.88 15.35 6,000 6.9 Mw [76]
May 18, 1695 12:00 Shanxi, Qing dynasty
see 1695 Linfen earthquake
36.0 111.5 52,600–176,365 7.8 Mw [77]
January 5, 1699 Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia)
see 1699 Java earthquake
6.078 105.913 128 7.4–8.0 Mw


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18th century

Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources
January 26, 1700 ~21:00 Cascadia subduction zone
see 1700 Cascadia earthquake Source of "Orphan Tsunami," which struck Japan hours later. The Japanese were caught off-guard, not knowing the origin of the wave, until geologist Brian Atwater's research confirmed it.
9.0 M (Satake et al., 1996) USGS
January 14, 1703 18:00 Norcia, Italy
see 1703 Apennine earthquakes
42.7 13.07 6,240–9,761 6.7 Mw [21][78]
February 2, 1703 11:05 L'Aquila, Italy
see 1703 Apennine earthquakes
42.43 13.3 2,500–5,000 6.7 Mw [21][78]
December 31, 1703 17:00 Kantō region, Japan
see 1703 Genroku earthquake
35.0 140.0 10,000 8.2 Ms [79]
November 3, 1706 13:00 Abruzzo, Italy
see 1706 Abruzzo earthquake
42.1 14.1 2,400 6.8 Mw [79]
October 28, 1707 14:00 local time Japan
see 1707 Hōei earthquake
33.0 136.0 5,000+ 8.6   [80]
October 14, 1709 Zhongwei, China
see 1709 Zhongwei earthquake
37.4 105.3 2,000+ 7.5 Mw [81][82]
February 3, 1716 Algiers, Algeria
see 1716 Algiers earthquake
36.8 3.0 20,000 IX–X European macroseismic scale
June 19, 1718 Gansu, China
see 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake
35.0 105.2 73,000 7.5 Ms [83]
April 26, 1721 Tabriz, Iran
see 1721 Tabriz earthquake
37.9 46.7 ~80,000 7.7   [84]
July 8, 1730 08:45 Valparaiso, Chile
see 1730 Valparaiso earthquake
−32.5 −71.5 ? 8.7   [85]
September 30, 1730 10:00 local time Beijing, China 40.0 116.2 100s 6.5   [86][87]
November 29, 1732 8:40 local time Irpinia, Italy
see 1732 Irpinia earthquake
41.0727 15.0623 6.6 Ms [88]
October 16, 1737 15:30 local time Kamchatka, Russia
see 1737 Kamchatka earthquake
51.1 158.0 8.3 Ms [89][90]
January 4, 1739 18:00 UTC Ningxia, China
see 1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake
38.9 106.5 >50,000 8.0
October 28, 1746 22:30 local time Lima & Callao, Peru
see 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake
−11.35 −77.28 4,000–5,000 8.6–8.8 Mw [91]
May 25, 1751 1:00 local time Concepción, Chile
see 1751 Concepción earthquake
−36.830 −73.030 8.5 MI USGS
June 7, 1755 Northern Persia 34.0 51.5 1,200
40,000[92]
5.9   [87][93]
November 1, 1755 10:16 Lisbon, Portugal
see 1755 Lisbon earthquake
36 −11 80,000 8.5 Caused a huge tsunami USGS
November 18, 1755 09:11 Boston, Massachusetts, United States
see 1755 Cape Ann earthquake
42.7 −70.2 0 5.9 Mw [94][95]
November 25, 1759 19:23 local time Eastern Mediterranean
see Near East earthquakes of 1759
33.7 35.9 1,000s 7.4 Ms Earthquake in same area on October 30 considered to be a foreshock. [16]
March 31, 1761 13:01 local time Lisbon, Portugal
see 1761 Lisbon earthquake
34.5 13.0 Unknown 8.5 Ms Second major earthquake in Europe in six years.
April 2, 1762 Northeastern Bay of Bengal[96]
see 1762 Arakan earthquake
22.0 92.0 200 up to 8.8 Mw [97]
June 28, 1763 05:28 Komárom, Kingdom of Hungary
see 1763 Komárom earthquake
47.73 18.15 83 6.2–6.5 Mw [98]
May 22, 1766 05:10 Istanbul, Turkey
see 1766 Istanbul earthquake
40.8 29.0 4,000 7.1 Ms [99]
October 21, 1766 04:30 local time Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
see 1766 Southeastern Caribbean earthquake
11.0 −62.5 6.5–7.5 Ms  Destroyed Spanish colonial capital of San Jose, Trinidad (now St. Joseph). [100][101]
June 3, 1770 19:15 local time Port-au-Prince, Haiti
see 1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake
18.7 −72.63 200+ 7.5 Mw [102]
July 29, 1773 Guatemala
see 1773 Guatemala earthquake
14.6 -90.7 5–600 7.5
January 8, 1780 Tabriz, Iran
see 1780 Tabriz earthquake
38.0 46.2 40,000–200,000 7.4 Ms [103][104]
February 4–5, 1783; March 28, 1783 12:00 Calabria, Italy
see 1783 Calabrian earthquakes
38.15 15.70 35,000 6.9 Mw First in a sequence of five earthquakes Mw ≥ 5.9 to hit Calabria in less than two months. [105]
June 1, 1786 04:00 local time Sichuan, China
see 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake
29.9 102.0 ~100,000 7.75 Mw Triggered a landslide that blocked the Dadu river – the collapse of the dam during an aftershock and subsequent flood caused most of the casualties. [106]
March 28, 1787 11:30 local time Oaxaca, Mexico
see 1787 New Spain earthquake
16.5 -98.5 11+ 8.6 Mw
February 4, 1797 12:30 Quito, Ecuador & Cuzco, Peru
see 1797 Riobamba earthquake
41,000 7.3 Mw [107]
February 10, 1797 Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
see 1797 Sumatra earthquake
−1.0 99.0 300 8.4   [108][109][110]

19th century

Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources
October 26, 1802 10:55 Vrancea region, Moldavia, now Romania
see 1802 Vrancea earthquake
45.7 26.6 3 in Bucharest 7.9 Serious damage in the area. All church steeples in Bucharest collapsed, as well as many houses and Colţea bell tower. [111][112]
February 16, 1810 22:15 Crete, Heraklion
see 1810 Crete earthquake
35.5 25.6 2,000 7.5 Mw [113]
December 16, 1811 08:00 New Madrid, Missouri, United States
see 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes
36.6 −89.6 8.1 MI USGS
January 23, 1812 15:00 New Madrid, Missouri, United States
see 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes
36.6 −89.6 7.8 MI USGS
February 7, 1812 09:45 New Madrid, Missouri, United States
see 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes
36.6 −89.6 8 MI (Johnston, 1996) USGS
March 26, 1812 16:37 Caracas, La Guaira, El Tocuyo, San Felipe, Barquisimeto, Mérida, La Victoria, Valencia, Venezuela see 1812 Caracas earthquake 15,000–20,000 7.7–8.0
December 8, 1812 7:00 a.m. local time Alta California see 1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake 40 6.9–7.5 Destroyed the "Great Stone Church" at Mission San Juan Capistrano
December 21, 1812 11:00 a.m. local time Santa Barbara Channel, California, United States

see 1812 Ventura earthquake

34.12 −119.54 1-2 7.1–7.5 Destroyed the church at Mission Santa Barbara, caused near-total destruction at Mission La Purísima Concepción, and considerable damage at Mission Santa Inés Southern California Earthquake Data Center
June 16, 1819 18:45–18:50 local time Gujarat, India
see 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake
23.0 71.0 >1,543 7.7–8.2 Mw Formed an 80 km long ridge, the Allah Bund ('Dam of God') [114]
June 2, 1823 08:00 south flank of Kīlauea, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii 19.3 −155 7 MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) USGS
August 26, 1833 Himalayas, Nepal–India–Tibet region
see 1833 Bihar–Nepal earthquake
28.3 85.5 ~500 7.7–7.9 Mw [115]
November 25, 1833 Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
see 1833 Sumatra earthquake
−2.5 100.5 "numerous victims" 8.8–9.2 Mw Huge tsunami flooded all southern part of western Sumatra [108][110][116]
June 10, 1836 15:30 south San Francisco Bay region, California, Mexico (now United States) 36.9 −121.5 6.5 MI (Bakun, 1999) Reports probably refer to the 1838 San Andreas earthquake, misreported in 1868 following the Hayward earthquake of that year USGS,[117]
January 1, 1837 16:00 local time Galilee, Palestine
see Galilee earthquake of 1837
33.0 35.5 6,000–7,000 >7.0 Ms [16][118]
June 1838 San Francisco Peninsula, California, Mexico (now United States)
see 1838 San Andreas earthquake
37.3 −123.2 6.8 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
January 11, 1839 06:00 local time Offshore Martinique, France
see 1839 Martinique earthquake
14.5 –60.5
700–4,000
7.8–8.0
Severe damage in Martinique, and felt throughout most of the Lesser Antilles
March 23, 1839 04:00 Inwa, Kingdom of Burma (present day Myanmar)

see 1839 Ava earthquake

21.9 96.0
300–500
8.1–8.2
Destroyed the city of Amarapura, Mandalay and the former capital Inwa. [119]
January 5, 1843 02:45 Marked Tree, Arkansas, United States 35.5 −90.5 6.3 MI (Johnston, 1996) USGS
February 8, 1843 10:37 local time Guadeloupe, France

see 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake

16.5 62.2
1,500–5,000
8.5
May 8, 1847 Around Zenkō-ji Temple, (now in Nagano Prefecture, Chūbu region,) Japan
see 1847 Nagano earthquake
36.7 138.2 >8,600 7.4 2,094 houses lost by fire with quake at Nagano. [120]
November 26, 1852 Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies
see 1852 Banda Sea earthquake
5.24 129.75 60+ 7.5–8.8 Mw  Major tsunami.
December 23, 1854 09:00 Honshu, Japan
see 1854 Tōkai earthquake
34.0 137.8 2,000 8.4 Major tsunami. [121]
December 24, 1854 16:00 Honshu, Japan
see 1854 Nankai earthquake
33.0 135.0 thousands 8.4 Major tsunami [121]
January 23, 1855 21:11 local time Wairarapa, New Zealand
see 1855 Wairarapa earthquake
−41.4 174.5 4 8.0 (approx) Raised sections of Wellington coastline by 2 metres.
November 11, 1855 22:00 local time Edo (now Tokyo, Kantō region), Japan
see 1855 Edo earthquake
35.65 139.8 ~ 7,000 7.0 Ms 10,000 house destroyed in Edo. 安政の大地震 in Japanese
October 12, 1856 02:38 or 02:24 local time Crete-Rhodes, Greece (then the Ottoman Empire)

see 1856 Heraklion earthquake

35.5 26.0 600+ 7.7–8.3 Mw Widespread damage to Greece, Malta, Anatolia and the Middle East.
January 9, 1857 16:24 Fort Tejon, California, United States (San Andreas fault from Parkfield to Wrightwood)
see 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake
1 7.9 M (Grant and Sieh, 1993; Stein and Hanks, 1998) USGS
December 16, 1857 21:00 Naples, Italy
see 1857 Basilicata earthquake
40.3 16 11,000 6.9 MI USGS
February 16, 1861 Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
see 1861 Sumatra earthquake
1.0 97,5 905 8.5 Caused a major tsunami. [122][123]
March 20, 1861 20:36 Mendoza Province, Argentina
see 1861 Mendoza earthquake
-32.9 -68.9 5235 7.2 Strongest earthquake in Mendoza Province and proportional most deadly in Argentinean history. INPRES
October 8, 1865 20:46 San Jose, California, United States 37.2 −121.9 6.5 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
April 14, 1867 14:30 Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas
see 1867 Manhattan, Kansas earthquake
39.2 –96.3 5.1 Mfa
June 10, 1867 21:09 Central Java, Dutch East Indies
see 1867 Java earthquake
-8.7 110.6 700 7.8 Mw
November 18, 1867 18:45 Anegada Passage, between the British Virgin Islands and Danish West Indies (present-day US Virgin Islands)
see 1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami
18.2 –65.0 ~30 7.3–7.5 NGDC
December 18, 1867 09:00 New Taipei City, Taiwan
see 1867 Keelung earthquake
25.34 121.91 580 7.0 Mw . Thought to be the only destructive tsunami (15 meters) in Taiwan.
April 3, 1868 02:25 Kau, southeast Hawaii, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii
see 1868 Hawaii earthquake
19.2 −155.5 77 7.9 MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) USGS
August 13, 1868 16:45 local time Arica, Chile
see 1868 Arica earthquake
−18.500 −70.350 25,000 8.5-9.3 Mw, Okal et al (2006) gives upper end magnitude USGS
October 21, 1868 15:53 Hayward, California, United States, Hayward Fault Zone
see 1868 Hayward earthquake
37.7 −122.1 30 6.8 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
February 20, 1871 08:42 Molokai, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii
see 1871 Lāna`i earthquake
21.2 −156.9 6.8 MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) USGS
March 26, 1872 10:30 Owens Valley, California, United States
see 1872 Lone Pine earthquake
36.5 −118 27 7.6 M (Beanland and Clark, 1994) USGS
December 15, 1872 05:40 North Cascades, Washington, United States
see 1872 North Cascades earthquake
47.9 −120.3 7.3 MI (Malone and Bor, 1979; Rogers et al., 1983) USGS
May 10, 1877 21:16 local time Iquique, Chile
see 1877 Iquique earthquake
−19.600 −70.230 2,541 8.8 Mw USGS
November 9, 1880 7:04 local time Zagreb, Croatia
see 1880 Zagreb earthquake
45.9 16.1 1 6.2 Ms [124]
April 3, 1881 11:30 Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı
see 1881 Chios earthquake
38.25 26.25 7,866 6.5 Mw [125]
December 31, 1881 01:49 India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
see 1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake
8.52 92.43 0 7.9 Mw [126]
September 7, 1882 3:50 local time San Blas Islands, Panama
see 1882 Panama earthquake
10.0 79.0 250 8.3 Ms Largest earthquake in Panamanian history [127]
December 25, 1884 09:18 Andalusia, Spain
see 1884 Andalusian earthquake
-36.96 4.07 1,200 6.5 Mw
August 27, 1886 21:32 Filiatra, western Peloponnese, Greece
see 1886 Peloponnese earthquake
37.1 21.5 600 7.5 unknown [128]
August 31, 1886 02:51 Charleston, South Carolina, United States
see 1886 Charleston earthquake
32.9 −80 60 7.3 MI (Johnston, 1996) Believed to be the largest earthquake ever to strike the east coast. USGS
February 23, 1887 06:30 local time Liguria, Italy

see 1887 Liguria earthquake

43.78 8.07 600–3,000 6.3–7.5 Mw  The earthquake caused severe damage along the Ligurian coast and caused the town of Bussana Vecchia to be abandoned. [129][130]
September 1, 1888 04:10 local time North Canterbury, New Zealand
see 1888 North Canterbury earthquake
−42.6 172.4 7.0–7.3 First earthquake observed to be associated with mainly horizontal fault displacement.
July 28, 1889 23:40 Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
see 1889 Kumamoto earthquake
32.8 130.7 20 6.3 [21]
October 27, 1891 21:38 Mino-Owari (Gifu-Aichi Prefectures), Tōkai region, Japan
see 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake
35.6 136.6 7,273 8 MS USGS
April 19, 1892 10:50 Vacaville, California, United States
see 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes
38.5 −121.8 1 6.4 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
April 21, 1892 17:43 Winters, California, United States
see 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes
38.6 −122 6.4 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
November 17, 1893 15:06 Quchan, Iran
see 1893 Quchan earthquake
37.2 58.4 18,000 6.6 Ms [131]
October 31, 1895 11:08 Charleston, Missouri, United States
see 1895 Charleston earthquake
37 −89.4 6.6 MI (Johnston, 1996) USGS
June 15, 1896 19:32 Off the Pacific coast of Sanriku, Iwate Prefecture, Tōhoku region, Japan
see 1896 Sanriku earthquake
39.5 144 22,000+ 8.0–8.1 (approx) Mw USGS
June 12, 1897 11:06 Assam, India
see 1897 Assam earthquake
26 91 1,500 8.3 USGS
September 21, 1897 05:12 Mindanao, Philippines
see 1897 Mindanao earthquakes
6.0 122.0 13 7.5 MS [132][133]
September 4, 1899 00:22 Cape Yakataga, Alaska, United States
see 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes
60 -142 7.9 MS USGS
September 10, 1899 21:41 Yakutat Bay, Alaska, United States
see 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes
60 −142 8 MS USGS
September 20, 1899 04:00 Ottoman Empire
see 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake
37.9 28.1 1,117 7.1 Mw NGDC
October 9, 1900 12:28 Kodiak Island, Alaska, United States 57.1 −153.5 7.7 MS USGS
October 28, 1900 09:11 offshore Miranda, Venezuela
see 1900 San Narciso earthquake
11.0 −66.0 140 7.7 Ms USGS

Source for all events with 'USGS' labelled as the source United States Geological Survey (USGS) [1] Note: Magnitudes are generally estimations from intensity data. When no magnitude was available, the maximum intensity, written as a Roman numeral from I to XII, is given.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See also

References

  1. ^ "Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of Chinas Great Flood and the Xia dynasty". ResearchGate. أغسطس 2016. Retrieved نوفمبر 29, 2022.
  2. ^ Bamboo Annals, listed under Xia chapters on King Fa's 7th year.
  3. ^ 吳階平, 喻滄, 季羨林. [2002] (2002) 世紀中國學術大典: 測繪學, 大氣科學, 固體地球物理學, 應用地球物理學, 海洋科學. 福建教育出版社. ISBN 7-5334-3446-3, ISBN 978-7-5334-3446-5. p 41.
  4. ^ Aggelos Galanopoulos (1960). "Tsunamis Observed on the Coasts of Greece from Antiquity to Present Time". Annals of Geophysics. 13 (3–4). doi:10.4401/ag-5477.
  5. ^ Armijo, R.; Lyon-Caen, H.; Papanastassiou, D. (1991). "A possible normal-fault rupture for the 464 BC Sparta earthquake" (PDF). Nature. 351 (6322): 137–139. Bibcode:1991Natur.351..137A. doi:10.1038/351137a0. S2CID 4278524.
  6. ^ "The 373 B.C. Helike (Gulf of Corinth, Greece) Earthquake and Tsunami, Revisited". ResearchGate. سبتمبر 2021. Retrieved ديسمبر 6, 2022.
  7. ^ Erel, T. L.; Adatepe, F. (2007). "Traces of Historical earthquakes in the ancient city life at the Mediterranean region" (PDF). J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment. 13: 241–252. Archived from the original (PDF) on يوليو 25, 2011.
  8. ^ Baptista, M.A.; Miranda, J.M. (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 9 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:2009NHESS...9...25B. doi:10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009.
  9. ^ "Seneca?s Account of the AD 62 earthquake". Archived from the original on أبريل 12, 2011. Retrieved أبريل 27, 2011.
  10. ^ "삼국사기 23권 백제본기 제1 기루왕". db.history.
  11. ^ "Notes to the Wei lue". depts.washington.edu.
  12. ^ National Geophysical Data Center. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved أكتوبر 19, 2011.
  13. ^ "Comments for the tsunami event". Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved فبراير 8, 2015.
  14. ^ أ ب Ammianus Marcellinus, "Res Gestae", 26.10.15–19
  15. ^ أ ب For summaries of the sources, see Stiros, Stathis C. (2001). "The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixth centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data". Journal of Structural Geology. 23 (2–3): 545–562 [p. 557f., App. A]. Bibcode:2001JSG....23..545S. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00118-8.
  16. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Sbeinati, M. R.; Darawcheh, R.; Mouty, M. (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D" (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 48: 347–435.
  17. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake: Japan 684". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Archived from the original on يناير 26, 2016. Retrieved مايو 31, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ Barkat, Amiram (أغسطس 8, 2003). "The big one is coming". Haaretz.
  19. ^ Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (أكتوبر 14, 2007). "749 CE Golan quake shows another is overdue". Jerusalem Post.[dead link]
  20. ^ Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Mariotti, D.; Comastri, A.; Tarabusi, G.; Sgattoni, G.; Valensise, G. (2018). "801 04 29, 20:00 Roma (Italy)". Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti in Italia (461 a.C.–1997) e nell'area Mediterranea (760 a.C.–1500). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia.
  21. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س IISEENET (Information Network of Earthquake disaster Prevention Technologies) – Search Page
  22. ^ Milne, J. "A Catalog of Destructive Earthquakes, A.D. 7 to A.D. 1899". Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1911: 649–740.
  23. ^ "Section 10 â€" The Kingdom of Anxi 安息 (the Parthian Empire)". depts.washington.edu.
  24. ^ Minoura, K.; Imamura, F.; Sugawara, D.; Kono, Y.; Iwashita, T. (2001). "The 869 Jōgan tsunami deposit and recurrence interval of large-scale tsunami on the Pacific coast of northeast Japan" (PDF). Journal of Natural Disaster Science. 23 (2): 83–88. Archived from the original (PDF) on أبريل 1, 2011. Retrieved مارس 12, 2011.
  25. ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6. Retrieved سبتمبر 29, 2011.
  26. ^ Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
  27. ^ "Berberian, M. 2006. Contribution to the Seismotectonics of Iran (Part III). Geological and Mining Survey of Iran". Archived from the original on أكتوبر 14, 2017. Retrieved مايو 23, 2009.
  28. ^ "Gates, A.E. & Ritchie D. 2007. Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 3rd Edition, Facts on File Inc. 365pp". Archived from the original on أبريل 23, 2009. Retrieved سبتمبر 9, 2017.
  29. ^ "Ambraseys, N.N. 2004. Three little known early earthquakes in India. Current Science, 86, 506–508" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on مارس 3, 2016. Retrieved مايو 23, 2009.
  30. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved يونيو 22, 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ "Comments for the significant earthquake". The Significant Earthquake Database. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved يونيو 8, 2016.
  32. ^ American Peoples Encyclopedia. The Spencer Press. 1955.
  33. ^ Abdel Fattah, Ali K.; Hussein, Hesham M.; Ibrahim, Ezzeldien M.; Abu El Atta, Ahmad S. (December 1997), "Fault plane solutions of the 1993 and 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquakes and their tectonic implications", Annali di Geofisica XL (6): 1557, http://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/3831 
  34. ^ Klinger, Y.; Avoua, J. P.; Dorbath, L.; Abou Karaki, N.; Tisnerat, N. (September 2000), "Seismic behaviour of the Dead Sea fault along the Araba valley, Jordan", Geophysical Journal International 142 (3): 772, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00166.x, Bibcode2000GeoJI.142..769K 
  35. ^ أ ب ت "Ambraseys, N. N., 2004 The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, p. 743" (PDF).
  36. ^ Ulomov, V.I.; Medvedeva, N.S. (2014). "Специализированный каталог землетрясений для задач общего сейсмического районирования территории Российской Федерации" [Specialized catalog of earthquakes for the purpose of general seismic zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation] (PDF) (in الروسية). O.Y. Smidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences.
  37. ^ أ ب "Khair, K., Karakaisis, G.F. & Papdimitriou, E.E. 2000. Seismic zonation of the Dead Sea Transform Fault area. Annali di Geofisica, 43, 61–79" (PDF).
  38. ^ "Guidoboni, E. & Traina, G. 1996. Earthquakes in medieval Sicily – a historical revision (7th–13th century). Annali di Geofisica, 39, 1201–1225" (PDF).
  39. ^ Ayyubid Architecture, Chapter 7 by Terry Allen
  40. ^ "Late Holocene Paleoseismic Timing and Slip Rate Along the Missyaf Segment of the Dead Sea Fault in Syria" (PDF).
  41. ^ Guidoboni, Emanuela; Bernardini, Filippo; Comastri, Alberto; Boschi, Enzo (2004). "The large earthquake on 29 June 1170 (Syria, Lebanon, and central southern Turkey)". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 109 (B7): B07304. Bibcode:2004JGRB..109.7304G. doi:10.1029/2003JB002523.
  42. ^ Antonopoulos, J. (1980). "Data from investigation on seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 1000 to 1500 A.D". Annali di Geofisica. 33: 179–198.
  43. ^ أ ب USGS page of most destructive earthquakes Archived سبتمبر 1, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Dunbar, Paula. "Tsunami Event". www.ngdc.noaa.gov.
  45. ^ Papadopolous, G.A.; Daskalaki, E.; Fokaefs, A.; Giraleas, N. (2007). "Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 7 (1): 57–64. Bibcode:2007NHESS...7...57P. doi:10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007. Retrieved يوليو 26, 2010.
  46. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K, https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1 
  47. ^ "Ukraine: Crimea Earthquake of 1341". Archived from the original on ديسمبر 29, 2014. Retrieved يناير 13, 2015.
  48. ^ Costa, Marisa; Fonseca, João (2007). "Sismicidade histórica em Portugal no período medieval"
  49. ^ "Pereira, Gonçalo (janeiro de 2016), "Crónicas do castelo", National Geographic Portugal". Archived from the original on فبراير 4, 2018. Retrieved أغسطس 18, 2021.
  50. ^ Lambert, J., Winter1, T., Dewez, T.J.B. & Sabourault, P. 2004. New hypotheses on the maximum damage area of the 1356 Basel earthquake (Switzerland). Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 381–399. Archived سبتمبر 29, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ "Earthquake Synod." In Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London: Oxford UP, 1974. p. 437
  52. ^ De Hamel, Christopher. The Book. A History of the Bible. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2001. p. 169
  53. ^ Josep Perarnau i Espelt (2002). "La lletra de Felip de Malla informant el rei Alfons del terratrèmol de la Candelera, 1428". Arxiu de textos catalans antics, 21:665–670. ISSN 0211-9811
  54. ^ Banda, E.; Correig, A. M. (1984). "The Catalan earthquake of February 2, 1428". Engineering Geology. 20 (1–2): 89–97. Bibcode:1984EngGe..20...89B. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(84)90045-0.
  55. ^ "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved يوليو 24, 2010.
  56. ^ "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved أكتوبر 30, 2010.
  57. ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Jackson, J.A. (2000). "Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500". Geophysical Journal International. 141 (3): F1–F6. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.141F...1A. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x.
  58. ^ Baptista, M.A.; Miranda, J.M. (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis" (PDF). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 9 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:2009NHESS...9...25B. doi:10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009.
  59. ^ Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G.; Valensise G. "Online catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy 461 BC to 1997 and Mediterranean area 760 BC to 1500". Archived from the original on يوليو 22, 2011. Retrieved يناير 17, 2010.
  60. ^ Cisternas, Marco; Atwater, Brian F.; Torrejón, Fernando; Sawai, Yuki; Machuca, Gonzalo; Lagos, Marcelo; Eipert, Annaliese; Youlton, Cristián; Salgado, Ignacio; Kamataki, Takanobu; Shishikura, Masanobu; Rajendran, C. P.; Malik, Javed K.; Rizal, Yan; Husni, Muhammad (سبتمبر 15, 2005). "Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake". Nature. 437 (7057): 404–407. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..404C. doi:10.1038/nature03943. hdl:10533/176718. PMID 16163355. S2CID 4398549.
  61. ^ Rhett Butler; David A. Burney; Kenneth H. Rubin; David Walsh (2017). "The orphan Sanriku tsunami of 1586: new evidence from coral dating on Kaua'i". Natural Hazards. 88 (2): 797–819. doi:10.1007/s11069-017-2902-7. S2CID 134237666.
  62. ^ Yamamura, Norika; Kano, Yasuyuki (2020). "1586年天正地震の震源断層推定の試み: 液状化履歴地点における液状化可能性の検討から" [Source Fault Estimation of the 1586 Tensho Earthquake by Evaluating the Possibility of Liquefaction]. Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan). Second Series (in اليابانية). Seismological Society of Japan. 73: 97–110. doi:10.4294/zisin.2019-7. S2CID 229523816.
  63. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on أغسطس 21, 2007. Retrieved فبراير 28, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  64. ^ "Significant Earthquake Search for Japan 1605". Retrieved يوليو 16, 2011.
  65. ^ Likelihood of Tsunamis Affecting the Coast of Southeastern China Wong, W.T. & Chan, Y.W. 6th General Assembly of Asian Seismological Commission 2006 (ASC2006) and Symposium on Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 7–10 November 2006
  66. ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972), Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K, https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1 
  67. ^ Discovery of possible mega-thrust earthquake along the Seram Trough from records of 1629 tsunami in eastern Indonesian region, http://geology.byu.edu/home/sites/default/files/2013-liu-and-harris-1629-tsunami1.pdf 
  68. ^ Bosi, Vittorio; Galli, Paolo (2003). "Catastrophic 1638 earthquakes in Calabria (southern Italy): New insights from paleoseismological investigation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. American Geophysical Union. 108 (B1): ETG 1-1-ETG 1-20. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2004G. doi:10.1029/2001JB001713. S2CID 55937014. Archived from the original on أكتوبر 17, 2021. Retrieved مارس 11, 2022.
  69. ^ Ebel, John E. (June 2011), "A New Analysis of the Magnitude of the February 1663 Earthquake at Charlevoix, Quebec", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101 (3): 1024–1038, doi:10.1785/0120100190, Bibcode2011BuSSA.101.1024E, http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/101/3/1024.full.pdf+html 
  70. ^ Paulatto, M. Pinat; Romanelli, F. (2007). "Tsunami hazard scenarios in the Adriatic Sea domain" (PDF). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 7 (2): 309–325. Bibcode:2007NHESS...7..309P. doi:10.5194/nhess-7-309-2007.
  71. ^ "Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE". NGDC. Retrieved ديسمبر 9, 2020.
  72. ^ "I terremoti nella STORIA: Il grande terremoto del Sannio del 5 giugno 1688". INGVterremoti (in الإيطالية). INGV. يونيو 26, 2014. Retrieved نوفمبر 27, 2017.
  73. ^ Blanco, Laura (سبتمبر 29, 2012). "Salta veneró a la Virgen que detuvo un sismo". El Perfil. Retrieved يناير 3, 2014.
  74. ^ "USGS page on this event in 'Historic Earthquakes'". Archived from the original on أبريل 20, 2008.
  75. ^ "Ahmad, R.2008 Landslides and the Making of Jamaica, Caribbean All-Hazards Conference" (PDF).[dead link]
  76. ^ Serva, Leonello; Esposito, Eliana; Guerrieri, Luca; Porfido, Sabina; Vittori, Eutizio; Comerci, Valerio (أكتوبر 1, 2007). "Environmental effects from five historical earthquakes in southern Apennines (Italy) and macroseismic intensity assessment: Contribution to INQUA EEE Scale Project". Quaternary International. 173 (Supplement C): 30–44. Bibcode:2007QuInt.173...30S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.03.015.
  77. ^ Pradeep Talwani (2015). "5". Intraplate Earthquakes (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on ديسمبر 15, 2021. Retrieved سبتمبر 26, 2021.
  78. ^ أ ب Geological effects induced by the L’Aquila earthquake (6 April 2009, Ml = 5.8) on the natural environment: preliminary report Archived فبراير 17, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  79. ^ أ ب "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved أكتوبر 29, 2010.
  80. ^ 1Tsuchiya, Yoshito; Shuto, Nobuo (مايو 31, 1995). Tsunami: Progress in Prediction, Disaster Prevention and Warning. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780792334835 – via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ Li, X.; Li, C.; Wesnousky, S. G.; Zhang, P.; Zheng, W.; Pierce, I. K. D.; Wang, X. (2017). "Paleoseismology and slip rate of the western Tianjingshan fault of NE Tibet, China". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 146: 304–316. Bibcode:2017JAESc.146..304L. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.04.031.
  82. ^ Guo, P.; Han, Z.; Mao, Z.; Xie, Z.; Dong, S.; Gao, F.; Gai, H. (2019). "Paleoearthquakes and Rupture Behavior of the Lenglongling Fault: Implications for Seismic Hazards of the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 124 (2): 1520–1543. Bibcode:2019JGRB..124.1520G. doi:10.1029/2018JB016586.
  83. ^ "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved أكتوبر 6, 2021.
  84. ^ "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved مارس 22, 2018.
  85. ^ "Page for this event". Retrieved فبراير 28, 2010.
  86. ^ "Liu, L., Chen, Q., He, K. & Hu, P. Earthquake Strong Ground Motion Scenarios at the 2008 Olympic Games Site, Beijing Based on Historic Records, Earth: Our Changing Planet. Proceedings of IUGG XXIV General Assembly Perugia, Italy 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on يوليو 24, 2011.
  87. ^ أ ب Lee, William H. K.; Jennings, Paul; Kisslinger, Carl; Kanamori, Hiroo (2002). International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080489223.
  88. ^ "Avellino: nel cuore dell'Irpinia sismica" [Avellino: in the heart of the seismic Irpinia] (PDF). Protezione Civile (in الإيطالية). Archived (PDF) from the original on أكتوبر 20, 2017. Retrieved يناير 4, 2018.
  89. ^ "Page on tsunami associated with event from West Coast and Alaska warning center". Archived from the original on مايو 15, 2009.
  90. ^ "Search page". tsun.sscc.ru. Archived from the original on يوليو 27, 2011. Retrieved مايو 23, 2009.
  91. ^ Chlieh, M.; Perfettini H.; Tavera H.; Avouac J.-P.; Remy D.; Nocquet J.M.; Rolandone F.; Bondoux F.; Gabalda G.; Bonvalot S. (2011). "Interseismic Coupling and Seismic Potential along the Central Andes Subduction Zone". Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (B12): B12405. Bibcode:2011JGRB..11612405C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.9892. doi:10.1029/2010JB008166. S2CID 7228440. Archived from the original on فبراير 26, 2012. Retrieved نوفمبر 3, 2011..
  92. ^ USGS Historic Worldwide Earthquakes page Archived فبراير 21, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  93. ^ Ambraseys, N. N.; Melville, C. P. (نوفمبر 10, 2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521021876 – via Google Books.
  94. ^ "page on this event from USGS 'Historic earthquakes". Archived from the original on مايو 8, 2009.
  95. ^ Ebel, John E. (2006). "The Cape Ann, Massachusetts Earthquake of 1755: A 250th Anniversary Perspective". Seismological Research Letters. 77 (1): 74–86. Bibcode:2006SeiRL..77...74E. doi:10.1785/gssrl.77.1.74.
  96. ^ Mondal, Dhiman (2018). "Microatolls document the 1762 and prior earthquakes along the southeast coast of Bangladesh". Tectonophysics. 745: 196–213. Bibcode:2018Tectp.745..196M. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2018.07.020. S2CID 53578945.
  97. ^ "Comments for the 1762 earthquake". Retrieved مارس 22, 2012.
  98. ^ "Comments for the 1780 Earthquake". Retrieved يناير 6, 2016.
  99. ^ N. N. Ambraseys; J. A. Jackson (يونيو 2000). "Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500". Geophysical Journal International (in الإنجليزية). 141 (3): F1–F6. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.141F...1A. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x.
  100. ^ Johnson, N.M. (2002). "Earthquake Risk In Trinidad And Tobago" (PDF). National Emergency Management Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on أكتوبر 7, 2009. Retrieved يناير 18, 2010.
  101. ^ Mocquet, A. (2007). "Analysis and interpretation of the October 21, 1766 earthquake in the Southeastern Caribbean". Journal of Seismology. 11 (4): 381–403. Bibcode:2007JSeis..11..381M. doi:10.1007/s10950-007-9059-x. S2CID 128549406.
  102. ^ Ali, Syed Tabrez; Freed, Andrew M.; Calais, Eric; Manaker, David M.; McCann, William R. (2008). "Coulomb stress evolution in Northeastern Caribbean over the past 250 years due to coseismic, postseismic and interseismic deformation". Geophysical Journal International. 174 (3): 904–918. Bibcode:2008GeoJI.174..904A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03634.x.
  103. ^ "Comments for the 1780 Earthquake". Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2013.
  104. ^ "Hessami K., Pantosti D., Tabassi H., Shabanian E., Abbassi M.R., Feghhi K. & Solaymani S. 2003. Paleoearthquakes and slip rates of the North Tabriz Fault, NW Iran: preliminary results. Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 46, 903–915" (PDF).
  105. ^ "Graziani, L., Maramai, A. & Tinti, S. 2006. A revision of the 1783–1784 Calabrian (southern Italy) tsunamis. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 1053–1060" (PDF).
  106. ^ Dai, F.C.; Lee C.F.; Deng J.H.; Tham L.G. (2005). "The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River, southwestern China" (PDF). Geomorphology. 65 (3–4): 205–221. Bibcode:2005Geomo..65..205D. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.011. Retrieved ديسمبر 2, 2012.
  107. ^ "Giesecke, A., Capera, A.A.G., Leschiutta, I., Migliorini, E. & Valverde, L.R. 2004. The CERESIS earthquake catalogue and database of the Andean Region: background, characteristics and examples of use Annals of Geophysics, VOL. 47, 421–435" (PDF).
  108. ^ أ ب Tamara, Kalashnikova. "Tsunami Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia". tsun.sscc.ru. Archived from the original on أكتوبر 3, 2009. Retrieved مايو 23, 2009.
  109. ^ Sieh, Kerry (أغسطس 15, 2006). "Sumatran megathrust earthquakes: from science to saving lives". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 364 (1845): 1947–1963. Bibcode:2006RSPTA.364.1947S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.6737. doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1807. PMID 16844643. S2CID 8562675.
  110. ^ أ ب George Pararas-Carayannis, The great earthquake and tsunami of 1833 off the coast of Central Sumatra in Indonesia
  111. ^ Cliff Frohlich (2006). Deep Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-82869-7.
  112. ^ "Radio Conference about the 1802 earthquake at Radio Romania International". Archived from the original on يوليو 16, 2011.
  113. ^ Papadopoulos, G.A.; Daskalaki E.; Fokaefs A.; Giraleas N. (2010). "Tsunami hazards in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the west Hellenic arc and trench system" (PDF). Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 04 (3): 145–179. doi:10.1142/S1793431110000856. Archived from the original (PDF) on مارس 4, 2016. Retrieved أغسطس 1, 2010.
  114. ^ Bilham, R. (1998). "Slip parameters for the Rann of Kachchh, India, 16 June 1819 earthquake, quantified from contemporary accounts" (PDF). In Stewart I.S. & Vita-Finzi C. (ed.). Coastal tectonics. Special Publications. Vol. 146. London: Geological Society. pp. 295–319. ISBN 978-1-86239-024-9. Retrieved أبريل 2, 2012.
  115. ^ Bollinger, L.; Tapponnier, P.; Sapkota, S. N.; Klinger, Y. (2016). "Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake?" (PDF). Earth, Planets and Space. 68: 12. Bibcode:2016EP&S...68...12B. doi:10.1186/s40623-016-0389-1. S2CID 32078899 – via Earth Observatory of Singapore.
  116. ^ Zachariasen, J.; Sieh, K.; Taylor, F.W.; Edwards, R.L.; Hantoro, W.S. (1999). "Submergence and uplift associated with the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake: Evidence from coral microatolls" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 104 (B1): 895–919. Bibcode:1999JGR...104..895Z. doi:10.1029/1998JB900050.
  117. ^ Toppozada, T. R.; Borchardt, G. (1998), "Re-evaluation of the 1836 "Hayward fault" and the 1838 San Andreas fault earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (Seismological Society of America) 88 (1): 140–159, doi:10.1785/BSSA0880010140, Bibcode1998BuSSA..88..140T, http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/88/1/140 
  118. ^ "The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel" by N. N. Ambraseys, in Annali di Geofisica, Aug. 1997, p.933,
  119. ^ Oldham, Thomas. "A Catalogue of Indian Earthquakes from the earliest time to the end of AD 1869". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. XIX.
  120. ^ "Omori, Fusakichi 1908. On the destructive earthquakes in the Shinano-Gawa Valley and those along the Japan Sea Coast" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on أغسطس 7, 2011. Retrieved مايو 23, 2009.
  121. ^ أ ب Usami, T. (1979). "Study of Historical Earthquakes in Japan" (PDF). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute. 54: 399–439. Archived from the original (PDF) on يوليو 22, 2011. Retrieved مايو 24, 2010.
  122. ^ Pankaj Agrawal; Manish Shrikhande (2006). Earthquake resistant design of structures. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 60. ISBN 978-81-203-2892-1.
  123. ^ "Research Group on The December 26, 2004 Earthquake Tsunami Disaster of Indian Ocean". Archived from the original on أبريل 12, 2010. Retrieved مايو 23, 2009.
  124. ^ "Roger Musson. 1999 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for the North Balkan Region". Archived from the original on يوليو 9, 2007.
  125. ^ Altinok, Y.; Alpar B.; Özer N.; Gazioglu C. (2005). "1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 5 (5): 717–725. Bibcode:2005NHESS...5..717A. doi:10.5194/nhess-5-717-2005. Retrieved يوليو 31, 2010.
  126. ^ "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved نوفمبر 2, 2010.
  127. ^ "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". www.ngdc.noaa.gov (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved يوليو 10, 2022.
  128. ^ National Centers for Environmental Information. "Significant earthquake". The Significant Earthquake Database.
  129. ^ Christophe, Larroque; Scotti, Oona; Ioualalen, Mansour (أغسطس 1, 2012). "Reappraisal of the 1887 Ligurian earthquake (western Mediterranean) from macroseismicity, active tectonics and tsunami modelling". Geophysical Journal International. 190 (1): 87–104. Bibcode:2012GeoJI.190...87L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05498.x. ISSN 0956-540X.
  130. ^ "Reappraisal of the 1887 Ligurian earthquake (western Mediterranean) from macroseismicity, active tectonics and tsunami modelling". ResearchGate (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved سبتمبر 11, 2021.
  131. ^ "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved أغسطس 18, 2012.
  132. ^ "Comments for the 21/9 Earthquake". Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved يونيو 27, 2015.
  133. ^ Ye L., Lay T. & Kanamoro H. (2012). "Intraplate and interplate faulting interactions during the August 31, 2012, Philippine Trench earthquake (M w 7.6) sequence". Geophysical Research Letters. L24310 (24): L24310. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..3924310Y. doi:10.1029/2012GL054164.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Earthquakes by year