لا هويا

Coordinates: 32°50′24″N 117°16′37″W / 32.84000°N 117.27694°W / 32.84000; -117.27694
(تم التحويل من La Jolla)
"La Jolla, California" redirects here.
هذا المقال هو عن the neighborhood in San Diego. إذا كنت تريد the neighborhood in Placentia، انظر La Jolla, Placentia, California. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر La Jolla (disambiguation).
La Jolla
La Jolla
ضاحية في سان دييگو
لا هويا
صورة پانورامية من سماء لا هويا.
صورة پانورامية من سماء لا هويا.
الكنية: 
المدينة الجوهرة
La Jolla is located in Northwestern San Diego
La Jolla
La Jolla
Location within western San Diego
الإحداثيات: 32°50′24″N 117°16′37″W / 32.84000°N 117.27694°W / 32.84000; -117.27694
البلدالولايات المتحدة
الولايةكاليفورنيا
المقاطعةسان دييگو
المدينةسان دييگو
التعداد
 (2004)[1]
 • الإجمالي42٬808
الرمز البريدي
92037-92039, 92092, 92093
مفتاح الهاتف858
الموقع الإلكترونيLaJollaByTheSea.com
للاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر لا هويا (توضيح)

لا هويا ( La Jolla ؛ /lə ˈhɔɪə/ la HOY-uh، Latin American Spanish: [la ˈxoʝa])، هي ضاحية ومنتجع ساحلي ثري [2][3]، يشغل 11 كم من شريط ساحلي متعرج على امتداد المحيط الهادي، شمال مدينة سان دييگو، جنوب كاليفورنيا. كانت أسعار المساكن في لا هويا من أعلى الأسعار في الولايات المتحدة في 2008 و2009؛ حيث وصل متوسط سعر المنزل العادي بأربعة غرف نوم في لا هويا إلى 1.842 مليون دولار في 2008 و2.125 مليون دولار في 2009. في عام 2004 وصل عدد سكان لا هويا إلى 92037 وكان الرمز البريدي 42,808 [1] وفي 2010 وصل عدد السكان في منطقة تخطيط ضاحية لا هويا إلى 31.726 نسمة.[1] يحيط بلا هويا من ثلاث جهات منحدرات وشواطئ[4] وتقع على بعد 19 كم شمال وسط سان دييگو، و64 كم جنوب مقاطعة أورانج، كاليفورنيا،[5][6] مناخ المدينة معتدل، وتصل متوسط درجة الحرارة يومياً إلى 21.4 درجة[7][8][9] وتضم المدينة مجموعة متنوعة من الأعمال في مجالات الإسكان، الطعام، البرمجيات، المالية، العقارات، الهندسة الحيوية، العلاج الطبي والبحث العلمي.[4][10][11]

وتقع بها جامعة كاليفورنيا، سان دييگو، معهد سالك، معهد سكريپس لعلوم البحار، والمقر الرئيسي للجامعة الوطنية (يقع الحرم الأكاديمي في مكان آخر).

التاريخ

أصل الاسم

La Jolla, 1908.

Local Native Americans, the Kumeyaay, called this location mat kulaaxuuy (أ.ص.د.: [mat kəlaːxuːj]), حرفياً 'land of holes' (mat = 'land').[12] The topographic feature that gave rise to the name "holes" is uncertain; it probably refers to sea-level caves located on the north-facing bluffs, which are visible from La Jolla Shores. It is suggested[citation needed] that the Kumeyaay name for the area was transcribed by the Spanish settlers as La Jolla. Another suggestion for the origin of the name is that it is an alternative spelling of the Spanish phrase la joya, which means 'the jewel'. Despite being disputed by scholars, this derivation of the name has been widely cited in popular culture.[13] This supposed origin gave rise to the nickname "The Jewel".[14] The name may also come from the Spanish La Hoya, meaning a geographic hollow. Different spelling conventions over the years would permit this to be written as La Jolla.[15]

التاريخ المبكر

انظر أيضاً: List of San Diego Historical Landmarks in La Jolla
"Red Roost" and "Red Rest", two bungalow cottages built in 1894 on the road above La Jolla Cove. In recent years the cottages have been covered in tarpaulins.
The side view of "Red Roost", a bungalow cottage built in 1894, one of two that still exist on the road above La Jolla Cove.

During the Mexican period of San Diego's history, La Jolla was mapped as pueblo land and contained about 60 lots. When California became a state in 1850,[16] the La Jolla area was incorporated as part of the chartered City of San Diego.[17] In 1870, Charles Dean acquired several of the pueblo lots and subdivided them into an area that became known as La Jolla Park. Dean was unable to develop the land and left San Diego in 1881. A real estate boom in the 1880s led speculators Frank T. Botsford and George W. Heald to further develop the sparsely settled area.

In the 1890s, the San Diego, Pacific Beach, and La Jolla Railway was built, connecting La Jolla to the rest of San Diego. La Jolla became known as a resort area. To attract visitors to the beach, the railway built facilities such as a bath house and a dance pavilion. Visitors were housed in small cottages and bungalows above La Jolla Cove, as well as a temporary tent city erected every summer. Two of the cottages that were built in 1894, the "Red Roost" and the "Red Rest", also known as the "Neptune and Cove Tea Room", still exist and are the oldest buildings in La Jolla that are still on their original site. The two cottages have been vacant since the 1980s, boarded up and covered in tarpaulins while their fate was debated. In November 2020 the Red Rest was largely destroyed by fire.[18]

The La Jolla Park Hotel opened in 1893. The Hotel Cabrillo was built in 1908 by "Squire" James A. Wilson and was later incorporated into the La Valencia Hotel.[19]

By 1900, La Jolla comprised 100 buildings and 350 residents. The first reading room (library) was built in 1898.[19] A volunteer fire brigade was organized in 1907; the city of San Diego established a regular fire house in 1914. Livery stable owner Nathan Rannells served successively as La Jolla's volunteer fire captain, first police officer (the only San Diego police officer north of Mission Valley), and first postmaster.[20]

La Jolla Elementary School began educating local children in 1896.[21] The Bishop's School opened in 1909. La Jolla High School was established in 1922. Between 1951 and 1963, other elementary schools (Bird Rock, Decatur, Scripps, and Torrey Pines) were established in the area to ease overcrowding.[21] The La Jolla Beach and Yacht Club (later the La Jolla Beach and Tennis Club) was built in 1927.[19]

إلن براوننگ سكريپس

La Jolla Recreational Center.

In 1896 journalist and publisher Ellen Browning Scripps settled in La Jolla, where she lived for the last 35 years of her life. She was wealthy in her own right from her investments and writing, and she inherited a large sum from her brother George H. Scripps in 1900. She devoted herself to philanthropic endeavors, particularly those benefiting her adopted home of La Jolla. She commissioned many of La Jolla's most notable buildings, usually designed by Irving Gill or his nephew and partner Louis John Gill. Many of these buildings are now on the National Register of Historic Places or are listed as historic by the city of San Diego; these include the La Jolla Woman's Club (1914), the La Jolla Recreational Center (1915), the earliest buildings of The Bishop's School, and the Old Scripps Building at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, as well as her own residence, built in 1915 and now housing the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego. Her donations also launched Scripps Memorial Hospital in 1924 (originally located on Prospect Street in La Jolla until it moved to its present site in 1964), the Scripps Metabolic Clinic (now Scripps Research), and the Children's Pool. Ellen Browning Scripps also founded Scripps College, a women's college, in 1926.[22] Scripps College is located in Claremont in Los Angeles County (not to be confused with Clairemont, a neighborhood of San Diego).

معهد سكريبس لعلم المحيطات

رصيف معهد سكريبس لعلم المحيطات.

معهد سكريبس لعلم المحيطات، هو أحد أقدم معاهدة علم المحيطات في الولايات المتحدة، وقد أسسه في 1903 وليام إمرسون ريتر، رئيس قسم علم الحيوان في جامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي، بدعم مالي من سكريبس وشقيقه E. W. Scripps. At first the institution operated out of a boathouse in Coronado. In 1905, they purchased a 170-acre (69 ha) site in La Jolla, where the Institution still stands today. The first laboratory buildings there opened in 1907. The institution became part of the University of California in 1912. Ultimately, it became the nucleus for the establishment of the University of California, San Diego.

كامب ماثيوز

From 1917 through 1964, the United States Marine Corps maintained a military base in La Jolla. The base was used for marksmanship training and was known as Camp Calvin B. Matthews. During and after World War II, the population of La Jolla grew, causing residential development to draw close to the base, so that it became less and less suitable as a firing range because of risk to the adjacent civilian population.[23] Meanwhile, the site was being eyed as a location for a proposed new campus of the University of California. In 1962, Camp Matthews was declared surplus by the Marine Corps. The base formally closed in 1964, and that same year, the first class of undergraduates enrolled in the University of California San Diego.

جامعة كاليفورنيا، سان دييجو

Local civic leaders had long toyed with the idea of a San Diego campus of the University of California, and the quest became more definite following World War II. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, under its director Roger Revelle, had become an important defense contractor, and local aerospace companies like Convair were pressing for local training for their scientists and engineers. The state legislature proposed the idea in 1955, and the Regents of the university formally approved it in 1960.[24] During the planning stage of the university's establishment, it was briefly known as the "University of California, La Jolla", but the name was changed to "University of California, San Diego" before its founding in 1960.[25] The founding chancellor was Herbert York, named in 1961, and the second chancellor was John Semple Galbraith, named in 1964. The university was designed to have a "college" system; there are now eight colleges. The first college was established in 1965 and was named Revelle College after Roger Revelle, who is regarded as the "father" of the university.[25] A medical school was established in 1968. The landmark Geisel Library with its Brutalist architecture opened in 1970. The university is the second largest employer in the city and (as of 2023) has the 8th largest research expenditure in the country.[26]

معاداة السامية

The Camp Matthews site for the university was selected with some hesitation; one of the concerns was "whether La Jollans in particular would lay aside old prejudices in order to welcome a culturally, ethnically, and religiously diverse professoriate into their midst".[24] La Jolla had a history of restrictive housing policies, often specified in deeds and ownership documents. In La Jolla Shores and La Jolla Hermosa, only people with pure European ancestry could own property; this excluded Jews, who were not considered white. Such "restrictive covenants" were once fairly common throughout the United States; the 1948 Supreme Court case Shelley v. Kraemer ruled them to be unenforceable, and Congress outlawed them twenty years later via the Fair Housing Act (Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968).[27] However, realtors and property owners in La Jolla continued to use more subtle ways of preventing or discouraging Jews from owning property there.[28] Revelle stated the issue bluntly: "You can't have a university without having Jewish professors. The Real Estate Broker's Association and their supporters in La Jolla had to make up their minds whether they wanted a university or an anti-Semitic covenant. You couldn't have both."[29] The issue was overcome; La Jolla now boasts a thriving Jewish population,[30] and there are four synagogues in La Jolla.[31]

صليب جبل سوليداد

Christian cross on Mount Soledad.
المقالة الرئيسية: Mount Soledad Cross

Mount Soledad is an 822-قدم-tall (251 m) hill on the eastern edge of La Jolla and one of the highest points in San Diego. A large Christian cross was placed at the top in 1913 as a prominent landmark. It has been replaced twice, most recently in 1954 with a 29-قدم-tall (8.8 m) cross (43 أقدام (13 m) tall including the base). Originally known as the "Mount Soledad Easter Cross", its presence on publicly owned land was challenged in the 1980s as a violation of the separation of church and state. Since then the cross has had a war memorial built around it and was renamed "Mount Soledad Veterans War Memorial".[32]

The issue has been in almost continual litigation ever since, with the city attempting to sell or give away the land under the cross. By an act of Congress, the federal government took possession of it under eminent domain in 2006. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit declared the cross unconstitutional in 2011, and the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear an appeal.[33] In December 2013, U.S. District Judge Larry Burns ordered that the cross be removed within 90 days, but stayed the order pending a forthcoming appeal by the government.[34][35]

On July 20, 2015, a group called the Mt. Soledad Memorial Association reported that it had bought the land under the cross from the Department of Defense for $1.4 million.[36] On September 7, 2016, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals issued a one-page ruling, ordering dismissal of the case and an end to all current appeals, stating that the case was now moot because the cross was no longer on government land. Both sides agreed that this decision puts a final end to the case.[37]

الفنون

La Jolla became an art colony in 1894 when Anna Held (also known as Anna Held Heinrich) established the Green Dragon Colony. This was a cluster of twelve rustic cottages that included The Green Dragon, Wahnfried, and The Ark, a boat-shaped structure with port holes and swinging bunks.[38]

The La Jolla Playhouse was founded in 1947 by Gregory Peck, Dorothy McGuire, and Mel Ferrer.[39] It became inactive in 1959, but was revived in 1983 on the University of California campus under the leadership of Des McAnuff.[40] It now incorporates three theaters: the Mandell Weiss Theatre (1983), the Mandell Weiss Forum (1991) and the Potiker Theater (2005).

The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego was founded in 1941 in La Jolla, in the former home of Ellen Browning Scripps (designed by Irving J. Gill). The museum has undergone several renovations and expansions, and is working on plans to triple its size.[41][42]

The La Jolla Music Society was founded in 1941 as the Musical Arts Society of La Jolla by Nikolai Sokoloff, former conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra. It presented the premieres of commissioned works in the auditorium of La Jolla High School before presenting their concerts in the Sherwood Auditorium of the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego. Since April 2019, the Conrad Prebys Performing Arts Center is the permanent home of La Jolla Music Society and hosts world-class performances presented by LJMS as well as other San Diego arts presenters. Additionally, The Conrad will see a wide range of conferences, corporate meetings, and private events.

الجغرافيا

View looking north from above the Children's Pool.
View from Horseshoe.
Wipeout Beach.
View from Coast Boulevard in between The Cave Store and Children's Pool.

الحدود

The neighborhoods's border starts at Pacific Beach to the south and extends along the Pacific Ocean shoreline north to include Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve ending at Del Mar. La Jolla encompasses the neighborhoods of Bird Rock, Windansea Beach, the commercial center known as the Village of La Jolla, Muirlands, La Jolla Shores, La Jolla Farms, Torrey Pines, Mount Soledad and others.[43]

The City of San Diego defines the neighborhood's eastern boundary as Gilman Drive and the Interstate 5 freeway and the northern boundary as UCSD.[44][45]

The United States Postal Service defines a somewhat larger area, assigning the neighborhood the 92037 ZIP Code, recognizing it as a historically and geographically distinct area. Because it has its own ZIP code, addresses can read La Jolla, CA. It is the only neighborhood within the City of San Diego so recognized. Additionally, it is in the 919xx/920xx sequence used for suburban and rural ZIP Codes in San Diego County, rather than the 921xx sequence used for the remainder of the City of San Diego. These conditions sometimes lead to the erroneous impression that La Jolla is a separate city, rather than a part of San Diego.[citation needed] The 92037 ZIP code extends the northeasterly boundary to Genesee Avenue and the northerly boundary to Del Mar, California. The UCSD campus, also part of La Jolla, has ZIP Codes 92092 and 92093.

Despite the city and postal service definitions, La Jolla does not have universally accepted boundaries.[مطلوب توضيح] In the 1980s, the trustees of Scripps Hospital voted to move the campus from downtown La Jolla to University City, east of Interstate 5 and not within the traditional boundaries of La Jolla. The governing documents of the hospital required it to be located in La Jolla, however. A court ruled that "La Jolla" exists as a "state of mind" and thus allowed the relocation of the hospital.[46] Several businesses and housing developments located in the University City neighborhood of San Diego use "La Jolla" in their names.[citation needed]

الحياة البرية

La Jolla's offshore waters are home to diverse marine wildlife. Marine mammals, such as migratory gray, humpback and blue whales—harbor porpoises, dolphins (including, common dolphins, as well as rough-toothed, bottlenose, Pacific white-sided and Risso's dolphins) and orcas, can be found in the area. California sea lions and harbor seals are often seen hauled-out on the rocks, and their presence can lure bigger, predatory sharks.[47][48]

Southern California also has many species of fish (such as garibaldi, sculpin), including sharks, such as clam-eating dogfish and leopard sharks[49] and the great white shark. During the winter, great white sharks breed, hunting seals around the kelp forest, and sometimes coming closer to shore.[50] For these reasons, piers, caves and buoys are areas that surfers avoid, as sharks in these locations can ambush pinnipeds diving back into the water.[51] However, most encounters with great white sharks are uneventful.[52]

Many of the marine animals live within and/or depend on the extensive offshore kelp forest, where scuba divers often explore.[53] The kelp forests are also home to a number of invertebrate species, including sea urchins, abalone, sea stars and limpets to king crab and giant octopus. Green sea turtles and many migratory and resident sea and shorebirds,[54] are also native to the area.

الجيولوجيا

La Jolla is an area of mixed geology, including sandy beaches and rocky shorelines. The area is occasionally susceptible to flooding and ocean storms, as occurred in January and December 2010.[55]

Mount Soledad, an 823-قدم (251 m) mountain,[56] lies between Interstate 5 to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is mostly within the community of La Jolla where the northern and eastern slopes form a sharp escarpment along the Rose Canyon Fault. The community of Pacific Beach is on the southern slope. There are many narrow roads and hundreds of homes overlooking the ocean on its slopes. It is the home of the Mount Soledad Cross, built in 1954, later designated a Korean War Memorial, that became the center of a controversy over the display of religious symbols on government property.[citation needed]

The La Jolla ocean front has an alternating rugged and sandy coastline that serves as a habitat for many wild seal congregations. There are many beaches accessible from the cliffs all throughout the coast of La Jolla.[57]

المناخ

بيانات المناخ لـ لا هويا، سان دييجو
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °ف (°س) 89
(32) 		91
(33) 		93
(34) 		99
(37) 		101
(38) 		103
(39) 		108
(42) 		104
(40) 		111
(44) 		107
(42) 		100
(38) 		88
(31) 		111
(44)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °ف (°س) 66
(19) 		67
(19) 		68
(20) 		69
(21) 		70
(21) 		73
(23) 		77
(25) 		79
(26) 		78
(26) 		75
(24) 		71
(22) 		67
(19) 		72
(22)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °ف (°س) 47
(8) 		49
(9) 		51
(11) 		54
(12) 		58
(14) 		61
(16) 		64
(18) 		66
(19) 		64
(18) 		59
(15) 		51
(11) 		47
(8) 		56
(13)
الصغرى القياسية °ف (°س) 29
(−2) 		36
(2) 		38
(3) 		40
(4) 		45
(7) 		50
(10) 		55
(13) 		57
(14) 		51
(11) 		43
(6) 		36
(2) 		34
(1) 		29
(−2)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار inches (mm) 2.73
(69) 		2.44
(62) 		2.66
(68) 		0.93
(24) 		0.28
(7.1) 		0.09
(2.3) 		0.03
(0.76) 		0.10
(2.5) 		0.27
(6.9) 		0.48
(12) 		1.23
(31) 		1.53
(39) 		12.77
(324)
Source: [58]

الديموغرافيا

According to United States Census Bureau figures, the ethnic/racial makeup of La Jolla is 82.5% White, 0.8% Black, 0.2% American Indian, 11.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.0% any other race, and 3.1% two or more races. Latinos, who may be of any race, form 7.2% of La Jolla's population. There is also a sizable Persian population in La Jolla.[59]

La Jolla had the highest home prices in the nation in 2008[60] and 2009,[61] according to a survey by Coldwell Banker. The survey compares the cost of a standardized four-bedroom home in communities across the country. The average price for such a home in La Jolla was reported as US$1.842 million in 2008 and US$2.125 million in 2009.

View of La Jolla
View of La Jolla

الأحياء


أفق القرية، منطقة وسط مدينة لا هويا.


الجماعات المجتمعية

أماكن الجذب والأنشطة

متحف الفن المقارن في لاهويا


المعالم الرئيسية

التعليم

UCSD's distinctive Geisel Library, named for Theodor Seuss Geisel ("Dr. Seuss") and featured in UCSD's logo.

التعليم العالي

مدارس أخرى

المؤسسات الدينية

الأعمال والاعلام

مشاهير المدينة

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة أشخاص من لا هويا

لا هويا موطن لمشاهير الشخضيات، منها علماء بارزين، رجال أعمال، فنانين، كتاب ومؤديين.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت "Population and Housing Estimates, Zip Code 92037" (PDF). 2004 Estimates. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2006-10-15. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "population" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  2. ^ KOLO-TV, October 3, 2007
  3. ^ Los Angeles Times, March 15, 1988
  4. ^ أ ب "SanDiego.org". SanDiego.org. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  5. ^ US. "Mapquest". Mapquest. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  6. ^ "San Diego City". Sandiego.gov. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  7. ^ "SanDiego.org". SanDiego.org. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  8. ^ "Weather.com". Weather.com. 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  9. ^ "City-Data.com". City-Data.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  10. ^ "DiscoverSD". DiscoverSD. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  11. ^ "La Jolla, CA Official Website". Lajollabythesea.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  12. ^ Langdon 1970.
  13. ^ "History of La Jolla". La Jolla Playhouse, via Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  14. ^ Ray, Nancy (August 31, 1985). "One of La Jolla's Best-Kept Secrets Is Fun Ride". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  15. ^ Gudde, Erwin Gustav (February 12, 1960). "California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names". University of California Press. Retrieved February 12, 2022 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ "An Act for the Admission of the State of California into the Union" (PDF). The Library of Congress. The Government of the United States. September 9, 1850. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  17. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة SanGovWebsite
  18. ^ Kucher, Karen (November 8, 2020). "Future uncertain for cottages". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  19. ^ أ ب ت Hollins, Jeremy. "Village Memories: A Photo Essay on La Jolla's Past" (PDF). Journal of San Diego History: 295–305.
  20. ^ Rannells, Nathan L. (October 1958). "La Jolla No. 1". Journal of San Diego History. 4 (4).
  21. ^ أ ب "About La Jolla Elementary". San Diego Unified School District. Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
  22. ^ "About Scripps College - History". Scrippscollege.edu.
  23. ^ Denger, Mark J. "A Brief History of the U.S. Marine Corps in San Diego". The California State Military Museum. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
  24. ^ أ ب Shragge, Abraham J. (Fall 2001). "Growing Up Together: The University of California's One Hundred-Year Partnership with the San Diego Region". Journal of San Diego History. 47 (4).
  25. ^ أ ب "Timeline". University of California San Diego. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  26. ^ Nietzel, Michael T. "The Top 25 Universities For R&D Spending; Johns Hopkins #1 Again". Forbes (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2025-09-08.
  27. ^ "Title VIII: Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity". U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  28. ^ For example, when the world-famous mathematician and philosopher Jacob Bronowski came to the Salk Institute in 1963, he wanted to build a home on La Jolla Farms Road for his family. For his required character references, his family produced letters from members of Parliament, in Garson, Sue (2003). "The End of Covenant". The San Diego Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  29. ^ Carless, Will (April 7, 2005). "A specter from our past: Longtime residents will always remember the stain left on the Jewel by an era of housing discrimination". LaJollaLight.com. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  30. ^ Stratthaus, Mary Ellen (1996). "Flaw in the Jewel: Housing Discrimination Against Jews in La Jolla, California". American Jewish Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  31. ^ "Synagogues in La Jolla". Google Maps. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  32. ^ "Appeals court says cross on federal land is unconstitutional". CNN. January 5, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  33. ^ "Supreme Court won't hear Mt. Soledad cross case". San Diego Union Tribune. June 25, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  34. ^ Wolski, Kristi (December 12, 2013). "Federal judge says Mt. Soledad cross must come down". Fox 5 San Diego. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  35. ^ Davis, Kristina (December 12, 2013). "Judge: Mt. Soledad cross must come down". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  36. ^ "Mt. Soledad cross to stand as veterans group buys land from Defense Department". The Washington Times.
  37. ^ Moran, Greg (September 8, 2016). "Soledad cross case concludes, leaving memorial in place". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved September 9, 2016.[dead link]
  38. ^ "Her Hobby Is the Building of Cottages". San Diego Union. July 30, 1903.
  39. ^ "Playhouse Highlights". La Jolla Playhouse. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  40. ^ Paterra, Sidney. "From La Jolla Playhouse to Broadway - A Brief History". BroadwayWorld.com (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2024-03-24. Retrieved 2025-12-17.
  41. ^ Ng, David (March 17, 2014). "Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego picks architect for expansion". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  42. ^ Sherman, Pat (July 28, 2015). "La Jolla's permit reviewers approve museum expansion". La Jolla Light. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  43. ^ "map of La Jolla neighborhoods". Ruthmillsteam.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2006. Retrieved June 30, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  44. ^ "San Diego City Department". Sandiego.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  45. ^ "Northern Neighborhood | Neighborhood Maps". Sandiego.gov. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  46. ^ Morgan, Neil. "The Building Block of Philanthropy". San Diego Magazine. May 2005. p.116.
  47. ^ "WATCH: 14-foot Great White shark circles fishing boat off La Jolla coast" (in الإنجليزية). ABC10 News. July 21, 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  48. ^ White, Brian (December 20, 2022). "Are sea lions in La Jolla attracting more sharks to the area?". cbs8.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  49. ^ California, Everyday. "How to Swim With Sharks in La Jolla". Everyday California (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  50. ^ Hernandez, David (2 October 2020). "Juvenile white sharks seen off Torrey Pines State Beach". La Jolla Light. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  51. ^ "Shark sightings prompt public warnings near Scripps Pier". La Jolla Light. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  52. ^ "Great White Sharks Seem to Be Around Humans All the Time: Plus a Ground Breaking Study Using Drones". The Malibu Artist, YouTube. 23 August 2023.
  53. ^ fotex (2020-02-05). "La Jolla Kelp Forest Dive - San Diego Scuba Guide -". San Diego Scuba Guide (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  54. ^ Colla, Phil. "La Jolla Birds – Natural History Photography Blog". oceanlight.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  55. ^ Schwab, Dave (January 20, 2010). "Flooding closes gym on La Jolla's Pearl Street". La Jolla Light. Archived from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  56. ^ "Soledad". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey.
  57. ^ Light, Elisabeth Frausto Elisabeth Frausto is a reporter for the La Jolla (2022-04-01). "Troubled trail? Tour groups on La Jolla trail to Black's Beach draw concerns". La Jolla Light (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  58. ^ "Zipcode 92037". Plantmaps.com. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  59. ^ "Iranians settle on Girard Avenue to show carpets | San Diego Reader". Sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  60. ^ "Business Week, September 9, 2008". Businessweek.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008.
  61. ^ Showley, Roger. "La Jolla called most expensive housing market in U.S. again". Signsonsandiego.com.

قراءات إضافية

  • Langdon, Margaret (1970). A grammar of Diegueno: the Mesa Grande dialect. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Schaelchlin, Patricia (1988). La Jolla: The Story of a Community 1897-1987. La Jolla: Friends of the La Jolla Library.

وصلات خارجية

32°50′24″N 117°16′37″W / 32.84000°N 117.27694°W / 32.84000; -117.27694

This article contains content from Wikimedia licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Please comply with the license terms.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=لا_هويا&oldid=4223493"