المعرفة

جاك لو

(تم التحويل من Jack Lew)

جاكوب جوزيف لو أو جاك لو Jacob Joseph Lew (وُلد 29 أغسطس 1955) محامٍ ودبلوماسي وسياسي أمريكي يشغل منصب سفير الولايات المتحدة لدى إسرائيل. شغل منصب وزير الخزانة السادس والسبعون بين عامي 2013 و2017، وشغل منصب كبير موظفي البيت الأبيض الخامس والعشرون، من 2012 إلى 2013، وعمل مديرًا لـمكتب الإدارة والميزانية خلال إدارتي بيل كلينتون وباراك أوباما. ينتمي جاك لو للحزب الديمقراطي

جاك لو
Jack Lew
Jacob J. Lew, U.S. Ambassador.jpg
صورة رسمية، 2023
سفير الولايات المتحدة لدى إسرائيل
تولى المنصب
5 نوفمبر 2023
الرئيسجو بايدن
سبقهستيفاني هاليت (مؤقتة)
وزير خزانة الولايات المتحدة السادس والسبعين
في المنصب
28 فبراير 2013 – 20 يناير 2017
الرئيسباراك أوباما
النائبنيل وولين
ماري جاي ميلر
سارة بلوم راسكين
سبقهتيموثي غايتنر
خلـَفهستيفن منوشين
كبير موظفي البيت الأبيض الخامس والعشرين
في المنصب
27 يناير 2012 – 20 يناير 2013
الرئيسباراك أوباما
سبقهوليام دالي
خلـَفهدينيس ماكدونو
المدير الثاني والثلاثون والثامن والثلاثون لـ
مكتب الادارة والميزانية
في المنصب
18 نوفمبر 2010 – 27 يناير 2012
الرئيسباراك أوباما
سبقهبيتر أورزاغ
خلـَفهسيلفيا ماري ماثيوز بورويل
في المنصب
21 مايو 1998 – 19 يناير 2001
الرئيسبيل كلينتون
سبقهفرانكلين رينز
خلـَفهميتش دانييلز
نائب وزير الخارجية الأمريكي للإدارة والموارد
في المنصب
28 يناير 2009 – 18 نوفمبر 2010
الرئيسباراك أوباما
سبقهانشء المنصب
خلـَفهتوماس آر نايدز
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
جاكوب جوزيف لو

29 أغسطس 1955 (العمر 68 سنة)
مدينة نيويرك، ولاية نيويروك، الولايات المتحدة.
الحزبتاديموقراطي
الزوجروث شوارتز
الأنجال2
التعليمجامعة هارفرد (بكلوريوس)
جامعة جورجتاون (دكتوراه)
التوقيع
Lew testifies on the FY2015 federal budget before the House Ways and Means Committee
Recorded March 6, 2014

ولد جاك لو في مدينة نيويورك، وتلقى تعليمه في جامعة هارفارد وجامعة جورج تاون. بدأ حياته المهنية القانونية بصفته مساعداً تشريعياً للنائب جو موكلي، وكمستشار سياسي رئيس مجلس النواب توماس بي أونيل. بعد ذلك عمل لو كمحامي في مكتب خاص قبل أن ينضم إلى مكتب الإدارة والميزانية في بوسطن كنائب. وفي 1993، بدأ العمل في إدارة كلينتون بصفته "مساعدًا خاصًا للرئيس". في عام 1994، شغل لو منصب المدير المساعد للشؤون التشريعية ونائب مدير مكتب الإدارة والميزانية، ثم شغل منصب مدير الوكالة من 1998 إلى 2001. بعدها أصبح لو نائب الرئيس التنفيذي للعمليات في جامعة نيويورك، من 2001 إلى 2006، ثم شغل منصب المدير التنفيذي للعمليات في سيتي جروب، بين عامي 2006 و2008. وفي إدارة أوباما، شغل ليو منصب أول نائب وزير الخارجية للإدارة والموارد من 2009 إلى 2010، قبل أن يعود إلى منصبه السابق كمدير مكتب الإدارة والميزانية من 2010 إلى 2012. ثم شغل منصب رئيس الأركان خلال الفترة المتبقية من ولاية الأولى للرئيس باراك أوباما بين عامي 2012 و2013.

في 10 يناير 2013، وخلال ولاية أوباما الثانية، جرى ترشيح لو ليحل محل وزير الخزانة المتقاعد تيموثي غيثنر،[1]وصادق مجلس الشيوخ على تعيينه في 27 فبراير 2013، وأدى اليمين في اليوم التالي، واستمر بالمنصب حتى انتهاء ولاية إدارة أوباما. ومنذ عام 2017، عمل كشريك إداري في شركة Lindsay Goldberg،[2] وهي شركة أسهم خاصة مقرها الرئيسي في مدينة نيويورك. وكما أنه يعمل حاليًا كأستاذ زائر في كلية الشؤون الدولية والعامة في جامعة كولومبيا.[3] في 5 سبتمبر 2023، أعلن الرئيس جو بايدن عن نيته ترشيح جاك لو ليشغل منصب سفير الولايات المتحدة لدى إسرائيل.[4] وصادق مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي على تعيينه في 31 أكتوبر 2023.

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الحياة المبكرة والتعليم

Lew was born in New York City, the son of Ruth (née Turoff) and Irving Lew.[5][6] His family is Jewish.[7] He attended New York City public schools, graduating from Forest Hills High School.[8] His father was a lawyer and rare book dealer who came to the United States from Poland as a child.[9] Lew attended Carleton College in Minnesota for a year, where his faculty adviser was Paul Wellstone, who eventually represented Minnesota in the U.S. Senate.[10] He graduated from Harvard College in 1978 and the Georgetown University Law Center in 1983.[11]

He worked as an aide to Rep. Joe Moakley (D-Mass.) from 1974 to 1975.[12] In 1979, he was a senior policy adviser to House Speaker Tip O'Neill.[13] Under O'Neill he served at the House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee as Assistant Director and then Executive Director, and was responsible for work on domestic and economic issues including Social Security, Medicare, budget, tax, trade, appropriations, and energy issues.[14]

Lew practiced as an attorney for five years as a partner at Van Ness Feldman and Curtis.[15] His practice dealt primarily with electric power generation. He has also worked as Executive Director of the Center for Middle East Research, Issues Director for the Democratic National Committee's Campaign 88, and Deputy Director of the Office of Program Analysis in the city of Boston's Office of Management and Budget.[16][17]


إدارة كلينتون

From February 1993 to 1994, Lew served as Special Assistant to the President under Bill Clinton.[18] Lew was responsible for policy development and the drafting of the national service initiative (AmeriCorps) and health care reform legislation.[19]

Lew left the White House in October 1994 to work as OMB's Executive Associate Director and Associate Director for Legislative Affairs.[20] From August 1995 until July 1998, Lew served as Deputy Director of OMB.[21] There, Lew was chief operating officer responsible for day-to-day management of a staff of 500. He had crosscutting responsibilities to coordinate Clinton administration efforts on budget and appropriations matters. He frequently served as a member of the Administration negotiating team, including regarding the Balanced Budget Act of 1997.

President Clinton nominated Lew to be Director of the OMB,[22] and his nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 31, 1998.[23] He served in that capacity until the end of the Clinton administration in January 2001. As OMB Director, Lew had the lead responsibility for the Clinton Administration's policies on budget, management, and appropriations issues. As a member of the Cabinet and senior member of the economic team, he advised the President on a broad range of domestic and international policies. He represented the Administration in budget negotiations with Congress and served as a member of the National Security Council.

الفترة بين إدارة كلينتون وإدارة أوباما

After leaving public office in the Clinton administration, Lew served as the Executive Vice President for Operations at New York University and was a Clinical Professor of Public Administration at NYU's Wagner School of Public Service.[24] While at NYU, Lew aided the university in ending graduate students' collective bargaining rights. The Obama administration has maintained that Lew supports workers' union rights.[25] According to a 2004 report in NYU's student newspaper, the Washington Square News, Lew was paid $840,339 during the 2002–2003 academic year.[26] In addition, the university forgave several hundred thousand dollars in mortgage loans it made to Lew.[27] In 2004, President George W. Bush appointed Lew as a member of the Board of Directors of the Corporation for National and Community Service, a position he held until 2008.[28]

In June 2006, Lew was named chief operating officer of Citigroup's Alternative Investments unit, a proprietary trading group. The unit he oversaw invested in a hedge fund "that bet on the housing market to collapse."[29] During his work at Citigroup, Lew had invested heavily in funds in Ugland House while he worked as an investment banker at Citigroup during the 2008 financial meltdown.[30] Lew also had oversight of Citigroup subsidiaries in countries including, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, and Hong Kong; and during his time at Citigroup, Citigroup subsidiaries in the Cayman Islands increased to 113.[31][32]

Lew co-chaired the Advisory Board for City Year New York.[33] He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Brookings Institution Hamilton Project Advisory Board, and the National Academy of Social Insurance.[34] Lew is also a member of the bar in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.[35]

إدارة أوباما

نائب لوزير الخارجية

 
Lew with former Chair of the Joint Chiefs Admiral Mike Mullen at the Combined Press Information Center in Baghdad, July 27, 2010.

As Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources, Lew was the State Department's chief operating officer and was primarily responsible for resource issues, while James Steinberg, who also served as Deputy Secretary of State during that period was responsible for policy.[36][37] Lew was co-leader of the State Department's Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review.[38]

مدير الميزانية

On July 13, 2010, the White House announced that Lew had been chosen to replace Peter Orszag as director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), subject to Senate confirmation.[39] During confirmation hearings in the Senate, in response to questioning by Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT), Lew said that he did not believe deregulation was a "proximate cause" of the financial crisis of 2007–2008: Lew told the panel that "the problems in the financial industry preceded deregulation," and after discussing those issues, added that he didn't "personally know the extent to which deregulation drove it, but I don't believe that deregulation was the proximate cause."[40][41]

On November 18, 2010, Lew was confirmed by the Senate by unanimous consent.

The $3.7 trillion 2011 budget President Obama unveiled the administration estimated reductions to federal spending deficits by $1.1 trillion over the next decade if adopted and economic assumptions were fully achieved. Two-thirds of that estimated reduction would come from spending cuts through a five-year freeze in discretionary spending first announced in Obama's 2011 State of the Union address, as well as savings to mandatory programs such as Medicare and lower interest payments on the debt that would result from the lower spending. Tax increases are responsible for the other third of the reduction, including a cap on itemized reductions for wealthier taxpayers and the elimination of tax breaks for oil and gas companies.[42] Economist and former financial fraud investigator William K. Black warned that the OMB budget statement prepared under Lew's direction was "an ode to austerity," and that austerity would force the U.S. economy back into recession.[43]

 
Lew meeting with President Barack Obama and the Legislative Affairs Director Rob Nabors

In an op-ed in the Huffington Post, Lew cited top Administration priorities to achieve deficit reduction; including: $400 billion in savings from non-security discretionary spending freezes, $78 billion in cuts to the Department of Defense, returning to the Clinton-era tax rates for the top 2% of income earners, and lowering the corporate tax from 35% to 25%.[44]

كبير موظفي البيت الأبيض

On January 9, 2012, President Obama announced that Lew would replace William M. Daley as White House Chief of Staff.[45] Lew's nomination was followed with criticism[46][47][48][49] after renewed reports that he received over $900,000 in bonuses while working at Citigroup, which had been rescued with $45 billion from the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) after losing $27.7 billion, or 90% of its value.[50][51]

During his tenure as chief of staff, Lew was seen as a supporter and top negotiator for a "grand bargain" deal between President Obama and House Speaker John Boehner, to avoid "fiscal cliff" sequester cuts and tax increases.[14]

وزير الخزانة

 
Lew's signature
 
Lew's currency signature

On January 10, 2013, President Obama nominated Lew for the position of Secretary of the Treasury.[1] The nomination became the subject of some humorous commentary, due to Lew's unusual loopy signature, which would have appeared on all newly issued U.S. paper currency for the duration of his tenure;[52] the signature generated enough media attention that Obama joked at a press conference that he had considered rescinding his nomination when he learned of it.[53] Lew later adopted a more conventional signature for currency.[54] The Senate Finance Committee held confirmation hearings for Lew on February 13, 2013.[55] During his confirmation hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Finance, Republican Senator Chuck Grassley expressed concern that Lew did not know what Ugland House was, though he had invested in it.[56] Lew had invested heavily in funds in Ugland House, while he worked as an investment banker at Citigroup during the 2008 financial meltdown.[57] Lew had taken advantage of current tax law, and his financial allocation in the venture resulted in Lew taking roughly a 2.8% loss, a $1,582 decrease in his investment principal.[58] The committee approved his nomination by a 19–5 vote on February 26, 2013, sending his nomination to the full Senate.[59]

 
Lew is sworn as Secretary of the Treasury by Vice President Joe Biden in the Oval Office of the White House, February 28, 2013.

On February 27, 2013, the full Senate voted and approved Lew for Secretary of the Treasury by a 71–26 vote.[60] He was sworn into office on February 28, 2013.[61]

In December 2013, Lew said that the government might run out of cash to pay the country's bills by late February or early March 2014. That set up yet another showdown in Congress over raising or suspending the debt limit, a statutory limit on the total amount of United States borrowing, early in the year. "The creditworthiness of the United States is an essential underpinning of our strength as a nation; it is not a bargaining chip to be used for partisan political ends," Mr. Lew said in the letter. "Increasing the debt limit does not authorize new spending commitments. It simply allows the government to pay for expenditures Congress has already approved."[62]

In May 2014, Lew received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Georgetown University, and spoke at the first commencement ceremony of the McCourt School of Public Policy.[63]

In 2016, a fictionalized version of Lew appeared in the 2016 episodes "eps2.0_unm4sk-pt2.tc" and "eps2.9_pyth0n-pt1.p7z" in Season 2 of the series Mr. Robot.[64][65]


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إدارة بايدن

سفير في إسرائيل

On September 5, 2023, President Biden nominated Jack Lew as the U.S. Ambassador to Israel. A hearing on his nomination took place before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on October 18, 2023. Lew's confirmation coincided with Congress responding to the October 7 attacks by Hamas on Israel and the ensuing war in Gaza. Although Biden had nominated Mr. Lew before the war began, the urgency surrounding his confirmation heightened as hostilities between Israel and Gaza intensified. While Republicans recognized the necessity of a Senate-confirmed ambassador, they opposed Lew, expressing concerns about his role in the multinational nuclear pact with Iran during the Obama years. They argued that this made him an unreliable interlocutor with Israel and questioned him about the deal during his confirmation hearing.[66][67]

On October 25, 2023, the committee advanced his nomination by a 12–9 vote, with Senator Rand Paul, Republican of Kentucky, joining all of the Democrats to advance his nomination to the full Senate.[68] On October 31, 2023, the United States Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 53–44 vote.[69] Later that day, Lew's nomination was confirmed by a 53–43 vote, with Republican Senators Rand Paul and Lindsey Graham voting to confirm his nomination.[70][71] Lew presented his credentials to President Isaac Herzog on November 5, 2023.[72]

الحياة الشخصية

Lew married his high school sweetheart, Ruth Schwartz.[73] As Chief of Staff, Lew commuted to Washington from the couple's home in the Riverdale neighborhood of the Bronx, New York City.[73][74] They have two grown children,[73] one of whom is Shoshana Lew, head of the Colorado Department of Transportation.[75]

Lew is an Orthodox Jew who observes the Jewish Shabbat[76][77] and has attended Beth Sholom Congregation in Potomac, Maryland; TheSHUL of the Nation's Capital[78] and Kesher Israel Congregation in Washington, D.C.;[79] and the Hebrew Institute of Riverdale in the Bronx, New York.[80] Interviewed in a 2010 article, Lew's former boss on the National Security Council, Sandy Berger, commented that "Lew's faith never got in the way of performing his duties."[76] A 2011 press release from the Religion News Service noted that Lew also "has extensive connections in the American Jewish community," and that he might be able to help President Obama "build a more friendly rapport" with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[81]

المصادر

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وصلات خارجية

مناصب سياسية
سبقه
Franklin Raines 		Director of the Office of Management and Budget
1998–2001 		تبعه
Mitch Daniels
منصب حديث Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources
2009–2010 		تبعه
Tom Nides
سبقه
Jeff Zients
Acting 		Director of the Office of Management and Budget
2010–2012 		تبعه
Jeff Zients
Acting
سبقه
William Daley 		White House Chief of Staff
2012–2013 		تبعه
Denis McDonough
سبقه
Timothy Geithner 		United States Secretary of the Treasury
2013–2017 		تبعه
Steven Mnuchin
ترتيب الأولوية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
سبقه
Mike Pence
بصفته Former Vice President 		Order of precedence of the United States
Within Israel 		تبعه
Antony Blinken
بصفته US Secretary of State
سبقه
Chuck Hagel
بصفته Former US Cabinet Member 		Order of precedence of the United States
Outside Israel 		تبعه
Sally Jewell
بصفته Former US Cabinet Member
مناصب دبلوماسية
سبقه
Stephanie Hallett
Chargé d'Affaires 		United States Ambassador to Israel
2023–present 		الحالي
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