مقدونيا (مملكة قديمة)

<img alt="Macedonian boy BM 1906.10-19.1.jpg" src="/w/images/thumb/1/18/Macedonian_boy_BM_1906.10-19.1.jpg/100px-Macedonian_boy_BM_1906.10-19.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="222" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="2610">	<img alt="Terrakota Statue eines Makedoniers 3 Jhdt v Chr.jpg" src="/w/images/thumb/6/62/Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg/100px-Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="231" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="2848">
	Terracotta statues depicting ancient Macedonians wearing the kausia, a headgear that led the Persians to refer to the Macedonians as "Yaunã Takabara" ("Greeks with hats that look like shields"). Left, Athenian terracotta figurine, c. 300 BC. Right, Macedonian terracotta figurine, 3rd century BC

Macedonia

Μακεδονίαcode: grc is deprecated
Macedonia; Μακεδονία
808–168 BC; 150–148 BC;
	Vergina Sun
	The Kingdom of Macedonia in 336 BC (orange)
العاصمة	Aigai (Vergina); (808–399 BC); Pella; (399–168 BC);
اللغات الشائعة	Ancient Macedonian, Attic Greek, Koine Greek
الدين	Greek polytheism, Hellenistic religion
الحكومة	Monarchy
King
• 808–778 BC	Caranus (first)
• 179–168 BC	Perseus (last)
التشريع	Synedrion
الحقبة التاريخية	Classical Antiquity
• Founded by Caranus	808 BC
• Vassal of Persia	512/511–493 BC
• Incorporated into the Persian Empire	492–479 BC
• Rise of Macedon	359–336 BC
• Founding of the Hellenic League	338–337 BC
• Conquest of Persia	335–323 BC
• Partition of Babylon	323 BC
• Battle of Pydna	168 BC
Area
323 BC	5,200,000 km2 (2,000,000 sq mi)
Currency	Tetradrachm
سبقها	تلاها
	Greek Dark Ages
	Achaemenid Macedonia
	League of Corinth
	Achaemenid Empire
	Pauravas
Kingdom of Pergamon
Seleucid Empire
Ptolemaic Kingdom
Macedonia province

مقدون بالإنجليزية: Macedon or Macedonia باليونانية: Μακεδονία Makedonía ، هي مملكة قديمة شملت معم الجزء الشمالي من بلاد اليونان القديمة. يحدها من الغرب مملكة إيبرس وإقليم تراقيا من الشرق. أصبحت مقدون في فترة وجيزة أقوى دولة في الشرق الأدنى القديم وخاصة بعد أن غزاها الإسكندر الأكبر.

خريطة توضح مملكة مقدون القديمة

فيليب الثاني ملك مقدون

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التاريخ

الامبراطورية

Left, Bust of Alexander the Great by the Athenian sculptor Leochares, 330 BC, Acropolis Museum, Athens. Right, Bust of Alexander the Great, a Roman copy of the Imperial Era (1st or 2nd century AD) after an original bronze sculpture made by the Greek sculptor Lysippos, Louvre, Paris.

امبراطورية الإسكندر ومساره

ممالك الديادوخي ح. 301 ق.م.، بعد معركة إپسوس

Kingdom of Ptolemy I Soter

Kingdom of Cassander

Kingdom of Lysimachus

Kingdom of Seleucus I Nicator

إپيروس

Other

Carthage

Roman Republic

Greek States

A golden stater of Philip III Arrhidaeus (ح. 323–317 BC) bearing images of Athena (left) and Nike (right)

العصر الهليني

The portrait busts of Pyrrhus of Epirus (top left), Demetrius I of Macedon (top right), Seleucus I Nicator (bottom left), and Lysimachus (bottom right), Roman-era copies of Hellenistic Greek originals from the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, Naples National Archaeological Museum

Paintings of Hellenistic-era military arms and armor from a tomb in ancient Mieza (modern-day Lefkadia), Imathia, Central Macedonia, Greece, 2nd century BC

النزاع مع روما

[[File:Macedonia and the Aegean World c.200.png|thumb|400px|The Kingdom of Macedonia (orange) under Philip V

[[File:Philip V. 221-179 BCE.jpg|thumb|300px|left|A tetradrachm of Philip V of Macedon (ح. 221–179 BC), with the king's portrait on the obverse and Athena Alkidemos brandishing a thunderbolt on the reverse]]

Bronze bust of Eumenes II of Pergamon, a Roman copy of a Hellenistic Greek original, from the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum

المؤسسات

الرسل الملكيون

Left, the god Dionysos riding a cheetah, mosaic floor in the "House of Dionysos" at Pella, Greece, c. 330–300 BC. Right, a framentary votive relief depicting a youth ladling wine from a krater next to a round table with vases, from the agora of Pella, end of 4th century BC, Archaeological Museum of Pella.

Companions, friends, councils, and assemblies

Left, an atrium with a pebble-mosaic paving, in Pella, Greece. Right, a fragmentary inscription bearing the names of six city archons (politarchs), 2nd century BC, Archaeological Museum of Pella.

Left, a tetradrachm of Perseus of Macedon (ح. 179–168 BC), British Museum. Right, The Triumph of Aemilius Paulus (detail) by Carle Vernet, 1789.

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Military

Left, a Macedonian infantryman, possibly a hypaspist, equipped with a hoplon shield and wearing a linothorax cuirass and Thracian helmet; bas relief from the Alexander Sarcophagus, 4th century BC. Right, an ancient Macedonian bronze shield excavated from the archaeological site at Bonče in North Macedonia, dated 4th century BC.

Early Macedonian army

Ethnic identity

التكنولوجيا والهندسة

العمارة

The facade of the Macedonian Tomb of the Palmettes in Mieza, Macedonia, Greece, 3rd century BC; decorated by colored Doric and Ionic moldings, the pediment is also painted with a scene of a man and woman reclining together.^[7]

Left, fragments of ancient Macedonian painted roof tiles (raking, simas, pan-tiles), Archaeological Museum of Pella, Greece. Right, the Ionic capital of a pilaster from the palace at Pella, Archaeological Museum of Pella.

التكنولوجيا والهندسة العسكرية

العملة والمالية والموارد

Tetradrachms (above) and drachms (below) issued during the reign of Alexander the Great, now in the Numismatic Museum of Athens

References

Notes

Citations

^ Hatzopoulos 1996, pp. 105–106; Roisman 2010, p. 156.
^ Engels 2010, p. 92; Roisman 2010, p. 156.
^ ^أ ^ب Sprawski 2010, pp. 135–138; Olbrycht 2010, pp. 342–345.
^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
^ Engels 2010, p. 87; Olbrycht 2010, pp. 343–344.
^ Bolman 2016, pp. 120–121.

المصادر

Macedon during Peloponnesian War around 431 BC.

Kingdom of Macedon after Philip's II death.

مملكة مقدون في أثناء حكم الملك فيليب الثاني

The Vergina Sun, the 16-ray star covering what appears to be the royal burial larnax of Philip II of Macedon, discovered in Vergina, Greece.

An atrium with a pebble-mosaic paving, in Pella, Greece

External links

معرفة المصادر بها نص من the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica مقالة Macedonian Empire.

Ancient Macedonia at Livius, by Jona Lendering
Heracles to Alexander The Great: Treasures From The Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy, Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford
"Macedonia, ancient kingdom", entry from the Encyclopædia Britannica
"The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander the Great", from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Timeline of Art History

الكلمات الدالة:

[1] Hatzopoulos 1996, pp. 105–106; Roisman 2010, p. 156.

[2] Engels 2010, p. 92; Roisman 2010, p. 156.

[sprawski_135–138_olbrycht_342–345-3] أ ^ب Sprawski 2010, pp. 135–138; Olbrycht 2010, pp. 342–345.

[Turchin-4] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 12 September 2016.

[Taagepera-5] Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.

[6] Engels 2010, p. 87; Olbrycht 2010, pp. 343–344.

[7] Bolman 2016, pp. 120–121.

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