نخاو الثاني

(تم التحويل من Necho II)
Necho II
Nekau
تمثال برونزي صغير راكع، غالباً لنخاو الثاني، موجود حالياً في متحف بروكلين
تمثال برونزي صغير راكع، غالباً لنخاو الثاني، موجود حالياً في متحف بروكلين
فرعون
الحكم610-595 ق.م.
سبقهپسماتيك الأول
تبعهپسماتيك الثاني
الألقاب الملكية
اسم العرش: Wahemibre
القرينةKhedebneithirbinet I
الأنجالPsamtik II
الأبPsamtik I
الأمMehtenweskhet
توفي595 ق.م.

}} نخاو الثاني Necho II (أحياناً نكاو) ثاني ملوك الأسرة السادسة والعشرين (664ـ 525 ق.م) في مصر الفرعونية. كان جده نخاو الأول (ذو الأصل الليبي) أميراً على سايس Sais ومنف Memphis.[1] وهو أحد الأمراء المحليين الذين عينهم الآشوريون على مقاطعات الدلتا عند احتلالهم لمصر زمن الملك الآشوري أسرحدون عام 671 ق.م. أما أبوه پسماتيك الأول Psammetich (664ـ610 ق.م) من الزوجة الملكية الكبرى Mehtenweskhet. اسمه الملكي: Wahemibre ويعني "منفـِّذ رغبة رع للأبد." (Clayton: p.195) فهو المؤسس الحقيقي للأسرة السادسة والعشرين، وهو الذي أورث ولده نخاو الثاني دولة قوية إذ أعاد توحيد مصر بالقوة مستغلاً ضعف الامبراطورية الآشورية، بلاد بابل ومملكة يهوذا وانشغالها في الصراع مع عيلام وبابل، كما أصلح الإدارة والجيش وأعاد بذلك بناء قوة الحكم الفرعوني في مصر وعظمته، متخذاً من سايس عند الجهة الشمالية الغربية للدلتا عاصمة له. أقام پسماتيك الأول أيضاً علاقات جيدة مع بلاد اليونان وتوسع في فلسطين وسوريا. وبعد وفاته تسلم السلطة ابنه نخاو الثاني (610 ـ 595 ق. م).

Necho undertook a number of construction projects across his kingdom.[2] In his reign, according to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho II sent out an expedition of Phoenicians, which in three years sailed from the Red Sea around Africa to the Strait of Gibraltar and back to Egypt.[3] His son, Psammetichus II, upon succession may have removed Necho's name from monuments.[4]

Necho played a significant role in the histories of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Kingdom of Judah. Necho II is most likely the pharaoh Necho who was mentioned in 2 Kings, 2 Chronicles, and Jeremiah of the Bible.[5][6][7] The aim of the second of Necho's campaigns was Asiatic conquest,[8][9] to contain the westward advance of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and cut off its trade route across the Euphrates. However, the Egyptians were defeated by the unexpected attack of the Babylonians and were eventually expelled from Syria.

ويلاحظ عالم المصريات دونالد ردفورد أنه بالرغم من أن نخاو كان "رجل أفعال منذ بداية عهده، وكان يتمتع بخيال ربما تعدى خيالات معاصريه، فإنه كان يعطي الانطباع بأنه فاشل." وبالرغم من ذلك، فقد توغل في آسيا، أكثر مما فعل أي فرعون قبله أو بعده.[10]

سيرته

بمجرد ارتقائه العرش، واجه نخاو الفوضى التي خلقتها غارات الكيمريين والسكوذيين، الذين لم ينهبوا فقط آسيا غرب الفرات، بل ايضاً ساعدوا البابليين على تدمير الامبراطورية الآشورية. تلك الامبراطورية التي كانت يوماً مهيبة الجانب، أضحت اليوم فلولاً من الجنود والمسئولين والنبلاء تجمعوا حول قائد عسكري تحصن في حران، واتخذ الاسم الملكي آشور-اوباليت الثاني. حاول نكاو أن يساعد هؤلاء الفلول بمجرد اعتلائه العرش، إلا أن القوة التي بعث بها ثبت أنها أصغر من المطلوب، واضطر الجيش المصري الآشوري المشترك للانسحاب غرباً عبر الفرات.

السياسة الخارجية

تابع نخاو سياسة أبيه الخارجية التي كانت تهدف إلى إعادة السيطرة المصرية على سوريا، وقد تحالف مع الآشوريين في حروبهم مع البابليين، ففي عام 609 ق.م قام جيش مصري آشوري مشترك بعبور الفرات وانتصر على الجيش البابلي، لكنه لم يتمكن من دخول حرّان، مما اضطر نخاو في العام التالي 608 ق.م أن يقود الجيش المؤلف من فرق أجنبية ومرتزقة يونان بنفسه. كان على نخاو الثاني أن ينظم إدارة سوريا، وذلك بعد اندثار الحكم الآشوري نهائياً في الفترة بين 608ـ605 ق.م، وهناك كتابات هيروغليفية من صيدا تثبت أن الساحل الفينيقي أصبح خاضعاً للفرعون المصري.

الحملة الأولى

تمكن نخاو الثاني عام 606 ق.م من السيطرة على مدينة كيموخو Kimukhu على الفرات بعد حصار دام أربعة أشهر، لكن نبوخذ نصّر الثاني ـ وكان حينها وليا للعهد في بابل ـ تمكن عام 605 ق.م، من هزيمته عند كركميش (جرابلس حالياً) ولاحق فلول الجيش المصري حتى حماة وتابع سيره حتى الحدود المصرية. وقد حاول نبوخذ نصّر بعد توليه العرش البابلي إخضاع سوريا كلها للحكم الكلداني. وإلى هذا العصر تعود رسالة ملك عسقلان إلى الفرعون نخاو الثاني يطلب فيها المساعدة ضد نبوخذ نصّر، وقد فكر هذا الأخير بغزو مصر فالتقى عام 601 ق.م في معركة كبرى بالجيش المصري بقيادة نخاو عند الحدود المصرية تكبد فيها الطرفان خسائر فادحة، وعاد نبوخذ نصّر بعدها إلى بابل خائباً.

Herodotus reports the campaign of the pharaoh in his Histories, Book 2:159:

Necos, then, stopped work on the canal and turned to war; some of his triremes were constructed by the northern sea, and some in the Arabian Gulf (Red Sea), by the coast of the Sea of Erythrias. The windlasses for beaching the ships can still be seen. He deployed these ships as needed, while he also engaged in a pitched battle at Magdolos with the Syrians, and conquered them; and after this he took Cadytis (Kadesh), which is a great city of Syria. He sent the clothes he had worn in these battles to the Branchidae of Miletus and dedicated them to Apollo.

Necho soon captured Kadesh on the Orontes and moved forward, joining forces with Ashur-uballit and together they crossed the Euphrates and laid siege to Harran. Although Necho became the first pharaoh to cross the Euphrates since Thutmose III, he failed to capture Harran, and retreated back to northern Syria. At this point, Ashur-uballit vanished from history, and the Assyrian Empire was conquered by the Babylonians.

Aerial view of Tel Megiddo site of the battle of Megiddo in 609 BC

Leaving a sizable force behind, Necho returned to Egypt. On his return march, he found that the Judeans had selected Jehoahaz to succeed his father Josiah, whom Necho deposed and replaced with Jehoiakim.[11] He brought Jehoahaz back to Egypt as his prisoner, where Jehoahaz ended his days (2 Kings 23:31–34; 2 Chronicles 36:1–4).

الحملة الثانية

In 605 BC, an Egyptian force fought the Babylonians at Battle of Carchemish, helped by the remnants of the army of the former Assyria, but this was met with defeat.

The Babylonian king was planning on reasserting his power in Syria. In 609 BC, King Nabopolassar captured Kumukh, which cut off the Egyptian army, then based at Carchemish. Necho responded the following year by retaking Kumukh after a four-month siege, and executed the Babylonian garrison. Nabopolassar gathered another army, which camped at Qurumati on the Euphrates. However, Nabopolassar's poor health forced him to return to Babylon in 605 BC. In response, in 606 BC the Egyptians attacked the leaderless Babylonians (probably then led by the crown prince Nebuchadnezzar) who fled their position.[citation needed]

At this point, the aged Nabopolassar passed command of the army to his son Nebuchadnezzar II, who led them to a decisive victory over the Egyptians at Carchemish in 605 BC, and pursued the fleeing survivors to Hamath. Necho's dream of restoring the Egyptian Empire in the Middle East as had occurred under the New Kingdom was destroyed as Nebuchadnezzar conquered Egyptian territory from the Euphrates to the Brook of Egypt (Jeremiah 46:2; 2 Kings 23:29) down to Judea. Although Nebuchadnezzar spent many years in his new conquests on continuous pacification campaigns, Necho was unable to recover any significant part of his lost territories. For example, when Ashkalon rose in revolt, despite repeated pleas the Egyptians sent no help, and were barely able to repel a Babylonian attack on their eastern border in 601 BC. When he did repel the Babylonian attack, Necho managed to capture Gaza while pursuing the enemy. Necho turned his attention in his remaining years to forging relationships with new allies: the Carians, and further to the west, the Greeks.[citation needed]

إنجازات نخاو الثاني

من أهم أعمال نخاو الثاني السلمية بناء أحد أكبر الأساطيل البحرية التجارية في ذلك الوقت مستعينا بالبحارة الفينيقيين. كان قسم من هذا الأسطول يرسو على ساحل البحر المتوسط والآخر في البحر الأحمر. وقد كان لهذا الأسطول دور كبير في تقوية مركز مصر التجاري. كذلك بدأ نخاو ـ حسب ما يذكر هيرودوت ـ بشق قناة تربط البحر الأحمر بالمتوسط، وقد كلف شق هذه القناة حياة عدد كبير من العمال المصريين لكنه لم يُنجِز هذا العمل وذلك تنفيذاً لنبوءة تحذره من أن هذا العمل سيكون لفائدة أعداء مصر.


ومن إنجازات نخاو الثاني المهمة إرساله حملة من البحارة الفينيقيين الذين تمكنوا من الدوران حول إفريقيا انطلاقاً من البحر الأحمر عبر المحيطين الهندي والأطلسي حتى البحر المتوسط مروراً بمضيق جبل طارق (أعمدة هرقل) وقد استمرت رحلتهم تلك ثلاث سنوات.».[12]

Phoenician expedition

The world according to Herodotus, 440 BC
A 15th-century depiction of the Ptolemy world map, reconstituted from Ptolemy's Geographia (c. 150)

At some point between 610 and before 594 BC, Necho reputedly commissioned an expedition of Phoenicians,[13] who it is said in three years sailed from the Red Sea around Africa back to the mouth of the Nile; and would thereby be the first completion of the Cape Route.[14][15] Herodotus' account was handed down to him by oral tradition,[16] but is seen as potentially credible because he stated with disbelief that the Phoenicians "as they sailed on a westerly course round the southern end of Libya (Africa), they had the sun on their right"—to northward of them (The Histories 4.42).[17] Pliny reported that Hanno had circumnavigated Africa, which may have been a conflation with Necho's voyage, while Strabo, Polybius, and Ptolemy doubted the description;[18] at the time it was not generally known that Africa was surrounded by an ocean (with the southern part of Africa being thought connected to Asia).[19] F. C. H. Wendel, writing in 1890, concurred with Herodotus[20] as did James Baikie.[21] Egyptologist A. B. Lloyd disputed in 1977 that an Egyptian Pharaoh would authorize such an expedition,[22][23] except for the reasons of Asiatic conquest[24][25] and trade in the ancient maritime routes.[26][27]

الوفاة والخلافة

Necho II died in 595 BC and was succeeded by his son, Psamtik II, as the next pharaoh of Egypt. Psamtik II, however, apparently removed Necho's name from almost all of his father's monuments for unknown reasons. However, some scholars, such as Roberto Gozzoli, express doubt that this actually happened, arguing that the evidence for this is fragmentary and rather contradictory.[28]

ذكراه

مات نخاو الثاني في 595 ق.م. تاركاً خلفه ابن وثلاث بنات. ابنه، پسماتيك الثاني، خلفه فرعوناً على مصر.

الهوامش والوصلات الخارجية

الهوامش والمراجع

  1. ^ The Ancient Fragments, London: William Pickering, 1828, OCLC 1000992106 , citing Manetho, the high priest and scribe of Egypt, being by birth a Sebennyte, who wrote his history for Ptolemy Philadelphus (266 BCE – 228 BCE).
  2. ^ The history of Egypt By Samuel Sharpe. E. Moxon, 1852. Part 640. p138.
  3. ^ Herodotus (4.42)
  4. ^ The Popular Handbook of Archaeology and the Bible. Edited by Norman L. Geisler, Joseph M. Holden. p. 287.
  5. ^ Encyclopædia britannica. Edited by Colin MacFarquhar, George Gleig. p785
  6. ^ The Holy Bible, According to the Authorized Version (A.D. 1611). Edited by Frederic Charles Cook. p131
  7. ^ see Hebrew Bible / Old Testament
  8. ^ The temple of Mut in Asher. By Margaret Benson, Janet A. Gourlay, Percy Edward Newberry. p276. (cf. Nekau's chief ambition lay in Asiatic conquest).
  9. ^ Egypt Under the Pharaohs: A History Derived Entireley from the Monuments. By Heinrich Brugsch, Brodrick. p. 444. (cf. Neku then attempted to assert the Egyptian supremacy in Asia.)
  10. ^ Redford, Donald B., Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 447-48.
  11. ^ II. Chronicles by Philip_Chapman_Barker. p447–448
  12. ^ عماد سمير. "نخاو الثاني". الموسوعة العربية. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  13. ^ Unlikely with the intent of circumnavigating Africa, but for finding an alternative route to Asia than through the area near the Levant. Also, such voyages were undertaken for trading with more southern African cities; thereafter being blown off-course, if not tasked to sail around the lands.
  14. ^ Israel, India, Persia, Phoenicia, Minor Nations of Western Asia. Edited by Henry Smith Williams. p. 118.
  15. ^ Anthony Tony Browder, Nile valley contributions to civilization, 1. (1992) (cf. In the Twenty Fifth Dynasty, during the reign of Necho II, navigational technology had advanced to the point where sailors from Kemet successfully circumnavigated Africa and drew an extremely accurate map of the continent.)
  16. ^ Cary, M. J. The Ancient Explorers. Penguin Books, 1963. p. 114.
  17. ^ As for Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, except where it is attached to Asia. This discovery was first made by Necos, the Egyptian king, who on desisting from the canal which he had begun between the Nile and the Arabian gulf (referring to the Red Sea), sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules, and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared—I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may—that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered.
  18. ^ The Geographical system of Herodotus by James Rennel. p. 348.
  19. ^ Die umsegelung Asiens und Europas auf der Vega. 2. By Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. p.148.
  20. ^ History of Egypt. By F. C. H. Wendel. American Book Co., 1890. p127 (cf. Herodotus relates a story of a great maritime enterprise undertaken at this time which seems quite credible. He states that Nekau sent out Phoenician ships from the Red Sea to circumnavigate Africa, and that in the third year of their journey they returned to the Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar.)
  21. ^ Baikie, James (1908). The Story of the Pharaohs. A. and C. Black. p. 316.
  22. ^ Lloyd, Alan B. (1977). "Necho and the Red Sea: Some Considerations". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 63: 142–155. doi:10.2307/3856314. ISSN 0307-5133. JSTOR 3856314.
  23. ^ Lloyd is to hold the position that geographical knowledge at the time of Herodutus was such that Greeks would know that such a voyage would entail the sun being on their right but did not believe Africa could extend far enough for this to happen. He suggests that the Greeks at this time understood that anyone going south far enough and then turning west would have the sun on their right but found it unbelievable that Africa reached so far south. He wrote: "Given the context of Egyptian thought, economic life, and military interests, it is impossible for one to imagine what stimulus could have motivated Necho in such a scheme and if we cannot provide a reason which is sound within Egyptian terms of reference, then we have good reason to doubt the historicity of the entire episode." Alan B. Lloyd, "Necho and the Red Sea: Some Considerations", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 63 (1977) p. 149.
  24. ^ Twentieth Century. Twentieth century, (1908). p. 816.
  25. ^ The Historians' History of the World. Edited by Henry Smith Williams. p. 286. (cf. Syria seems to have submitted to him, as far as the countries bordering the Euphrates. Gaza offered resistance, but was taken. But it was only for a short time that Neku II could feel himself a conqueror.)
  26. ^ Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. By Alexander von Humboldt. p. 489.
  27. ^ The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive, 1963. p.56.
  28. ^ Gozzoli, R. B. (2000), The Statue BM EA 37891 and the Erasure of Necho II's Names Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 86: 67–80.
سبقه
پسماتيك الأول 		فرعون مصر
610 - 595 ق.م.
الأسرة المصرية السادسة والعشرون 		تبعه
پسماتيك الثاني
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