ماكس دلبروك

(تم التحويل من Max Delbrück)
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين his uncle, Max Delbrück (chemist), an agricultural chemist.
ماكس دلبروك

ForMemRS
Max Delbrück
Max Delbruck.jpg
دلبروك في أوائل الأربعينيات.
وُلِدَ
Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück

(1906-09-04)سبتمبر 4, 1906
برلين, الإمبراطورية الألمانية
توفيمارس 9, 1981(1981-03-09) (aged 74)
Pasadena, California, U.S.
الجنسيةUnited States[1]
المدرسة الأمUniversity of Göttingen
عـُرِف بـ
الزوجMary Bruce
الأنجال4
الوالد(ان)
الأقاربEmmi Bonhoeffer (sister)
الجوائز
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتفيزياء حيوية
الهيئاتKaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry
Vanderbilt University
Caltech
المشرف على الدكتوراهLise Meitner
طلاب الدكتوراهLily Jan, Yuh Nung Jan, Ernst Peter Fischer, Charles M. Steinberg

ماكس لودڤيگ هننگ دلبروك Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück (عاش 4 سبتمبر 1906 - 9 مارس, 1981) ، هو عالم فيزياء حيوية ألماني-أمريكي حائز على جائزة نوبل في الفسيولوجيا أو الطب. participated in launching the molecular biology research program in the late 1930s. He stimulated physical scientists' interest into biology, especially as to basic research to physically explain genes, mysterious at the time. Formed in 1945 and led by Delbrück along with Salvador Luria and Alfred Hershey, the Phage Group made substantial headway unraveling important aspects of genetics. The three shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses".[3] He was the first physicist to predict what is now called Delbrück scattering.[4][5][6]

النشأة والحياة الشخصية

Delbrück in the early 1940s

Delbrück was born in Berlin, German Empire. His mother was granddaughter of Justus von Liebig, an eminent chemist, while his father Hans Delbrück was a history professor at the University of Berlin. In 1937, Delbrück left Nazi Germany for America—first California, then Tennessee—becoming a US citizen in 1945.[1] In 1941, he married Mary Bruce. They had four children.

Delbrück's brother Justus, a lawyer, as well as his sister Emmi Bonhoeffer were active along with his brothers-in-law Klaus Bonhoeffer and Dietrich Bonhoeffer in resistance to Nazism. Found guilty by the People's Court for roles in the July 20, 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler, Dietrich and Klaus were executed in 1945 by the RSHA. Justus died in Soviet custody that same year. His son, Tobias Delbruck is a professor at the Institute of Neuroinformatics at the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich.[7] Professor Tobias Delbruck is also one of the pioneers in the domain of event cameras,[8] now increasingly being deployed in dynamic vision systems.

السيرة

ماكس دلبروك وزوجته

ولد دلبروك في برلين, الإمبراطورية الألمانية عام 1906. كان والده، هانز دلبروك، أستاذ تاريخ في جامعة برلين, ووالدته هي حفيدة يوستوس فون ليبگ.

في 1941, تزوج من ماري بروس, والتي أنجب منها أربع أطفال. أخوه يوستوس دلبروك، كان محاميا وأختاه إمي بونهوفر وصهره كلاوس بونهوفر (أخو عالم اللاهوت ديتريتش بونهوفر)، والذي كان من المقاومة الألمانية ضد النظام النازي. كلاوس وديتريتش كانوا قد أعدموا في أواخر أيام هتلر.

الحياة العلمية

ماكس دلبروك وسلڤادور لوريا في 1953

درس دلبروك الفيزياء الفلكية، وتخصص في الفيزياء النظرية، في جامعة گوتنگن. بعد حصوله على شهادرة الدكتوراه عام 1930، سافر إلى إنگلترة، الدنمارك وسويسرا. إلتقى ڤولفگانگ پاولي ونيلز بور، الذين دفعاه للإهتمام بعلم الأحياء.

وعاد دلبروك إلى برلين عام 1932 كمساعد لليس متنر, والذي تعاون مع اوتو هان في النتائج الخاصة بالرايدوم المشع والنيوترونات. خلال تلك الفترة قام بكتابة أوراق بحثية قليلة, واحدة منهم أصبحت مساهمة هامة في تشتت آشعة گاما بحقل كولوم بسبب استقطاب الفراغ الناتج عن ذلك المجال (1933). وكان إستنتاجه سليما من الناحية النظرية ولكن لا يمكن تطبيقه في هذا المجال, ولكن بعد سنوات أكد كانس بيث هذه الظاهرة وأسماها "تشتت دلبروك".[9]

في عام 1937, إنتقل دلبروك إلى الولايات المتحدة لمتابعة إهتمامته بعلم الأحياء, وتولى بحثا في الإنقسام البيولوجي وعلم الوراثة في ذبابة الفاكهة "دروسوفلا ميلانوجستر", بمعهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا. في المعهد تعرف دلبروك على البكتريا والفيروسات. في عام 1939, كتب بالمشاركة ورقة بحثية إسمها The Growth of Bacteriophage مع اي. ال. اليس حيث أن إستنساخ الفيروسات في مرحلة النمو الأولى, هو ليس مضاعفا كما يحدث عند عضونة الخلية.

لوح تذكاري في مبنى بتريك هول، جامعة فاندربلت، تخليداً لذكرى المئوية لمولد ماكس دلبروك، 4 سبتمبر 2006

بقي دلبروك في الولايات المتحدة خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية, يعلم الفيزياء في جامعة ڤاندربلت في Nashville في الوقت الذي يتابع بحوثه على الوراثة. في 1942, هو وسلڤادور لوريا من جامعة انديانا قاما بإثبات أنه المقاومة البكتيرية للإصابة بالفيروس تكون ناتجة عن طفرة وراثية وليس تغير عشوائي. هذا البحث عرف بإسم تجربة لوريا-دلبروك, كما إستخدمت نتائج التجربة على نطاق واسع لعمل تكهنات كمية للنتائج التي من الممكن توقعها من نماذج بديلة. بهذا العمل فاز دلبروك بجائزة نوبل في الفسيولوجيا أو الطب عام 1969 بالمشاركة مع ألفرد هرشي.[10] في العام نفسه مع سلفادور لوريا فاز دلبروك بجائزة لويزا گروس هورويتس من جامعة كلومبيا.

في 1947، عاد دلبروك إلى معهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا كأستاذ لعلم الأحياء حيث ظل حتى 1977.

دلبروك واكتشاف الدنا

ماكس دلبروك
البنية الجزيئية للأحماض النووية
Max-delbruck.jpg
ماكس دلبروك (فبراير 2003).
وليام أستبري اوزوالد أڤري
فرانسيس كريك إروين تشارگاف
جري دنهيو روزالند فرانكلن
فوبس لڤين لاينس پولنگ
إرڤين شرودنگر ألكس ستوكس
جيمس واطسون موريس ولكنز
ماكس دلبروك ريموند گوسلنگ
سير جون راندل هربرت ولسون

ويعتبر دلبروك واحدا من ا÷م علماء الفيزياء خلال القرن العشرين. إعتقاد دلبروك حول القواعد الفيزيائية للحياة شجع إرڤين شرودنگر لكتابة كتاب هام للغاية. ماهي الحياة[11]. وكان كتاب شرودنگر له تأثير كبير على فرانس كريك, جيمس واطسون وموريس ولكنز والذين حصلوا على جائزة نوبل لإكتشاف البنية المزدوجة للدنا.[12].

التعليم

Delbrück studied astrophysics, shifting towards theoretical physics, at the University of Göttingen. After completing his Ph.D. there in 1930,[13] he traveled through England, Denmark, and Switzerland. He met Wolfgang Pauli and Niels Bohr, who interested him in biology.

السيرة والبحث

Delbrück's workplace in Berlin: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, now the Free University of Berlin.

Delbrück returned to Berlin in 1932 as an assistant to Lise Meitner, who was collaborating with Otto Hahn on irradiation of uranium with neutrons. Delbrück wrote a few papers, including one in 1933 on gamma rays' scattering by a Coulomb field's polarization of a vacuum. Though theoretically tenable, his conclusion was inapplicable to the case in point, whereas Hans Bethe some 20 years later confirmed the phenomenon and named it "Delbrück scattering".[14]

In 1935 Delbrück published a collaboration with Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky and Karl Zimmer, the major work Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur. It was considered to be a major advance in understanding the nature of gene mutation and gene structure.[15] The work was a keystone in the formation of molecular genetics.[16] It was also an inspirational starting point for Erwin Schrödinger's thinking, a course of lectures in 1943, and the eventual writing of the book What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell.[17]

In 1937, he attained a fellowship from Rockefeller Foundation—which was launching the molecular biology research program—to research genetics of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, in California Institute of Technology's biology department,[18] where Delbrück could blend interests in biochemistry and genetics.[19] While at Caltech, Delbrück researched bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophages or phages). In 1939, with Emory L. Ellis,[20][21] he coauthored "The growth of bacteriophage", a paper reporting that the viruses reproduce in one step, not exponentially as do cellular organisms.

Drawing of a plaque in Buttrick Hall, Vanderbilt University commemorating the work of Max Delbrück.[22]

Although Delbrück's Rockefeller Foundation fellowship expired in 1939, the Foundation matched him up with Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, where from 1940 to 1947 he taught physics, yet had his laboratory in the biology department.[23] In 1941, Delbrück met Salvador Luria of Indiana University who began visiting Vanderbilt.[23] In 1942, Delbrück and Luria published on bacterial resistance to virus infection mediated by random mutation.[23] Alfred Hershey of Washington University in St. Louis began visiting in 1943.[23] The Luria–Delbrück experiment, also called the Fluctuation Test, demonstrated that Darwin's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms. The 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to both scientists in part for this work. To put this work in its historical perspective, Lamarck in 1801 first presented his theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, which stated that if an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment (for example stretches its neck to reach for tall trees), those changes are passed on to its offspring. He also said that evolution happens according to a predetermined plan. Darwin published his theory of evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species with compelling evidence contradicting Lamarck. Darwin said that evolution is not predetermined but that there are inherent variations in all organisms, and that those variations that confer increased fitness are selected by the environment and passed on to the offspring. In the feud between Lamarck and Darwin, Darwin talked of pre-existing changes, but the nature of these changes was not known and had to await the science of genetics by Gregor Mendel's experiments on pea plants published in 1866. Support for Darwin's theory was provided when Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that a mutated white-eyed fruit fly among red-eyed flies was able to reproduce true white-eyed offspring. The most elegant and convincing support for Darwin's ideas, however, was provided by the Luria-Delbruck experiment,[24][25][26] which showed that mutations conferring resistance of the bacterium E. coli to T1 bacteriophage (virus) existed in the population prior to exposure to T1 and were not induced by adding T1. In other words, mutations are random events that occur whether or not they prove to be useful, while selection (for T1 resistance upon challenge with T1 in this case) provides the direction in evolution by retaining those mutations that are advantageous, discarding those that are harmful (T1 sensitivity in this case). This experiment dealt a blow to Lamarckian inheritance and set the stage for tremendous advances in genetics and molecular biology, launching a tsunami of research that eventually led to the discovery of DNA as the hereditary material and to cracking the genetic code. Of course, by then Avery, along with McCloud (and earlier, McCarty) was well on the way to showing the genetic capability of DNA.

In 1945, Delbrück, Luria, and Hershey set up a course in bacteriophage genetics at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, New York.[23] This Phage Group spurred molecular biology's early development.[27] Delbrück received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, shared with Luria and Hershey "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses".[3][23][28] The committee also noted that "The honour in the first place goes to Delbrück who transformed bacteriophage research from vague empiricism to an exact science. He analyzed and defined the conditions for precise measurement of the biological effects. Together with Luria he elaborated the quantitative methods and established the statistical criteria for evaluation which made the subsequent penetrating studies possible. Delbrück's and Luria's forte is perhaps mainly theoretical analysis, whereas Hershey above all is an eminently skillful experimenter. The three of them supplement each other well also in these respects." That year, Delbrück and Luria were also awarded by Columbia University the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize. In late 1947, as Vanderbilt lacked the resources to keep him, Delbrück had returned to Caltech as a professor of biology, and remained there for the rest of his career.[23] Meanwhile, he set up University of Cologne's institute for molecular genetics.

Awards and honours

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Delbrück was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1967.[29] He was elected an EMBO Member in 1970.[30] The Max Delbruck Prize, formerly known as the biological physics prize, is awarded by the American Physical Society and named in his honour. The Max Delbrück Center, in Berlin, Germany, national research center for molecular medicine of the Helmholtz Association also bears his name.

Later life and legacy

Delbrück helped spur physical scientists' interest in biology. His inferences on genes' susceptibility to mutation was relied on by physicist Erwin Schrödinger in his 1944 book What Is Life?,[31] which conjectured genes were an "aperiodic crystal" storing codescript and influenced crystallographer Rosalind Franklin and biologists Francis Crick and James D. Watson in their 1953 identification of cellular DNA's molecular structure as a double helix.[32][12] In 1977, he retired from Caltech, remaining a Professor of Biology emeritus. He became interested in the behavioral sciences and spent some unfruitful effort on mold behavior in the 1960s.

Max Delbrück died, at age 74, on the evening of Monday, March 9, 1981, at Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, California. On August 26 to 27, 2006—the year Delbrück would have turned 100—family and friends gathered at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory to reminisce on his life and work.[33] Although Delbrück held some anti-reductionist views; he conjectured that ultimately a paradox—akin perhaps to the waveparticle duality of physics—would be revealed about life. His view however, was later refuted upon the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.[34]

References

  1. ^ أ ب "Max Delbrück". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2013. A refugee from Nazi Germany, Delbrück went to the United States in 1937, serving as a faculty member of the California Institute of Technology (1937–39; 1947–81) and of Vanderbilt University (1940–47). He became a U.S. citizen in 1945.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  3. ^ أ ب "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969" Archived يونيو 27, 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Nobel Media AB 2013, Nobelprize.org, Web access November 6, 2013.
  4. ^ Ton van Helvoort (1992). "The controversy between John H. Northrop and Max Delbrück on the formation of bacteriophage: Bacterial synthesis or autonomous multiplication?". Annals of Science. 49 (6): 545–575. doi:10.1080/00033799200200451. PMID 11616207.
  5. ^ Lily E. Kay (1985). "Conceptual models and analytical tools: The biology of physicist Max Delbrück". Journal of the History of Biology. 18 (2): 207–246. doi:10.1007/BF00120110. PMID 11611706. S2CID 13630670.
  6. ^ Daniel J. McKaughan (2005). "The Influence of Niels Bohr on Max Delbrück". Isis. 96 (4): 507–529. doi:10.1086/498591. PMID 16536153. S2CID 12282400.
  7. ^ "https://www.ini.uzh.ch/~tobi/ Archived يناير 10, 2023 at the Wayback Machine"
  8. ^ "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8050295 [1]"
  9. ^ Biographical Memoirs: Volume 62 pp66-117 "MAX LUDWIG HENNING DELBRÜCK 4 September 1906 - 10 March 1981" BY WILLIAM HAYES http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2201&page=66
  10. ^ Lagemann, Robert T. "Max Delbrück at Vanderbilt" in To Quarks and Quasars, A History of Physics and Astronomy at Vanderbilt University, 2000. pp. 165-193.
  11. ^ انظر: "Erwin Schrödinger and the Origins of Molecular Biology" by Krishna R. Dronamrajua in Genetics (1999) Volume 153 page 1071-1076. full text
  12. ^ أ ب Schrödinger's influence and role in the discovery of the structure of DNA is described by Horace Freeland Judson in The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1996) ISBN 0879694785. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "Judson" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  13. ^ "Max Delbrück Archived يناير 27, 2019 at the Wayback Machine". Encyclopaedia Britannica. britannica.com. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
  14. ^ W. Hayes (1992). "Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück – September 4, 1906 – March 10, 1981". Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 62: 67–117. PMID 11639973. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  15. ^ Timofeeff-Ressovky, N. W., K. G. Zimmer, and M. Delbrück "Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur" (Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1935). Nachrichten Göttingen Archived مارس 3, 2022 at the Wayback Machine - "Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur" (1935).
  16. ^ Strauss, B. S. (2017). "A Physicist's Quest in Biology: Max Delbrück and "Complementarity"". Genetics. 206 (2): 641–650. doi:10.1534/genetics.117.201517. PMC 5499177. PMID 28592501.
  17. ^ Erwin Schrödinger What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell (Cambridge University Press, 1944).
  18. ^ "MDC celebrates centennial of Max Delbrück". Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berli-Buch. September 4, 2006.
  19. ^ Stefanie Tapke. "Max Delbrück – Biographical". Biographical article. Nobel Media. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  20. ^ Ellis E. L., Delbrück M. (1939). "The growth of bacteriophage". J Gen Physiol. 22 (3): 365–84. doi:10.1085/jgp.22.3.365. PMC 2141994. PMID 19873108.
  21. ^ Ellis E.L. "Bacteriophage: One-step growth curve" in Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology (2007) Edited by John Cairns, Gunther S. Stent, and James D. Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York ISBN 978-0-87969-800-3
  22. ^ Max Delbrück and the Next 100 Years of Biology: The Max Delbrück Vanderbilt Centenary Celebration, The Inaugural Vanderbilt Discovery Lecture Archived نوفمبر 19, 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Held September 14, 2006
  23. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ "Max Delbrück at Vanderbilt, 1940–1947" Archived أكتوبر 11, 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Vanderbilt University, Web access November 6, 2013.
  24. ^ Luria, S. E.; Delbrück, M. (1943). "Mutations of Bacteria from Virus Sensitivity to Virus Resistance". Genetics. 28 (6): 491–511. doi:10.1093/genetics/28.6.491. PMC 1209226. PMID 17247100.
  25. ^ Luria SE "Mutations of bacteria and bacteriophage" in Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology (2007) Edited by John Cairns, Gunther S. Stent, and James D. Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York, pgs. 173-179. ISBN 978-0-87969-800-3
  26. ^ Luria SE. A Slot Machine, a Broken Test Tube. An Autobiography. Harper and Row, New York, 1984. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Series
  27. ^ J.D. Watson (2012). "James D Watson: Chancellor emeritus" Archived ديسمبر 11, 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  28. ^ Peter Fischer Ernst and Carol Lipson (1988). Thinking about science : Max Delbrück and the origins of molecular biology. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02508-8.
  29. ^ William Hayes (1982). "Max Ludwig Henning Delbruck. 4 September 1906-10 March 1981". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. London: Royal Society. 28: 58–90. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1982.0003. JSTOR 769892.
  30. ^ "Max Delbrück EMBO profile". people.embo.org. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization.[dead link]
  31. ^ K. R. Dronamraju (Nov 1999). "Erwin Schrödinger and the origins of molecular biology". Genetics. 153 (3): 1071–6. doi:10.1093/genetics/153.3.1071. PMC 1460808. PMID 10545442. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  32. ^ M. P. Murphy and L. A. J. O'Neill (1997). What Is Life? the Next Fifty Years: Speculations on the Future of Biology. Cambridge University Press. p 2. ISBN 0-521-59939-3
  33. ^ Kiryn Haslinger. Max Delbruck 100. Archived سبتمبر 23, 2015 at the Wayback Machine HT Winter 2007.
  34. ^ N. H. Horowitz (1994). "Review of kay, the Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology". Biophysical Journal. 66 (3 Pt 1): 929–930. Bibcode:1994BpJ....66..929H. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80873-2. PMC 1275794.

المصادر

  • Ton van Helvoort (1992). "The controversy between John H. Northrop and Max Delbrück on the formation of bacteriophage: Bacterial synthesis or autonomous multiplication?". Annals of Science. 49 (6): 545–575. doi:10.1080/00033799200200451.
  • Lily E. Kay (1985). "Conceptual models and analytical tools: The biology of physicist Max Delbrück". Journal of the History of Biology. 18 (2): 207–246. doi:10.1007/BF00120110.
  • Daniel J. McKaughan (2005). "The Influence of Niels Bohr on Max Delbrück". Isis. 96: 507–529. doi:10.1086/498591.

انظر أيضا

وصلات خارجية

قالب:1969 Nobel Prize winners

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