المعرفة

ولايات تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية

(تم التحويل من Territory of the Islamic State)

كان مركز أراضي الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام في العراق (حتى 2017) وسوريا (حتى 2019) حيث سيطرت الدولة الأولية على مساحات كبيرة من المناطق الحضرية والريفية والصحراوية.[8] يسيطر تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية أيضاً على أراضي في أفغانستان وكذلك نيجيريا، ويحتمل أن يسيطر على مناطق في الصومال،[9] موزمبيق، [10] وجمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية،[11] وكثيراً ما فرضت سيطرتها على أراضي في ليبيا، الفلپين،[12] مصر،[13] واليمن. للجماعة أيضًا خلايا متمردة في الهند، الجزائر، العراق، تونس، القوقاز، والسعودية لا تسيطر على أراضي.[8][14] بحلول أواخر مارس 2019، كانت أراضي داعش في سوريا بحلول أواخر مارس 2019، قد تقلصت فقط إلى الجيب المعاصر في الصحراء السورية (400 كم²).[15] وكانت القوات الحكومية السورية وحلفاؤها محاصرين الجيب.[16][17][15] نفذ الجيش السوري عمليات تمشيط وغارات جوية على الجيب، لكن بنجاح محدود.[18][19] في أوائل 2017، سيطر تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية على ما يقرب من 45.377 كم² من الأراضي في العراق وسوريا و73.23 كم² من الأراضي في أماكن أخرى، بإجمالي 52.700 كم².[8] يمثل هذا انخفاضًا كبيرًا عن أقصى اتساع بلغته أراضي التنظيم في أواخر عام 2014، عندما سيطرت على منطقة تبلغ مساحتها الإجمالية حوالي 100.000 كم²[20].[8][21] تراجعت أراضي داعش بشكل كبير في كل بلد تقريبًا منذ عام 2014، نتيجة عدم شعبية الجماعة والتحركات العسكرية التي أتخذ ضدها.[8] تزعم دعاية داعش أن مساحتة الأراضي الواقعة تحت سيطرتها تبلغ 282.485 كم².[22]

الدولة الإسلامية

علم الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام
Flag
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الختم
الشعار الحادي: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله<br دولة الإسلام باقية وتتمدد[1]
خلافة على منهاج النبوة
Khilafah ala Minhaj an-Nubuwwah
"Caliphate Upon the Prophetic Methodology"[2][3]
النشيد: 
الأراضي الواقعة تحت سيطرة الدولة الإسلامية في أقصى اتساعها، مايو 2015.
الأراضي الواقعة تحت سيطرة الدولة الإسلامية في أقصى اتساعها، مايو 2015.
الوضعدولة في طور التكوين غير معترف بها
معينة كتنظيم إرهابي
العاصمةالرقة (2013–2017)[1]
الميادين (2017)[5]
هجين (2017–18)[6]
اللغات الرسميةArabic
الدين
الإسلام السني
الحكومةخلافة إسلامية شمولية مركزية ثيوقراطية
• أعلن نفسه خليفة
أبو إبراهيم الهاشمي القرشي
• رئيس مجلس الشورى
أبو أركان العامري
الحرب على الإرهاب
• تأسست تحت إسم جماعة التوحيد والجهاد
1999
• انضمت إلى القاعدة
أكتوبر 2004
13 أكتوبر 2006
• المطالبة بأراضي في الشام
8 أبريل 2013
• الانفصال عن تنظيم القاعدة
3 فبراير 2014
• إعلان الخلافة
29 يونيو 2014
10 يوليو 2017
19 مارس 2019
27 أكتوبر 2019
العملة
التوقيتUTC+2 و+3 (ت.ش.أ. وت.ج.ع.)
• الصيفي (التوقيت الصيفي)
UTC+3 (ت.ش.أ.ص.)
جانب السواقةيمين
سبقها		 تلاها
العراق
سوريا
العراق
Syria
روجاڤا
الحزام الأمني شمال سوريا

لا تزال غالبية الأراضي التي تسيطر عليها داعش، على الرغم من تضاؤلها الشديد، في الصحراء في شرق سوريا، بالإضافة إلى جيوب معزولة في أماكن أخرى من البلاد. [8] غالبية أراضي الخلافة والسكان والإيرادات جاءت من الأراضي التي كانت تسيطر عليها في السابق في العراق وسوريا.[8] في أفغانستان، تسيطر داعش في الغالب على أراض بالقرب من الحدود الباكستانية وفقدت 87% من أراضيها منذ ربيع 2015.[8] في ليبيا، تعمل الجماعة في الغالب كقوة متمردة متحركة، وتحتل أماكن ثم تتركها.[23] في مصر، يسيطر التنظيم على 910 كم² من الأراضي المتمركزة حول قرية الشيخ زويد، والتي تمثل أقل من 1٪ من أراضي مصر.[8] في نيجيريا، تسيطر بوكو حرام (كانت في وقت ما تابعة لداعش) على 6.041 كم² من الأراضي عند أقصى اتساع لها عام 2014، على الرغم من فقدان معظم هذه المنطقة وسط الانتكاسات العسكرية والانقسام داخل بوكو حرام بين الفصائل المؤيدة والمناهضة لداعش.[8] لكن بحلول أواخر عام 2019، استولت القوات الأفريقية التابعة لداعش مرة أخرى على مناطق واسعة في نيجيريا؛[24] اعتبارًا من عام 2021، لا تزال القوات الأفريقية التابعة لداعش تدير الأراضي التي تقع تحت سيطرتها.[25][26]

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خلفية

The fifth edition of the Islamic State's Dabiq magazine explained the group's process for establishing new provinces. Jihadist groups in a given area must consolidate into a unified body and publicly declare their allegiance to the caliph. The group must nominate a Wāli (Governor), a Shura Council (religious leadership), and formulate a military strategy to consolidate territorial control and implement ISIL's version of Sharia law. Once formally accepted, ISIL considers the group to be one of its provinces and gives it support.[27] Dabiq has acknowledged support in regions including East Turkestan (Xinjiang), Indonesia and the Philippines, and claimed that ISIL would eventually establish wilayat in these areas after forming direct relationships with its supporters there.[27]


نظرة عامة

ISIL spokesman Abu Muhammad al-Adnani said "the legality of all emirates, groups, states and organizations becomes null by the expansion of the khilafah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas."[28] ISIL thus rejects the political divisions established by Western powers during World War I in the Sykes–Picot Agreement as it absorbs territory in Syria and Iraq.[29][30][31] The Long War Journal writes that the logical implication is that the group will consider preexisting militant groups like Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) illegitimate if they do not nullify themselves and submit to ISIL's authority.[32]

While branches in Libya and Egypt have been very active and attempted to exercise territorial control, branches in other countries like Algeria and Saudi Arabia have been less active and do not seem to have a strong presence.[33][34]

Since June 2015, there have been no further provinces officially announced by ISIL. This is despite the group receiving public pledges of allegiance from militants in countries like Somalia, Bangladesh and the Philippines, and subsequently releasing statements and videos from those regions through its official media channels.[35][36][37] Analyst Charlie Winter speculates that this is due to the lackluster performance of many of ISIL's existing provinces, and that ISIL's leadership seems to be identifying new affiliates as simply "soldiers of the caliphate".[38]

Loss of "caliphate" territory led ISIL to conduct more terrorist attacks abroad.[39]

Specific territorial claims

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) is an active extremist Islamist rebel group and self-declared Caliphate in the Middle East that claims to be a sovereign state, and as such has made announcements of territorial control and aspirations of control. No other nation recognizes ISIL as a state. Its goal is the foundation of an Islamic state and a worldwide caliphate, in accordance with Salafi Islam, by the means of military jihad.

ISIL primarily claimed territory in Syria and Iraq, subdividing each country into multiple wilayah (provinces), largely based on preexisting governance boundaries.[40][41] The first territorial claims by the group outside of Syria and Iraq were announced by its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, on 13 November 2014, when he announced new wilayats, or provinces, in Libya (Wilayah Barqah, Wilayah Tarabulus, and Wilayah Fizan), Algeria (Wilayah al-Jazair), Egypt (Wilayah Sinai), Yemen (Wilayah al-Yaman), and Saudi Arabia (Wilayah al-Haramayn).[42][43] In 2015, new provinces were also announced in the Afghanistan–Pakistan border (Wilayah Khorasan),[33] Northern Nigeria (Wilayah Gharb Afrīqiyyah),[44] and the North Caucasus (Wilayah al-Qawqaz).[45]

Iraq and Syria

للمزيد من المعلومات: Al-Barakah (ISIL administrative district)
انظر أيضاً: Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017), and Iraqi insurgency (2017–present)
 
Maximum extent of ISIL's territorial control in Syria and Iraq in 2015.[46]

When the Iraq-based insurgent group Mujahideen Shura Council announced it was establishing an Islamic State of Iraq in October 2006, it claimed authority over seven Iraqi provinces: Baghdad, Al Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Saladin, Nineveh, and parts of Babil.[47]

When the group changed its name to Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and expanded into Syria in April 2013, it claimed nine Syrian provinces, covering most of the country and lying largely along existing provincial boundaries: Al Barakah (al-Hasakah Governorate), Al Khayr (Deir ez-Zor Governorate), Raqqa, Homs, Halab, Idlib, Hamah, Damascus, and Latakia.[48] It later subdivided the territory under its control to create the new provinces of al-Furat,[41][49][50] Fallujah, Dijla, and al-Jazeera.[51][52] On December 9, 2017 Iraqi military forces announced the war against ISIL in Iraq had been won and that they no longer controlled territory in Iraq. In June 2017 IS affiliate Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Started referring to themselves as "Wilayat Horan", one month later IS media started referring to all its claims in Syria as "Wilayat al-Sham".[53]

Since mid-2018 ISIL has referred to its territory in the Levant simply as Wilayat al-Sham and has done the same with Iraq calling it Wilayat al-Iraq, but still continues to acknowledge and use references to specific regions in those territories, this has also been done with its claims in Libya.[54]

Libya

المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya
للمزيد من المعلومات: Second Libyan Civil War
 
Military situation in Libya in early 2016:
  Ansar al-Sharia   Islamic State

ISIL divides Libya into three historical provinces, claiming authority over Cyrenaica in the east, Fezzan in the desert south, and Tripolitania in the west, around the capital.[55][56]

In 2014, a number of leading ISIL commanders arrived in the city of Derna, which had been a major source of fighters in the Syrian civil war and Iraqi insurgency. Over a number of months, they united many local militant factions under their leadership and declared war on anyone who opposed them, killing judges, civic leaders, local militants who rejected their authority, and other opponents. On 5 October 2014, the militants, who by then controlled part of the city, gathered to pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[57][58] In February 2015, ISIL forces took over parts of the Libyan city of Sirte. In the following months, they used it as a base to capture neighbouring towns including Harawa,[59] and Nofaliya.[60] ISIL began governing Sirte and treating it as the capital of their territory.[61][62]

ISIL suffered reversals from mid-2015 when they were expelled from much of Derna following clashes with rival militants,[63] following months of intermittent fighting, ISIL eventually redeployed to other parts of Libya.[64] Its leader Abu Nabil al-Anbari was killed in a U.S. air strike in November 2015.[65] Libya's Interim Government launched a major offensive against ISIL territory around Sirte in May 2016,[66][67] capturing the city by December 2016.[68]


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Egypt (Sinai)

المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province
للمزيد من المعلومات: Sinai insurgency
 
Sinai province logo

The Egyptian militant group Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis swore allegiance to ISIL in November 2014. After al-Baghdadi's speech on 13 November, the group changed its name to Sinai Province on the Twitter feed claiming to represent the group.[43] The group has carried out attacks in Sinai.

Saudi Arabia

Al-Baghdadi announced a Wilayah in Saudi Arabia in November 2014, calling for the overthrow of the Saudi Royal Family and criticizing the Kingdom's participation in the US-led coalition against ISIL.[43] The group has carried out attacks in the country under the names of Najd Province and Hejaz Province.[69]

Yemen

المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Yemen Province
للمزيد من المعلومات: Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)

ISIL established a Yemeni Wilayah in November 2014.[42][33] The branch's first attack occurred in March 2015, when it carried out suicide bombings on two Shia Mosques in the Yemeni capital.[70] At least seven ISIL Wilayat, named after existing provincial boundaries in Yemen, have claimed responsibility for attacks, including Hadhramaut Province, Shabwah Province and Sana'a Province.[44] Following the outbreak of the Yemeni Civil War in 2015, ISIL struggled to establish much of a presence in the country in the face of competition from the larger and more established Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) militant group. Many of ISIL's regional cells in Yemen have not been visibly active since their establishment and the group has not been able to seize control of territory the way they have done in Iraq and Syria.[71] The group has also experienced leadership turmoil and defections from its rank and file.[72]

Algeria

المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Algeria Province
للمزيد من المعلومات: Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)

Members of a militant group named Jund al-Khilafah swore allegiance to ISIL in September 2014.[73] ISIL in Algeria gained notoriety when it beheaded French tourist Hervé Gourdel in September 2014.[33] On 13 November 2014, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced that the group had changed its name to "Wilayah al-Jazair" in accordance to the structure of the rest of groups aligned with ISIL.[42][43] Algerian security forces killed the group's leader, Khalid Abu-Sulayman, in December 2014, and five of its six commanders in a May 2015 raid. Since then, the group has not claimed any significant attacks and has largely been silent.[74]

Afghanistan-Pakistan

المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province
للمزيد من المعلومات: War in Afghanistan (2001–present) و War in North-West Pakistan

On 29 January 2015, Hafiz Saeed Khan, Abdul Rauf and other militants in the region swore an oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Khan was subsequently named as the Wāli (Governor) of a new branch in Afghanistan and Pakistan called Khorasan Province, named after the historical Khorasan region.[75][76][77]

ISIL attempted to establish themselves in Southern Afghanistan, especially in Kandahar and Helmand provinces, but were resisted by Taliban forces.[78][79][80] They were able to establish a foothold in parts of Nangarhar, and recruited disaffected members of the Taliban.[81] In August 2015, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan leader, Usman Ghazi, swore allegiance to ISIL and announced that the group should be considered part of Wilayah Khorasan.[82]

The group suffered reversals in 2016, losing control of some territory in the wake of attacks from US Forces, the Afghan Government[83] and the Taliban.[84] Hafiz Saeed Khan was reportedly killed in a US drone strike in eastern Afghanistan on 25 July 2016.[85]

Nigeria

المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic State's West Africa Province
للمزيد من المعلومات: Boko Haram insurgency و Boko Haram

On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account.[86][87] Abu Mohammad al-Adnani welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate to West Africa.[88] ISIL publications from late March 2015 began referring to members of Boko Haram as part of Wilayat Gharb Afriqiya (Islamic State's West Africa Province).[44] Boko Haram suffered significant reversals in the year following the pledge of allegiance, with an offensive by the Nigerian military, assisted by neighboring powers, driving them from much of the territory they had seized in North East Nigeria.[89] Boko Haram suffered a split in 2016, with ISIL appointing 'Abu Musab al-Barnawi' as the group's new leader, due to disagreements with Abubakar Shekau's leadership. This was rejected by Shekau and his supporters, who continued to operate independently.[90][91]

North Caucasus

المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Caucasus Province
انظر أيضاً: Insurgency in the North Caucasus

ISIL militants in Syria issued a threat to Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2014: "we will liberate Chechnya and the entire Caucasus, God willing. Your throne has already teetered, it is under threat and will fall when we come to you because Allah is truly on our side."[92] In early 2015, commanders of the militant Caucasus Emirate group in Chechnya and Dagestan announced their defection and pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[93][94] In a June 2015 audio statement posted online, ISIL spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani accepted the pledges of allegiance and appointed Abu Muhammad al-Qadari (Rustam Asildarov) as ISIL Governor of a new Caucasus Province. He called on other militants in the region to join with and follow al-Qadari.[45][95] The group has carried out occasional, low-level attacks since then.[96] Russian security services killed Rustam Asildarov in December 2016.[97]


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Gaza

المقالة الرئيسية: Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade

In February 2014, the Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem declared its support for ISIL.[98] On 2 April 2015, elements of this group, along with members of the Army of Islam and the Gaza faction of Ansar Bait al-Maqdis,[99][100] formed the Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade, also known as Islamic State in Gaza,[101] as it predominantly operates in the Gaza Strip.

Somalia

المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic State in Somalia

The Islamic State in Somalia (ISS) is active since 2015, and though it remains a small militia of around 300 fighters, it has been considered possible by experts that ISS controls a number of villages in Puntland's hinterland.[9] Furthermore, the group managed to capture and hold the town of Qandala for over a month in late 2016. Despite this, ISS has not been acknowledged as an official province by the ISIL central leadership.[102]

Philippines

المقالة الرئيسية: Abu Sayyaf
 
A building in Marawi set ablaze after President Rodrigo Duterte ordered the Philippine Air Force to conduct airstrikes against the ISIL insurgents in the city during the Battle of Marawi

Abu Sayyaf is ISIL's most powerful affiliate in the Philippines; another ISIL-affiliated group is the Maute group. Both groups worked together with other ISIL affiliates to seize parts of Marawi City on 23 May 2017, starting the Battle of Marawi.

On 16 October, ISIL's Emir of Southeast Asia Isnilon Hapilon, along with the Maute group's remaining leader Omar Maute was killed by the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Previously, the Maute group's co-leader and Omar's brother Abdullah Maute, as well as their other five male siblings, have been neutralized by the ongoing counter-offensives. Two days after the leaders' death, the Armed Forces of the Philippines said Malaysian terrorist and senior commander Mahmud Ahmad is also presumed killed in another operation.

The Battle of Marawi was declared over by 23 October by the government, at which point all participating militants have been successfully neutralized, effectively blocking ISIL's Asian expansion. The government wiped out the Maute group after the battle.

In December 2017, remnants of the Maute group started recruiting new members to form a new group called "Turaifie Group" whose leader, Abu Turaifie, claimed himself to be a successor of former leader Abu Sayyaf Isnilon Hapilon.[103]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

المقالة الرئيسية: Islamic State's Central Africa Province

In October 2017, a video emerged on pro-ISIL channels that showed a small number of militants in the Democratic Republic of the Congo who declared to be part of the "City of Monotheism and Monotheists" (MTM) group. The leader of the group went on to say that "this is Dar al-Islam of the Islamic State in Central Africa" and called upon other like-minded individuals to travel to MTM territory in order to join the war against the government. The Long War Journal noted that though this pro-ISIL group in Congo appeared to be very small, its emergence had gained a notable amount of attention from ISIL sympathizers.[11] On 24 July 2019, a video was released referring to ISIL's presence in the country as the Central African Wilayat showing fighters pledging allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[104]

Mozambique

المقالة الرئيسية: Insurgency in Cabo Delgado

After taking control of the Mozambican town of Mocímboa da Praia during an offensive in August 2020, local ISIL insurgents declared it the capital of their province. The militants consequently expanded further by capturing several islands in the Indian Ocean, with Vamizi Island being the most prominent.[10]

Bangladesh and India

ISIL has declared Wilayat al-Hind on 11 May 2019 upon clashes in Kashmir.[105] On 30 April, it appointed its emir in Bangladesh.[106]

Azerbaijan

On 2 July 2019, as part of a series of videos showing supporters and fighters of ISIL around the world renewing their pledge of allegiance to ISIL's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, a video was published from Azerbaijan featuring three fighters armed with Kalashnikov style rifles pledging their allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The video was formally released by ISIL declaring it the Azerbaijan Wilayat.[107]

Turkey

Wilayat Turkey was formally declared in July 2019 when a video was published by ISIL featuring Turkish jihadists giving their bay'ah to the group's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Reference was also made to the Wilayat prior to its formal introduction, in April 2019 in a video featuring the group's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in his second ever video appearance, and first appearance in five years, he was seen holding dossiers from various Wilayats the group claims one of which was labeled as Wilayat Turkey, which was the first known such usage as a reference to the Turkish Wilayat.[108][109][110]

Notes

  1. ^ In October 2015, a film was released showing how the Gold Dinar would be introduced as the sole official currency of the proto-state. De facto, however, other currencies were used, with the gold dinar seeing limited circulation.[7]
  2. ^ أ ب De facto currency.
  3. ^ Used outside of the main controlled territory.

References

  1. ^ أ ب Rasheed (2015), p. 3.
  2. ^ Zelin (2016), p. 4.
  3. ^ Nico Prucha (1 August 2017). "Part 2: "Upon the prophetic methodology" and the media universe". Online Jihad: Monitoring Jihadist Online Communities. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  4. ^ Marshall, Alex (9 November 2014). "How Isis got its anthem". The Guardian (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  5. ^ Tomlinson, Lucas (21 April 2017). "ISIS moves its capital in Syria". Fox News. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  6. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (3 December 2018). "Breaking: US-backed forces allegedly enter Daesh's new capital". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  7. ^ "ISIS introduces 'Golden Dinar' currency, Hopes it will collapse U.S. dollar". The Foreign Desk. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر 'RAND: Rolling Back the Islamic State' Rolling Back the Islamic State
  9. ^ أ ب Harun Maruf (9 June 2017). "Somali Officials Condemn Attacks, Vow Revenge". Voice of America. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  10. ^ أ ب "ISIS take over luxury islands popular among A-list celebrities". News.com.au. 18 September 2020.
  11. ^ أ ب Caleb Weiss (15 October 2017). "Islamic State-loyal group calls for people to join the jihad in the Congo". Long War Journal. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  12. ^ Villamor, Felipe; Emont, Jon (20 July 2017). "ISIS' Core Helps Fund Militants in Philippines, Report Says". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  13. ^ RAND, Rolling back the Islamic State, page 11
  14. ^ Shelly Kittleson (31 December 2017). "Iraqi forces hunt down IS remnants in Hamrin Mountains". al-Monitor. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  15. ^ أ ب Although they have been besieged by Russia, Iran, and the regime for two years, thousands of ISIS members are still within an area of 4000 km² without any intention to launch a military operation against them
  16. ^ Trump says all Islamic State land lost in Syria, SDF says fight continues
  17. ^ Trump's maps of the ‘caliphate’ disregard ISIS pockets near Syrian gov't areas
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Works cited

External links

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