998
| القرون: | قرن 9 · قرن 10 · قرن 11 |
| العقود: | ع960 ع970 ع980 ع990 ع1000 ع1010 ع1020 |
| السنوات: | 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 1 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 9 – القرن 10 – القرن 11 |
| عقود: | عقد 960 عقد 970 عقد 980 – عقد 990 – عقد 1000 عقد 1010 عقد 1020 |
| سنين: | 995 996 997 – 998 – 999 1000 1001 |
| 998 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفات المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفات التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| تأسيسات – انحلالات | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 998 CMXCVIII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 1751 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 447 ԹՎ ՆԽԷ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 5748 |
| التقويم البهائي | −846 – −845 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 405 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 1948 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | N/A |
| التقويم البوذي | 1542 |
| التقويم البورمي | 360 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6506–6507 |
| التقويم الصيني | 丁酉年 (النار الديك) 3694 أو 3634 — إلى — 戊戌年 (التراب الكلب) 3695 أو 3635 |
| التقويم القبطي | 714–715 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2164 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 990–991 |
| التقويم العبري | 4758–4759 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1054–1055 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 920–921 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4099–4100 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 10998 |
| تقويم الإگبو | −2 – −1 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 376–377 |
| التقويم الهجري | 387–389 |
| التقويم الياباني | Chōtoku 4 (長徳４年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 998 CMXCVIII |
| التقويم الكوري | 3331 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 914 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前914年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1541 |
Year 998 (CMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
أوروبا
 |
- الربيع - Otto III retakes Rome and restores power in the papal city. Crescentius II (the Younger) and his followers barricade themselves in Castel Sant'Angelo. Otto's former tutor John Philagathos (Antipope John XVI), who tries to escape into Campania، is pursued by German troops and captured. He is horribly mutilated – his ears, nose and tongue cut off and his eyes are gouged out. Crescentius surrenders at his stronghold and is beheaded. Otto reinstates his cousin, Gregory V، as pope of the Catholic Church.[1]
- Croatian–Bulgarian War: Emperor Samuel launches a military campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia to prevent an alliance between the Serbian principality and the Byzantines. He seizes Dyrrachium (modern-day Durrës in Albania) and advances along the Dalmatian coast. The Bulgarian army is forced to withdraw into Croatian hinterlands (now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina), after the Siege of Zadar.[2]
- Fall - Otto III makes Rome the administrative capital of the Holy Roman Empire and begins the construction of his imperial palace on the Palatine Hill. He restores the ancient Roman Senate to its position of prominence and adopts the title of "Emperor of the Romans". To this Otto adds the apostolic devotion formula servus Jesu Christi ('Servant of Jesus Christ').[3]
- الشتاء - King Robert II (the Pious) is excommunicated by Gregory V. For reasons of consanguinity، his second marriage to Bertha of Burgundy is not accepted by the Catholic Church.[4]
الدولة العربية
- Battle of Ghazni: The Afghan prince Mahmud defeats his younger brother Ismail (the ruling emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty) in battle. He places Ismail in comfortable captivity for the rest of his life and expands the realm of his late father, Sebuktigin، into the Punjab in northwestern India.
- Summer - Revolt of Tyre: The city of Tyre (modern Lebanon) is stormed by forces of the Fatimid Caliphate. A Byzantine squadron attempts to reinforce but is repulsed by the Fatimid navy. The defenders are massacred or taken captive to Egypt. The Byzantine captives are executed.[5]
- July 19 - Battle of Apamea: Byzantine forces under governor (doux) Damian Dalassenos besiege the fortress city of Apamea for control over northern Syria. The Fatimids send a relief army from دمشق – and defeat the Byzantines, Dalassenos is killed by a Kurdish officer in battle.
اليابان
- Byōdō-in Temple (located in Yamashiro Province) is built during the Heian Period on orders of Fujiwara no Michinaga، who uses the Buddhist temple as a countryside retreat villa (modern-day Kyoto Prefecture).[6]
حسب الموضوع
الدين
- الشتاء - Otto III makes a pilgrimage through middle Italy from Gargano to Benevento. Stopping by Monte Cassino، where he meets the hermit monk Romuald.
- Bishop Wulfsige III establishes a Benedictine abbey at Sherborne (Dorsetshire).
مواليد
- Ibn Abi Hasina، Arab poet and panegyrist (ت. 1065)
- Mas'ud I، sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (ت. 1040)
- Muhammad، sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (ت. 1041)
- Song Qi، Chinese statesman and historian (ت. 1061)
- Zeng Gongliang، Chinese scholar and writer (ت. 1078)
وفيات
- July 15 - Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani، Persian mathematician (و. 940)
- July 19 - Damian Dalassenos، Byzantine governor (doux)
- August 8 - Seo Hui، Korean politician and diplomat (و. 942)
- August 19 - Fujiwara no Sukemasa، Japanese statesman (و. 944)
- August 24 - Sisinnius II، patriarch of Constantinople
- October 28 - Sigfried، count of the Ardennes (Luxembourg)
- Æthelweard، English ealdorman and historian (approximate date)
- Koppány (or Cupan), Hungarian nobleman (approximate date)
- Landulf of Carcano، Lombard chronicler and archbishop
- Nikon the Metanoeite، Byzantine monk and preacher
- Samsam al-Dawla، emir of the Buyid Dynasty (و. 963)
- Yelü Xiuge، general and politician of the Liao Dynasty
المراجع
- ^ John Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee, pp. 255–256. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
- ^ John Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee, p. 257. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
- ^ Reuter, Timothy (1992). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 258. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
- ^ James Palmer (2014). The Apocalypse in the Early Middle Ages, p. 215. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099, pp. 369–370. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.
- ^ Uji Travel: Byodoin Temple - Japan Guide (Retrieved August 4, 2017).