1321
| القرون: | قرن 13 · قرن 14 · قرن 15 |
| العقود: | ع1290 ع1300 ع1310 ع1320 ع1330 ع1340 ع1350 |
| السنوات: | 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 13 – القرن 14 – القرن 15 |
| عقود: | عقد 1290 عقد 1300 عقد 1310 – عقد 1320 – عقد 1330 عقد 1340 عقد 1350 |
| سنين: | 1318 1319 1320 – 1321 – 1322 1323 1324 |
| 1321 حسب الموضوع | |
| الفنون والعلوم | |
| العمارة - الفن | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول - الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفات المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد - الوفيات | |
| تصنيفات التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات - الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1321 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1321 MCCCXXI |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2074 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 770 ԹՎ ՉՀ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6071 |
| التقويم البهائي | −523 – −522 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 728 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2271 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 14 Edw. 2 – 15 Edw. 2 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1865 |
| التقويم البورمي | 683 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6829–6830 |
| التقويم الصيني | 庚申年 (المعدن القرد) 4017 أو 3957 — إلى — 辛酉年 (المعدن الديك) 4018 أو 3958 |
| التقويم القبطي | 1037–1038 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2487 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1313–1314 |
| التقويم العبري | 5081–5082 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1377–1378 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1243–1244 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4422–4423 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11321 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 321–322 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 699–700 |
| التقويم الهجري | 720–721 |
| التقويم الياباني | Gen'ō 3 / Genkō 1 (元亨元年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1321 MCCCXXI |
| التقويم الكوري | 3654 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 591 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前591年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1864 |
Year 1321 (MCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
يناير-مارس
- January 19 - King Edward II of England appoints the Archbishop of York; the Bishops of Carlisle, Worcester, and Winchester; the Earls of Pembroke, Hereford and Badlesmere; and six other people to negotiate with Scotland for a final peace treaty or an extension of the Pembroke treaty of 1319 before its expiration on Christmas Day.[1]
- January 20 - The English Parliament appoints a commission to inquire about illegal confederacies in Wales against the King.[2]
- January 30 - The Welsh Earls of Hereford, Arundel and Surrey, and 26 other people are forbidden from attending any meetings to discuss matters affecting King Edward II.[2]
- February 10 - By papal verdict announced in the Polish town of Brześć, the Teutonic Knights are ordered to return the coastal region of Gdańsk Pomerania to Poland, having annexed and occupied it since 1308. The Teutonic Order appeals the judgment and continues fighting against Poland, with a new Polish–Teutonic War breaking out soon afterward.
- March 22 - The first Genkō era begins in Japan after the end of the Gen'ō era.
أبريل-يونيو
- 8 أبريل - In the Delhi Sultanate of India, European Dominican missionaries who have accompanied Jordan Catala are killed while stranded on Salsette Island. Jordan escapes and continues his ministry.
- 12 أبريل - Sweden's governing council votes to bar foreigners from the royal palace, and to request that the Norwegian council admonish the regent Ingeborg to avoid taking advice from foreigners when making decisions. Ingeborg, who is serving as regent for her minor son, King Magnus, ruler of Sweden and Norway, has become infamous for making decisions without consultation from the councils of either of the kingdoms.
- 14 أبريل - Prince Wenceslaus of Płock allies with the Teutonic Knights of Poland and signs an agreement at the city of Golub, pledging to prevent Lithuanian troops from passing through his principality.
- 19 أبريل في عيد الفصح - الحرب الأهلية البيزنطية 1321–28 تبدأ، حين يبدأ أندرونيكوس الثالث پالايولوگوس انتفاضة ضد أندرونيكوس الثاني پالايولوگوس. وذلك حين قرر أندرونيكوس الثاني عرض أندرونيكوس الأصغر على البطريرك ومجلس الشيوخ لنزع ولاية العهد عنه وإعطائها لحفيد آخر هرب أندرونيكوس الأصغر إلى تراقيا حيث تمرد بمساعدة سرگيان ويوحنا كانتاكوزينيوس. وقد وعد كل التراقيين بالإعفاء من الضرائب. فجمع حشداً هائلاً، زحف به على العاصمة. فأعطاه أندرونيكوس الثاني حكم تراقيا ومقدونيا، واحتفظ الامبراطور فقط بحكم القسطنطينية وريفها وبعض الجزر.[3]
- 19 أبريل - At Easter, the Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 breaks out in the Byzantine Empire as Co-Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos flees Constantinople to Adrianople, where he sets up his court and initiates an uprising against his grandfather, the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. The 24-year-old Andronikos is joined by Theodore Synadenos and John Kantakouzenos in the rebellion. Syrgiannes Palaiologos leads an expeditionary army towards the capital, forcing the emperor to negotiate.[4][5][6]
- 5 مايو - Wars of the Rügen Succession: Dukes Otto I of Pomerania, Vartislav IV of Pomerania-Wolgast and Barnim III of Pomerania-Stettin reach a mutual inheritance contract with Vitslav III of Rügen.
- May 8 - In Egypt's Mamluk Sultanate, a campaign by Muslims starts against the Christian settlements of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Over 60 churches and monasteries are burned.
- May 16 - Johan de Bosco, a French person diagnosed with leprosy, claims that a fellow leper, "Geraldus" is attempting to spread their disease by contaminating wells, fountains, and rivers with bags of powder that will give leprosy to anyone who drinks from the water source. Rumors spread in southern France that French Jews are responsible, and is known as the 1321 lepers' plot.[7]
- June 6 - Andronikos II Palaiologos concludes a peace agreement and divides the Byzantine Empire in two. Andronikos III is recognized as co-emperor and receives Thrace and Macedonia. He rewards his followers and gives them towns and regions to administer. Adrianople becomes the new capital.[8]
- June 9 - Guillaume Agasse, the head of a leper house in Pamiers, claims in a statement to Bishop Jacques Founier (later Pope Benedict XII) that he had learned that more than fifty officials of leper houses had conspired with the Emirate of Granada to spread leprosy throughout France.[9]
- June 21 - King Philip V of France orders that all lepers be imprisoned and interrogated. Those found guilty, often under torture, are to be burnt at the stake.[10][11][12]
- June 23 - Pope John XXII approves a second inquiry into the matter of the canonization of Thomas Aquinas, with four commissioners to take testimony of witnesses.[13]
- ح. مايو-يونيو - هلع البرص: Rumours that lepers (acting on the orders of Jews bribed by Moors) are attempting to poison the Christian population spread throughout southern فرنسا.
يوليو-سبتمبر
- July 1 - María de Molina, grandmother of and regent for 12-year-old King Alfonso XI of Castile, dies at the age of 56, two relatives assume the regency and split Castile between themselves while chaos exists inside the Spanish kingdom. Alfonso's uncle, Don Juan Manuel de Ivrea, and cousin Juan de Castilla y Haro (called Juan el Tuerto or Juan the One-Eyed) remain in power until Alfonso XI reaches majority on 13 August 1325.
- July 15 - In England, the "Parliament of Whitebands" convenes with only 38 barons present, to remove suspect counsellors to the King.
- July 24 - A marriage contract is signed on behalf of Princess Euphemia, the 4-year-old sister of King Magnus of Sweden and Norway, and daughter of the regent Ingeborg of Norway, to eventually marry Albert of Mecklenburg the 3-year-old son of Henry I, Lord of Mecklenburg. The marriage will not take place until almost 15 years later.
- 14 أغسطس - الملك إدوارد الثاني من إنگلترة وافق متردداً على مطالب باروناته بإرسال Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester، وابنه Hugh Despenser the Younger إلى المنفى. The Despensers helped Edward in the administration of his financial and land management affairs. This gives them both the opportunity to frustrate the ambitions of the barons and also the chance to enrich themselves.[14]
- September 14 - Italian author Dante Alighieri, known for The Inferno, dies of malaria at Ravenna after having undertaken a diplomatic mission in the Republic of Venice.
أكتوبر-ديسمبر
- 29 أكتوبر - الملك ستفان أوروش الثاني ميلوتين من صربيا يتوفى. ابنه ستفان قسطنطين يطالب بالعرش، ولكن شقيق قسطنطين الأصغر ستفان أوروش الثالث ديچانسكي يخلفه.[15]
- October 31 - Forces of Edward II of England capture Leeds Castle in Kent after Margaret de Clare, wife of Bartholomew Badlesmere, refuses Queen Isabella admittance in her husband's absence. When the Queen seeks to force an entry, Lady Badlesmere instructs her archers to shoot at Isabella and her party, six of whom are killed. After Edward occupies the castle, Lady Badlesmere becomes the first woman ever to be imprisoned in the Tower of London. She will be freed on November 3, 1322.[16][17][18]
- November 10 - Canonization of Thomas Aquinas: In Italy, a second inquiry begins at Fossanova, as three commissioners (Pandulpho de Sabbello; Petrus Ferri, Bishop of Anagni; and Andreas, Bishop of Terracina) take testimony from over 100 witnesses until November 27.[13]
- November 27 - In northern Italy, Rinaldo dei Bonacolsi, Duke of Mantua, begins the siege of Mirandola against Francesco I Pico, Duke of Mirandola. Bonaclsi has Pico and his sons Francesco and Tommasino arrested and imprisoned in the Castel d'Ario.[19] A siege of the castle begins the next day and lasts 33 days.
- December 8 - Confronting the rebellion of Thomas of Lancaster (his cousin), the Baron Badlesmere and Roger Mortimer, King Edward II of England arrives in Cirencester, then leads troops up the Severn Valley from Gloucester against the rebels.[20]
- December 26 - Faced with an invasion of London during the rebellion of Thomas of Lancaster, by troops led by the English rebel, the Baron Badlesmere, King Edward II of England offers safe conduct for any rebels who come over to the royalist side, but orders the Sheriff of Gloucester to arrest Badlesmere.[21]
- December 28 (Genko 1, 9th day of 12th month) - In Japan, Emperor Go-Daigo begins direct government as the cloistered rule of former Emperor Go-Uda ceases.
- December 31 - The Duke of Mantua completes the siege of Mirandola, taking control of the Duchy, and then orders the castle of Duke Francesco I Pico to be destroyed.[22]
- Winter - Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328: Syrgiannes Palaiologos switches support to Andronikos II Palaiologos, fleeing to Constantinople. Rewarded with the title of megas doux, he convinces the emperor to resume the war against Andronikos III.[23]
مجهولة التاريخ
- حصاد هزيل يجلب مجاعة إلى أوروبا.
- بايليك تكه يأسسها الغز في أنطاليا في جنوب غرب الأناضول، بعد احدار سلطنة الروم.
- دير گراچانيتسا في كوسوڤو أعاد بناءه الملك الصربي ستفان ميلوتين.
- دير سپيتاكاڤور يكتمل بناؤها في أرمينيا.
- جامعة فلورنسا تتأسس.[24]
- إنشاء مدينة تغلق آباد، جنوب دلهي (1321-1325).
- گگين خان يعتلي عرش أسرة يوان في الصين (لمدة عامين).
حسب الموضوع
العلوم والتكنولوجيا
- In Germany, the water-powered hammer mill becomes well-known.
التعليم
- The University of Florence is established by the Republic of Florence.[25]
الدين
- The Gračanica Monastery is founded by King Stefan Milutin, nicknamed "The Saint King", on the ruins of a 6th century basilica, located in Kosovo.
- The Spitakavor Monastery, near the Armenian town Yeghegnadzor, is completed.
الأدب
- May 4 - The German play Ludus de decem virginibus, a dramatization of the New Testament Parable of the Ten Virgins, is first performed.
- Approximate date - The Kebra Nagast ("The Glory of the Kings") is translated from Arabic to Ge'ez, according to its colophon.[26]
مواليد
- 5 فبراير - John II, Marquess of Montferrat (ت. 1372)
- 5 يوليو - Joan of The Tower، queen consort of Scotland (ت. 1362)
- 29 أغسطس - John of Artois, Count of Eu، French soldier (ت. 1387)
- مجهولة التاريخ
- المنصور أبو بكر، سلطان المماليك (ت. 1362)
- ابن جزي الكلبي العالم والشاعر الأندلسي. (توفي 1365 م).
- James I, Count of Urgell
- خواجة بنده نواز، شيخ صوفي (ت. 1422)
- محتمل - الامبراطور John III of Trebizond (ت. 1362)
وفيات
- 12 يناير أو 1322 - Maria of Brabant، queen consort of فيليپ الثالث من فرنسا (و. 1256)
- 13 يناير - Bonacossa Borri، سيدة ميلانو (و. 1254)
- 25 فبراير - Beatrice d'Avesnes، consort of Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg
- 18 مارس - Matthew III Csák، Hungarian oligarch (و. ح.1260/5)
- 8 أبريل - Thomas of Tolentino، Italian Franciscan missionary, martyred (و. ح. 1255)
- 17 أبريل - Infanta Blanche of Portugal، ابنة الملك أفونسو الثالث من البرتغال و أوراكا من قشتالة (و. 1259)
- 27 أبريل - Nicolò Albertini، Italian cardinal statesman (و. ح. 1250)
- 31 مايو - بيرگر، ملك السويد (و. 1280)
- 1 يوليو - María de Molina، queen consort of Castile (و. ح. 1265)
قبر دانتى في راڤـِنا
- 13 أو 14 سبتمبر - دانتى أليگييري، الشاعر الإيطالي (و. 1265)
- 29 أكتوبر - ستفان ميلوتين، ملك صربيا (و. ح. 1253)
- 9 نوفمبر - والتر لانگتون، أسقف لتشفيلد وخازن إنگلترة. (و. 1243)
صفحة التكريس لكتاب عشق كونيگونده المكتوب بين 1312 و 1321. مديرة الدير مصوّرة عليه كإبنة الملك وعروس المسيح.
- 27 نوفمبر - كونيگونده من بوهيميا، أميرة بوهيمية ومديرة دير القديس جورج للراهبات في قلعة پراگ.
- مجهولة التاريخ
- ماريانوس الثالث من أربوريا، Giudice
- مبارك خان، وصي على العرش خلجي، أغتيل.
- Reginald of Burgundy، Count of Montbéliard
- Witte van Haemstede، أمير هولندي (و. 1280/2)
اليوميات المصرة. الأمير داڤيد فيودوروڤتش ياروسلاڤسكي
- داڤيد فيودوروڤتش ياروسلاڤسكي، أمير روسي.
- محتمل - ابن البناء المراكشي، عالم رياضيات عربي (و. 1256)
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ J. R. S. Phillips, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke 1307–1324: Baronial Politics in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford University Press, 2018) p. 203
- ^ أ ب Sir James H. Ramsay, Genesis of Lancaster (Clarendon Press, 1913) pp. 114–115
- ^ Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 9781135954949.
- ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 (second ed.), p. 157. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 251. University Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ^ Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453, p. 87. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1620-2.
- ^ David Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (Princeton University Press, 1996) p. 54
- ^ Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State, pp. 499–501. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2.
- ^ Barber, Malcolm (1981). "Lepers, Jews and Moslems: The Plot to Overthrow Christendom in 1321". History. 66 (216): 7. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229x.1981.tb01356.x. PMID 11614633.
- ^ Grayzel, Solomon (1947). A History of the Jews: From the Babylonian Exile to the End of World War II, pp. 389–391. Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0521524547.
- ^ Jordan, William Chester (1997). The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early Fourteenth Century, p. 171. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1400822130.
- ^ McVaugh, Michael R. (2002). Medicine Before the Plague: Practitioners and Their Patients in the Crown of Aragon, 1285–1345, p. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521524547.
- ^ أ ب "The Canonization of Saint Thomas Aquinas", by Leonardas Gerulaitis, Vivarium 5:25–46 (1967)
- ^ Mortimer, Ian (2010). The Greatest Traitor. Vintage Books. p. 109. ISBN 9780099552222.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 263. University Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ^ Costain, Thomas B (1958). The Three Edwards, pp. 193–195. The Pageant of England, New York: Doubleday and Company.
- ^ McKisack, May (1959). The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399, p. 64. Oxford History of England. London: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Emery, Anthony (2006). "Southern England". Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales 1300–1500, p. 305. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5.
- ^ Cronaca della nobilissima famiglia Pico scritta da autore anonimo (Tipografia di Gaetano Cagarelli, 1875) p. 154
- ^ Paul Doherty, Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II (Robinson, 2003) p. 86
- ^ Kathryn Warner, Edward II: The Unconventional King (Amberley Publishing, 2014) p. 152
- ^ Pompilio Pozzetti, Lettere Mirandolesi scritte al conte Ottavio Greco, Vol. 3 (Tipografia di Torreggiani e compagno, 1835) p. 40
- ^ Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 1997. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- ^ "Italian". The University of Edinburgh (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 15 January 2018.
- ^ "Italian". The University of Edinburgh (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
- ^ Hubbard, David Allan (1956). The Literary Sources of the Kebra Negast, p. 352. University of St. Andrews.
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