مملكة أيوتايا
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مملكة أيوتايا ( /ɑːˈjuːtəjə/; بالتايلندية: อยุธยา؛ النطق التايلندي: [ʔajúttʰajaː]؛ إنگليزية: Kingdom of Ayutthaya؛ كما تُنطق Ayudhya or Ayodhaya) was a Siamese kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Chinese, Vietnamese, Indians, Japanese and Persians, and later the Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutch and French, permitting them to set up villages outside the walls of the capital, also called Ayutthaya.
In the sixteenth century, it was described by foreign traders as one of the biggest and wealthiest cities in the East. The court of King Narai (1656–88) had strong links with that of الملك لويس الرابع عشر من فرنسا, whose ambassadors compared the city in size and wealth to Paris.
بحلول 1550، the kingdom's vassals included some city-states في شبه جزيرة الملايو، Sukhothai, Lan Na and parts of بورما وكمبوديا.[1] This part of the Kingdom's history is sometimes referred to as 'المملكة الأيوتية.'
In foreign accounts, Ayutthaya was called Siam, but many sources say the people of Ayutthaya called themselves Tai، ومملكتهم Krung Tai "The Tai country" (กรุงไท). It was also referred to as Iudea in a painting that was requested by the شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية [note 1]
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استعراض تاريخي
الأصول
البنفسجي الأزرق: مملكة أيوتايا
الأخضر الداكن: لان شانگ
القرمزي: لان نا
البرتقالي: مملكة سوخوتاي
الأحمر: امبراطورية الخمير
الأصفر: تشامپا
الأزرق: داي ڤييت
الفتوحات والتوسع
الحرب البورمية الأولى
مقالة مفصلة: الحروب البورمية السيامية
الحرب البورمية الثانية
التطور الاجتماعي والسياسي
الطبقات الاجتماعية
الاقتصاد
أيوتايا كميناء تجاري دولي
الاتصالات مع الغرب
Dutch East India Company Merchant Ship.
Memorial plate in Lopburi showing King Narai with French ambassadors.
The French ambassador Chevalier de Chaumont presents a letter from Louis XIV to King Narai. Constance Phaulkon is seen kowtowing in the lower left corner of the print.
Siamese embassy to لويس الرابع عشر في 1686، by Nicolas Larmessin.
الاتصالات مع شرق آسيا
Early 17th-century Chinese woodblock print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships.
A 1634 Japanese Red seal ship. Tokyo Naval Science Museum.
The Japanese quarter in Ayutthaya is indicated at the bottom center ("Japonois") of the map.
پورتريه يامادا ناگاماسا ح.1630.
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الطور الأخير
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الحكام
قائمة الأجانب البارزين في أيوتايا القرن 17
- Constantine Phaulkon, Greek Adventurer and First Councillor of King Narai
- François-Timoléon de Choisy
- Father Guy Tachard, French Jesuit Writer and Siamese Ambassador to France (1688)
- Louis Laneau, Apostolic Vicar of Siam
- Yamada Nagamasa, Japanese adventurer who became the ruler of the Nakhon Si Thammarat province
معرض صور
Detached Buddha head encased in fig tree roots
Seated Buddha, Ayutthaya
Seated Buddha, Ayutthaya
انظر أيضاً
ملاحظات
- ^ Roberts, Edmund (1837). "XVIII —City of Bang-kok". Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock during the years 1832-3-4. Harper & brothers. p. image 288. OCLC 12212199.
The spot on which the present capital stands, and the country in its vicinity, on both banks of the river for a considerable distance, were formerly, before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang-kok; but since that time, and for nearly sixty years past, it has been named Sia yuthia, (pronounced See-ah you-tè-ah, and by the natives, Krung, that is, العاصمة؛) it is called by both names here, but never Bang-kok; and they always correct foreigners when the latter make this mistake. The villages which occupy the right hand of the river, opposite to the capital, pass under the general name of Bang-kok.
الهامش
- ^ Hooker, Virginia Matheson (2003). A Short History of Malaysia: Linking East and West. St Leonards, New South Wales, AU: Allen & Unwin. p. 72. ISBN 1-86448-955-3. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
- ^ http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/06/headlines/headlines_30012911.php
المراجع
- Original text adapted from the Library of Congress Country Study of Thailand
- Higham, Charles (1989). The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27525-3. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (2005). From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional. ISBN 9971-77-491-7. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- Ruangsilp, Bhawan (2007). Dutch East India Company merchants at the court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom c. 1604–1765. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 0-300-08475-7. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Syamananda, Rong (1990). A History of Thailand. Chulalongkorn University. ISBN 974-07-6413-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wood, W.A.R (1924). A History of Siam. London: Fisher Unwin Ltd.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08475-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
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للاستزادة
- Bhawan Ruangsilp (2007). Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom, Ca. 1604-1765. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-15600-3.
- Smithies, Michael. A Siamese Embassy Lost in Africa 1686: The Odyssey of Ok-Khun Chamman. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999.
رسائل ماجستير ودكتوراه من پروكوِست حتى 16 أغسطس 2006
Subject: Art History
- Listopad, John A. "The art and architecture of the reign of Somdet Phra Narai." Diss. U of Michigan, 1995.
Subject: Buddhist literature
- Chrystall, Beatrice. "Connections without limit: The refiguring of the Buddha in the Jinamahanidana." Diss. Harvard U, 2004.
Subject: History
- Smith, George V. "The Dutch East India Company in the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, 1604–1694." Diss. Northern Illinois U, 1974.
Subject: Buddhist literature
- Chrystall, Beatrice. "Connections without limit: The refiguring of the Buddha in the Jinamahanidana." Diss. Harvard U, 2004.
Subject:Urban planning
- Peerapun, Wannasilpa. "The economic impact of historic sites on the economy of Ayutthaya, Thailand." Diss. U of Akron, 1991.
Phongsawadan Krung Si Ayutthaya
There are 18 versions of Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya (Phongsawadan Krung Si Ayutthaya) known to scholars.(According to Wyatt, David K. (1999). Chronicle of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya. Tokyo: The Center for East Asian Cultural Studies for UNESCO, The Toyo Bunko. pp. Introduction, 14. ISBN 978-4-89656-613-0.)
- Fifteenth-Century Fragment – Michael Vickery version(in English and Thai) and Ubonsi Atthaphan version in pp.215-231 (in Thai)
- Van Vliet Chronicle (1640) – Translated and compiled by the Dutch merchant. The original Thai manuscripts disappeared.
- The Luang Prasoet Version (1680) – Ayutthaha History (in Thai)
- CS 1136 Version (1774)
- The Nai (Nok) Kaeo Version (1782) - in pp.232-244 (in Thai)
- CS 1145 Version (1783)
- [ Sanggitiyavamsa] – Pali chronicle compiled by Phra Phonnarat, generally discussing Buddhism History of Thailand.
- CS 1157 Version of Phan Chanthanumat (1795)
- Thonburi Chronicle (1795)
- Somdet Phra Phonnarat Version (1795) – Thought to be identical to Bradley Version below.
- Culayuddhakaravamsa Vol.2 – Pali chronicle. - includes other three versions of the chronicle.
- Phra Chakraphatdiphong (Chat) Version (1808) (in Thai)
- Brith Museum Version (1807)
- Wat Ban Thalu Version (1812)
- ''Culayuddhakaravamsa Sermon (1820) . - includes other three versions of the chronicle.
- Bradley or Two-Volume Version (1864) – formerly called Krom Phra Paramanuchit Chinorot Version. [ Vol.1] [ Vol.2] [ Vol.3] or Vol.1 [ Vol.2]
- Pramanuchit's Abridged Version (1850) (in English)
- Royal Autograph Version (1855) - Vol. 1, Vol. 2
Some of these are available in Cushman, Richard D. (2000). The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya: A Synoptic Translation, edited by David K. Wyatt. Bangkok: The Siam Society.
الكتابات البورمية
These are Burmese historical accounts of Ayutthaya.
- Kham Hai Kan Chao Krung Kao (Lit. Testimony of inhabitants of Old Capital (i.e. Ayutthaya))
- Kham Hai Kan Khun Luang Ha Wat (Lit. Testimony of the "King who Seeks a Temple" (nickname of King Uthumphon)) - An English translation.
- Palm Leaf Manuscripts No.11997 of the Universities Central Library Collection or Yodaya Yazawin – Available in English in Tun Aung Chain tr. (2005) Chronicle of Ayutthaya, Yangon: Myanmar Historical Commission
الكتابات الغربية المعاصرة
- Second Voyage du Pere Tachard et des Jesuites envoyes par le Roi au Royaume de Siam. Paris: Horthemels, 1689.
وصلات خارجية
- Online Collection: Southeast Asia Visions Collection by Cornell University Library
- "History of Aythhaya – Your resources on old Siam"
- ayutthaya
- ayutthaya
— بيت ملكي — أسرة أيوتايا سنة التأسيس: 1350
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| سبقه مملكة سوخوتاي |
Ruling Dynasty of the مملكة أيوتايا 1350–1767 |
تبعه مملكة ثونبوري |