1291

(تم التحويل من 1291م)
القرون: قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14
العقود: ع1260 ع1270 ع1280 ع1290 ع1300 ع1310 ع1320
السنوات: 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294
ألفية: الألفية 2
قرون: القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14
عقود: عقد 1260  عقد 1270  عقد 1280  – عقد 1290 –  عقد 1300  عقد 1310  عقد 1320
سنين: 1288 1289 1290 – 1291 – 1292 1293 1294
Marshal Matthew of Clermont defends the walls at the Siege of Acre (1840)
Map of Acre (1291) during the siege of the Mamluk campaign (4 April–18 May)
1291 حسب الموضوع
السياسة
زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة
تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات
المواليد – الوفيات
تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات
التأسيسات – الانحلالات
الفن والأدب
1291 في الشعر
1291 في التقاويم الأخرى
التقويم الگريگوري1291
MCCXCI
آب أوربه كونديتا2044
التقويم الأرمني740
ԹՎ ՉԽ
التقويم الآشوري6041
التقويم البهائي−553 – −552
التقويم البنغالي698
التقويم الأمازيغي2241
سنة العهد الإنگليزي19 Edw. 1 – 20 Edw. 1
التقويم البوذي1835
التقويم البورمي653
التقويم البيزنطي6799–6800
التقويم الصيني庚寅年 (المعدن النمر)
3987 أو 3927
    — إلى —
辛卯年 (المعدن الأرنب)
3988 أو 3928
التقويم القبطي1007–1008
التقويم الديسكوردي2457
التقويم الإثيوپي1283–1284
التقويم العبري5051–5052
التقاويم الهندوسية
 - ڤيكرام سامڤات1347–1348
 - شاكا سامڤات1213–1214
 - كالي يوگا4392–4393
تقويم الهولوسين11291
تقويم الإگبو291–292
التقويم الإيراني669–670
التقويم الهجري689–691
التقويم اليابانيShōō 4
(正応４年)
تقويم جوچىN/A
التقويم اليوليوسي1291
MCCXCI
التقويم الكوري3624
تقويم مينگوو621 قبل جمهورية الصين
民前621年
التقويم الشمسي التايلندي1834
This box:

Year 1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

أحداث

حسب المكان

أوروبا

بريطانيا

  • Spring – Several nobles unsuccessfully claim the Scottish throne (a process known as the 'Great Cause'), including John Balliol, Robert de Brus, John Hastings and William de Vesci. Fearing civil war, the Guardians of Scotland ask King Edward I of England to arbitrate. Before agreeing, he obtains concessions to revive English overlordship over the Scots.
  • May 10 – Edward I meets the claimants for the Scottish crown at Norham Castle and informs them that he will judge the various claims to the throne, but they must acknowledge him as overlord of Scotland and, to ensure peace, surrender the royal castles of the kingdom into his keeping.[5]
  • June 13 – Guardians and the Scottish nobles recognize Edward I as overlord of Scotland, agreeing that the kingdom will be handed over to him until a rightful heir has been found.[6]

الشام

  • May 18 – Siege of Acre: Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil capture Acre after a six-week siege. The Mamluks take the outer wall of the city after fierce fighting. The Military Orders drive them back temporarily, but three days later the inner wall is breached. King Henry II of Cyprus escapes, but the bulk of the defenders and most of the citizens perish in the fighting or are sold into slavery. The surviving knights fall back to the fortified towers and resist for ten days until the Mamluks breakthrough on May 28.[7] The fall of Acre signals the end of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. No effective Crusade is raised to recapture the Holy Land afterward.[8]
  • June – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards, which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus.[9]
  • July – Thibaud Gaudin arrives with the surviving knights, with the treasure of the Order, in Sidon. There, he is elected as Grand Master of the Knights Templar, to succeed Guillaume de Beaujeu (who was mortally wounded during the siege of Acre). Shortly after, Mamluk forces attack Sidon and Gaudin (who has not had enough knights to defend) evacuates the city and moves to the Sidon Sea Castle on July 14.[10]
  • August 14 – Mamluk forces conquer the last Crusader outpost in Syria, the Templar fortress of Atlit south of Acre. All that now is left to the Knights Templar is the island fortress of Ruad. Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Cairo in triumph as the "victor in the long struggle against the Crusader states".[11]

آسيا

حسب الموضوع

الاقتصاد

الاستكشاف

مواليد

وفيات

المراجع

  1. ^ White Book of Sarnen (15th century).
  2. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 96. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  3. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 97. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  4. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 97–98. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  5. ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, p. 7. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
  6. ^ Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I, p. 365. The English Monarchs Series. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07209-9.
  7. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 351. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. ^ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states, pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-84176-862-5.
  9. ^ Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517, p. 104. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. ISBN 978-1-31787-152-1.
  10. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 352. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  11. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 353. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  12. ^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2010). "The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)". European Review of Economic History. 14 (2): 335–359. doi:10.1017/S1361491610000055.
  13. ^ Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Vivaldo, Ugolino and Sorleone de". Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 152. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  14. ^ "Afonso IV | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  15. ^ "Alfonso III | king of Aragon". Encyclopedia Britannica (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 17 November 2020.
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