1268
► | قرن 12 | << قرن 13 >> | قرن 14 | ◄
► | عقد 1230 | عقد 1240 | عقد 1250 | << عقد 1260 >> | عقد 1270 | عقد 1280 | عقد 1290 | ◄
► | ► | 1263 | 1264 | 1265 | 1266 | 1267 | << 1268 >> | 1269 | 1270 | 1271 | 1272 | 1273 | ◄ | ◄
تحويل 1-1-1268م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | تحويل 31-12-1268م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | ابحث في الموسوعة عن مواضيع متعلقة بسنة 1268
| الألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| القرون: | القرن 12 - القرن 13 - القرن 14 |
| العقود: | عقد 1230 عقد 1240 عقد 1250 - عقد 1260 - عقد 1270 عقد 1280 عقد 1290 |
| السنوات: | 1265 1266 1267 - 1268 - 1269 1270 1271 |
| 1268 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1268 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1268 MCCLXVIII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2021 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 717 ԹՎ ՉԺԷ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6018 |
| التقويم البهائي | −576 – −575 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 675 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2218 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 52 Hen. 3 – 53 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1812 |
| التقويم البورمي | 630 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6776–6777 |
| التقويم الصيني | 丁卯年 (النار الأرنب) 3964 أو 3904 — إلى — 戊辰年 (التراب التنين) 3965 أو 3905 |
| التقويم القبطي | 984–985 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2434 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1260–1261 |
| التقويم العبري | 5028–5029 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1324–1325 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1190–1191 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4369–4370 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11268 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 268–269 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 646–647 |
| التقويم الهجري | 666–667 |
| التقويم الياباني | Bun'ei 5 (文永５年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1268 MCCLXVIII |
| التقويم الكوري | 3601 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 644 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前644年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1811 |
Year 1268 (MCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
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أحداث
By topic
War and politics
- February 18 – Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov.[1]
- April 4 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. It is ratified by the Doge of Venice Reniero Zeno on 30 June.[2]
- August 23 – Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen Family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.[3]
- October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church.[4]
- King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.[5][6]
- The County of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of Brandenburg.[7]
- New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected.[8]
- Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.[9]
Culture
- Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit, at the Duomo di Siena.[10]
- The carnival in Venice is first recorded.[11]
- In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.[12]
- The town of Guta is founded (currently Kolárovo, Slovakia).[13][مطلوب مصدر أفضل]
By place
Asia
- May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.[14]
- The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.[15]
- Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.[16]
- An earthquake in Cilicia occurs in 1268 northeast of the city of Adana. Over 60,000 people perished in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor.[17][18][19]
- The Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya School completes the 'Phags-pa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire.[20]
مواليد
- April/June – Philip IV of France (d. 1314)[21]
- Saint Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308)[22]
- Emperor Duanzong of China (d. 1278)[23]
- Mahaut, Countess of Artois (d. 1327)[24]
- Vedanta Desika, Indian Hindu poet and philosopher[25]
وفيات
- May 15 – Peter II, Count of Savoy (b. 1203)[26]
- July 7 – Reniero Zeno, Doge of Venice[27]
- August 11 – Agnes of Faucigny, Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy[28]
- October 29
- November 29 – Pope Clement IV[9]
- December 9 – Vaišvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia[31]
- date unknown
- Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily[32]
- George (son of David VII of Georgia), Crown Prince of Georgia (b. 1250)[بحاجة لمصدر]
- Henry de Bracton, English jurist[33]
References
- ^ Parppei, Kati M. J. (2017). The Battle of Kulikovo Refought: "The First National Feat" (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 129. ISBN 9789004337947.
- ^ Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine Empire, from DCCXVI to MLVII (in الإنجليزية). Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons. p. 441.
- ^ Small, Carola M. (2004). "Battle of Tagliacozzo". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 1068. ISBN 9781135948801.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (in الإنجليزية). Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 286. ISBN 9781851096725.
- ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest (in الإنجليزية). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780472082605.
- ^ Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280) (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 255. ISBN 9789004333192.
- ^ Möller, Arnold Wilhelm (1822). Versuch einer Territorialgeschichte des preußischen Staates, oder kurze Darstellung des Wachsthums der Besitzungen des Hauses Brandenburg seit dem zwölften Jahrhundert. Mit einer illumin. Karte (in الألمانية). Hamm und Münster: Schulz u. Wundermann. pp. 13–14.
- ^ Dean, Trevor (2000). The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages (in الإنجليزية). Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9780719052040.
- ^ أ ب Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 106. ISBN 9780871691149.
- ^ Zirpolo, Lilian H. (2009). The A to Z of Renaissance Art (in الإنجليزية). Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. pp. 342–343. ISBN 9780810870437.
- ^ McNeill, William H. (2009) [1974]. Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797 (in الإنجليزية). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 269. ISBN 9780226561547.
- ^ Oliver, Garrett (2012). The Oxford Companion to Beer (in الإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 464. ISBN 9780195367133.
- ^ "Kolárovo city, Slovakia". fotw.info. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
- ^ Bradbury, Jim (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare (in الإنجليزية). London and New York: Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 9781134598472.
- ^ Curtis Wright, David (2013). "Debates in the Field During Bayan's Campaigns Against Southern Song China, 1274 - 1276". In Lorge, Peter A. (ed.). Debating War in Chinese History (in الإنجليزية). Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 141. ISBN 9789004244795.
- ^ Bary, Wm. Theodore de; Gluck, Carol; Tiedemann, Arthur; Varley, Paul (2002). "The Mongol Invasion of Japan". Sources of Japanese Tradition (in الإنجليزية) (Second: From Earliest Times to 1600 ed.). New York and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. p. 280. ISBN 9780231518055.
- ^ Walford, Cornelius (1879) The famines of the world: past and present London, page 55, OCLC 38724391
- ^ Lomnitz, Cinna (1974) Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-41076-7
- ^ Gates, Alexander E.; Ritchie, David (2007) [1994]. Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes (in الإنجليزية) (Third ed.). New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 292. ISBN 9780816072705.
- ^ Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010). One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 224. ISBN 9789004177321.
- ^ Delph, Ronald K. (2007). Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Janice J.; Upshur, Jiu-Hwa Lo; Whitters, Mark F. (eds.). Encyclopedia of World History. Facts on File Library of World History (in الإنجليزية). Infobase Publishing. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4.
- ^ Renna, Thomas (2006). Schaus, Margaret C. (ed.). Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 9781135459604.
- ^ Hu, Wen (2017). Dillon, Michael (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese History (in الإنجليزية). London and New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 634–635. ISBN 9781317817161.
- ^ Juhász, Gergely M. (2014). Translating Resurrection: The Debate between William Tyndale and George Joye in Its Historical and Theological Context. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions (in الإنجليزية). Vol. 165. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 155. ISBN 9789004259522.
- ^ Neville, Robert C. (2001). Ultimate Realities: A Volume in the Comparative Religious Ideas Project (in الإنجليزية). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780791447758.
- ^ Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1841). Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (in الإنجليزية). London: Charles Knight. pp. 439.
1268 peter savoy.
- ^ Hazlitt, William Carew (1860). History of the Venetian Republic: Her Rise, Her Greatness, and Her Civilization (in الإنجليزية). Vol. II. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 255.
- ^ Cox, Eugene L. (2015) [1974]. The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe (in الإنجليزية). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 374. ISBN 9781400867912.
- ^ Quatriglio, Giuseppe (2005) [1985]. A Thousand Years in Sicily: From the Arabs to the Bourbons (in الإنجليزية) (Third ed.). Mineola, NY and Ottawa: Legas / Gaetano Cipolla. p. 43. ISBN 9780921252177.
- ^ Bassiouni, M. Cherif; Schabas, William A. (2016). The Legislative History of the International Criminal Court (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I (Second Revised and Expanded ed.). Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 17. ISBN 9789004322097.
- ^ Janonienė, Rūta; Račiūnaitė, Tojana; Iršėnas, Marius; Butrimas, Adomas (2015). The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture (in الإنجليزية). Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Academy of Arts Press. p. 58. ISBN 9786094470974.
- ^ Linskill, Richard, ed. (1964). The Poems of the Troubadour, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras (in الإنجليزية). The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. p. 85.
- ^ Bracton, Henry de (2010). Maitland, William Frederick (ed.). Bracton's Note Book: A Collection of Cases Decided in the King's Courts During the Reign of Henry the Third (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9781108010290.