المعرفة

دورگا

For other uses, see دورگا (توضيح).
"Mahisasuramardini" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the radio programme، انظر Mahisasuramardini (radio program).
"Demus" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the surname، انظر Demus (surname). For the production company، انظر Demus Productions. لمطالعة the subdivision in Ancient Greece، انظر deme.

دورگا ( Durga ؛ النطق الهندوستاني: [ˈd̪ʊrɡaː]؛ بالسنسكريتية: दुर्गा)، تعني "لا يمكن الوصول إليها"[5] أو "لا تقهر"، هي الإلهة العليا في الهندوسية. وتعبر أم گانيش وساراسواتي ولاكشمي، وهي أيضا الوجه القوي المحارب للشياطين لپرڤاتي زوجة شيڤا. لذلك ترسم بعشرة أذرع وتركب الأسد أو النمر وتحمل أسلحة، وتعتبر تجسد الطاقة الأنثوية الخلاقة شاكتي.

دورگادڤي
Durgadevi
الإلهة الأم؛
إلهة الكون، إلهة الحرب والحفاظ على النسل والسلطة والطاقة والقوة والحماية
Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG
18th-century painting of Durga slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura
أسماء أخرىMahishasuramardini, Amba, Jagdamba, Jagat Janani
الانتماءمهادڤي، شاكتي، پرڤاتي، ناڤادورگا، مهالكشمي، مهاكالي، مهاساراسواتي
المسكنمانيدڤيپا
مانترا
  • ॐ श्री दुर्गायै नमः
    Om Shree Durgayai Namah[1]
  • ॐ ऐं ह्रीं क्लीं चामुण्डायै विच्चै
    Om Aim Hreem Klein Chamundayai Vichaye
  • ॐ सर्वमंगल मांगल्ये शिवे सर्वार्थ साधिके। शरण्ये त्र्यंबके गौरी नारायणि नमोऽस्तुते।।
    Om Sarvmangal Mangalye Shive Sarvarth Sadhike. Sharanye Tryambake Gauri Narayani Namostute
  • ॐ जयन्ती मंगला काली भद्रकाली कपालिनी। दुर्गा क्षमा शिवा धात्री स्वाहा स्वधा नमोऽस्तुते
    Om Jayanti Mangala Kali Bhadrakali Kapalini. Durga Kshma Shiva Dhatri Swaha Swadha Namostute
السلاحChakra (discus), Shankha (conch shell), Trishula (trident), Gada (mace), Bow and Arrow, Khanda (sword) and Shield, Ghanta (bell)
Mountنمر أو أسد (Manastāla) [2][3]
الأعيادDurga Puja, Durga Ashtami, Navaratri, Vijayadashami
Consortشيڤا
الآلهة المكافئة
المكافئ ManipuriPanthoibi[4]
ترجمات
दुर्गा (Durgā)
السنسكريتيةदुर्गा (Durgā)
الآساميةদুর্গা (Durgā)
بنغاليদুর্গা (Durgā)
گجراتيદુર્ગા (Durgā)
هنديदुर्गा (Durgā)
مليالمദുർഗ (Durga)
مراثيदुर्गा (Durgā)
أودياଦୁର୍ଗା (Durgā)
پنجابيਦੁਰਗਾ (Durgā)
تاميلதுர்க்கை (Durgai)
تلوگوదుర్గ (Durgā)
معجم المصطلحات الهندوسية

She is worshipped as a one of principal aspect of the supreme mother goddess Mahadevi and is one of the most popular and widely revered among Indian divinities. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction and wars.[6][7][8] According to Devi-Bhagavata Purana she is one of the five major forms of Goddess Bhuvaneshvari.[9] Her legend centres around combating evils and demonic forces that threaten peace, prosperity, and Dharma the power of good over evil.[7][10] Durga is believed to unleash her divine wrath against the wicked for the liberation of the oppressed, and entails destruction to empower creation.[11] Historians of religion and art tend to trace the earliest depiction of Durga to the seals of Indus Valley Civilization. However, this claim lacks direct visual evidence from the site. There are several hints to her in the early Vedic texts and by the time of the epics, she emerges as an independent deity. Durga is seen as a motherly figure and often depicted as a beautiful woman, riding a lion or tiger, with many arms each carrying a weapon and often defeating demons.[3][12][13][14] She is widely worshipped by the followers of the goddess centric sect, Shaktism, and has importance in other denominations like Shaivism and Vaishnavism. Under these traditions, Durga is associated and identified with other deities. There are many devotees of Goddess Durga who recite Saptashloki Durga Saptashati to seek her blessings.[10][15]

The two most important texts of Shaktism, Devi Mahatmya and Devi-Bhagavat reveres Devi or Shakti (goddess) as the primordial creator of the universe and the Brahman (ultimate truth and reality).[16][17][18] While all major texts of Hinduism mention and revere the goddess, these two texts center around her as the primary divinity.

Durga has a significant following all over India (particularly in its eastern states such as West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, Assam and Bihar), Bangladesh and Nepal. Durga is revered after spring and autumn harvests, specially during the festivals of Durga Puja and Navratri.[19][20]

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أصل الاسم والمصطلحات

The word Durga (दुर्गा) literally means "impassable",[6][19] "invincible, unassailable".[21] It is related to the word Durg (दुर्ग) which means "fortress, something difficult to defeat or pass". According to Monier Monier-Williams, Durga is derived from the roots dur (difficult) and gam (pass, go through).[22] According to Alain Daniélou, Durga means "beyond defeat".[23]

The word Durga and related terms appear in the Vedic literature, such as in the Rigveda hymns 4.28, 5.34, 8.27, 8.47, 8.93 and 10.127, and in sections 10.1 and 12.4 of the Atharvaveda.[22][24][note 1] A deity named Durgi appears in section 10.1.7 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka.[22] While the Vedic literature uses the word Durga, the description therein lacks the legendary details about her that is found in later Hindu literature.[26]

The word is also found in ancient post-Vedic Sanskrit texts such as in section 2.451 of the Mahabharata and section 4.27.16 of the Ramayana.[22] These usages are in different contexts. For example, Durg is the name of an Asura who had become invincible to gods, and Durga is the goddess who intervenes and slays him. Durga and its derivatives are found in sections 4.1.99 and 6.3.63 of the Ashtadhyayi by Pāṇini, the ancient Sanskrit grammarian, and in the commentary of Nirukta by Yaska.[22] Durga as a demon-slaying goddess was likely well established by the time the classic Hindu text called Devi Mahatmya was composed, which scholars variously estimate to between 400 and 600 CE.[27][28][29] The Devi Mahatmya and other mythologies describe the nature of demonic forces symbolised by Mahishasura as shape-shifting and adapting in nature, form and strategy to create difficulties and achieve their evil ends, while Durga calmly understands and counters the evil in order to achieve her solemn goals.[30][31][note 2]

There are many epithets for Durga in Shaktism and her nine appellations are (Navadurga): Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayini, Kaalratri, Mahagauri and Siddhidatri. A list of 108 names of the goddess is recited in order to worship her and is popularly known as the "Ashtottarshat Namavali of Goddess Durga".

Other meanings may include: "the one who cannot be accessed easily",[22] "the undefeatable goddess".[23]

One famous shloka states the definition and origin of the term 'Durga': "Durge durgati nashini", meaning Durga is the one who destroys all distress or one who eliminates suffering.[33]


التاريخ والنصوص

Evidence of Durga-like images can probably be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization. According to Asko Parpola, a cylindrical seal from Kalibangan shows "a Durgā-like goddess of war, who is associated with the tiger".[34][35]

Reverence for Devi, the feminine nature of God, first appears in the 10th Maṇḍala of Rig Veda, one of the scriptures of Hinduism. This hymn is also called the Devi Suktam hymn (abridged):[36][37]

I am the Queen, the gatherer-up of treasures, most thoughtful, first of those who merit worship.
     Thus gods have established me in many places with many homes to enter and abide in.
Through me alone all eat the food that feeds them, – each man who sees, breathes, hears the word outspoken.
     They know it not, yet I reside in the essence of the Universe. Hear, one and all, the truth as I declare it.
I, verily, myself announce and utter the word that gods and men alike shall welcome.
     I make the man I love exceedingly mighty, make him nourished, a sage, and one who knows Brahman.
I bend the bow for Rudra, that his arrow may strike, and slay the hater of devotion.
     I rouse and order battle for the people, I created Earth and Heaven and reside as their Inner Controller.
On the world's summit I bring forth sky the Father: my home is in the waters, in the ocean as Mother.
     Thence I pervade all existing creatures, as their Inner Supreme Self, and manifest them with my body.
I created all worlds at my will, without any higher being, and permeate and dwell within them.
     The eternal and infinite consciousness is I, it is my greatness dwelling in everything.

– Devi Sukta, Rigveda 10.125.3 – 10.125.8,[36][37][38]

 
Artwork depicting the "Goddess Durga Slaying the Buffalo demon Mahishasura" scene of Devi Mahatmya, is found all over India, Nepal and southeast Asia. Clockwise from top: 9th-century Kashmir, 13th-century Karnataka, 9th century Prambanan Indonesia, 2nd-century Uttar Pradesh.

Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in Upanishadic literature, such as Kali in verse 1.2.4 of the Mundaka Upanishad dated to about the 5th century BCE.[39] This single mention describes Kali as "terrible yet swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of the divine with a fire-like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting its thesis that one must seek self-knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal Brahman.[40]

Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epics period of ancient India, that is the centuries around the start of the common era.[41] Both Yudhisthira and Arjuna characters of the Mahabharata invoke hymns to Durga.[39] She appears in Harivamsa in the form of Vishnu's eulogy, and in Pradyumna prayer.[41] Various Puranas from the early to late 1st millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent mythologies associated with Durga.[39] Of these, the Markandeya Purana and the Devi-Bhagavata Purana are the most significant texts on Durga.[42][43] The Devi Upanishad and other Shakta Upanishads, mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to Durga as Devi and other epithets, identifying her to be the same as the Brahman and Atman (self, soul).[44][45]

Indologists and authors Chitralekha Singh and Prem Nath says, "Narada Purana describes the powerful forms of Lakshmi as Durga, Mahakali, Bhadrakali, Chandi, Maheshwari, Mahalakshmi, Vaishnavi and Andreye".[46] In Garuda Purana and Vishnu Purana, Lakshmi is considered Prakriti (Mahalakshmi) and is identified with three forms — Sri, Bhu and Durga.[47]

نصوص پانچاراترا

المقالة الرئيسية: پانچاراترا and لكشمي تانترا

In Pancharatra texts such as Lakshmi Tantra, Lakshmi is given the status of the primordial goddess (Shakti) and Durga as one of the names and form of Lakshmi. Lakshmi is described as Visnumāyā or Māhāmāyā, or the Yoganidrā of Visnu. The texts also describe that eventhough Lakshmi have Durga form she again got the name Durga after killing the demon Durgamasura.[48][49] Authors Edwin Bryant and Maria Ekstrand says, "The Lakshmi Tantra displays many Sakta elements, yet is a Pancharatra text due to the association of Lakshmi with Vishnu as his Shakti. Lakshmi identifies herself as the "Mother of all Sounds", and explains her presence in syllable Om.[50] Author Sir John Woodroffe says, "The Mārkandeya Purāna and the Lakshmi Tantra in the Pancarātra says: “In this place, I shall kill a great Daitya (Titan) named Durgama. Hence my name shall be Durgā".[51] Author Hillary Rodrigues says, "In Lakshmi Tantra, Lakshmi says I am called Durga, as I am difficult to reach, and also because I save my devotee".[52]

Author Vittorio Roveda says, Lakshmi Tantra not only glorifies Lakshmi as the shakti of Vishnu-Narayana, but also women in general as beings created in the cherished form of Lakshmi, and it advocates their worship. Lakshmi Tantra further glorifies Lakshmi as taking three great forms Mahalakshmi, Mahakali and Mahasaraswati.[53] In Lakshmi Tantra, Lakshmi says she only came down as daughter of Yashoda and killed Sumbha and Nisumbha. Author Upendra Nath Dhal says, Like the Devi Māhātmya, the Lakşmi Tantra describes the individual incarnations of Lakşmi thus: During the reign of Svāyambhuva (Manu) for the destruction of the demon Mahisa, Mahālakṣmi appeared Mahişāmardini.[54] Author C. Mackenzie Brown says, The manifestation of triguna Mahā-Lakṣmī into the tamasi Mahā-Kālī and the sattviki Mahā-Sarasvatī (or Mahavidya) is told in Lakshmi Tantra. The account of three main demon-slaying incarnations of the Devi correlated with Maha-Devis appears in Lakshmi Tantra and are described as various forms of Goddess Lakshmi.[55]

In the beginning, I the holy Goddess, (manifested myself) as the goddess called Mahalakshmi.
Next, I became two by assuming the form of Kṛṣṇa (Mahakali) and Brahmi (Mahasarasati).
These are my three supreme forms as classified by the three gunas.
O Sakra, during the reign of Svambhuva (Manu), for the benefit of all the worlds,
I, Mahalakshmi, appeared as Mahisamardini.
The elements of my sakti inherent in each god combined to constitute my dazzling beautiful form (of Mahisamardini).
O king of gods, the saktis belonging to the special weapons of each god turned into my weapons without undergoing a change of form.
Worshipped by the gods I, in that form (Mahisamardini), instantaneously slew the demon Mahisa.
He who praises meditates or bow down to so powerful a goddess, is rewarded with ever lasting supremacy.

– Lakshmi Tantra, Pancharatra text,[56][57]

In Narada Pancharatra, Lakshmi in her Durga form says she will be born as Radhika in Vrindavan. Radha is considered the wife of Krishna since she is the avatar (incarnation) of Lakshmi (Vishnu Shakti). Vaishnava saint Bhaktivinoda Thakur explains the sloka from Narada Pancharatra as, "In the forest known as Vrindavana, I am your Internal Sakti, Sri Radhika, who adorns Your chest in the rasa dance".[58] Authors V. R. Parthasarathy and Indu Parthasarathy says that According to Lakshmi Tantra and other Pancharatra texts, Vishnumaya and Yoganidra refer to two aspects of Lakshmi (shakti)  — namely the creative and the latent.[59] Kinsley says, "Lakṣmī's identification throughout the Pancaratra system with Viṣṇu's sakti (power) is also a way of declaring her association with fertile power.[60] Kinsley also says, "Durgā as a personification of māyā is most clearly seen in the Madhu and Kaitabha episode, in which she deludes the demons so that Vişņu can slay them and in which she is repeatedly referred to as Mahāmāyā and as Vişnu's māyā".[61] Author Vanamali says, "In Pancharatra and Tantric schools Lakshmi is given the independent status. While Lakshmi is Consort of Vishnu, Mahalakshmi is the embodiment of divine Shakti. Her nature is very much like that of the virgin goddess Durga.[62]

الأصول

The historian Ramaprasad Chanda stated in 1916 that Durga evolved over time in the Indian subcontinent. A primitive form of Durga, according to Chanda, was the result of "syncretism of a mountain-goddess worshiped by the dwellers of the Himalaya and the Vindhyas", a deity of the Abhiras conceptualised as a war-goddess. In the Virata Parvan stuti and Visnuite texts, the Goddess is called the Māhāmāyā, or the Yoganidrā of Visnu. These further points her Abhira or Gopa origins.[63] Durga then transformed into Kali as the personification of the all-destroying time, while aspects of her emerged as the primordial energy (Adya Sakti) integrated into the samsara (cycle of rebirths) concept and this idea was built on the foundation of the Vedic religion, mythology and philosophy.[64] There are total of nine avatars of Goddess Durga in Hinduism.[65]

Epigraphical evidence indicates that regardless of her origins, Durga is an ancient goddess. The 6th-century CE inscriptions in early Siddhamatrika script, such as at the Nagarjuni hill cave during the Maukhari era, already mention the legend of her victory over Mahishasura (buffalo-hybrid demon).[66]

إشارات التجار الأوروپيون والعصر الاستعماري

Some early European accounts refer to a deity known as Deumus, Demus or Deumo. Western (Portuguese) sailors first came face to face with the murti of Deumus at Calicut on the Malabar Coast and they concluded it to be the deity of Calicut. Deumus is sometimes interpreted as an aspect of Durga in Hindu mythology and sometimes as deva. It is described that the ruler of Calicut (Zamorin) had a murti of Deumus in his temple inside his royal palace.[67]


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الأساطير

 
'Durga in Combat with the Bull, Mahishasura', 19th century painting

The most popular legend associated with the goddess is of her killing of Mahishasura. Mahishasura was a half-buffalo demon who did severe penance in order to please Brahma, the creator. After several years, Brahma, pleased with his devotion, appeared before him. The demon opened his eyes and asked the god for immortality. Brahma refused, stating that all must die one day. Mahishasura then thought for a while and asked a boon that only a woman could be able to kill him. Brahma granted the boon and disappeared. Mahishasura started to torture innocent people. He captured heaven and was not in any kind of fear, as he thought women to be powerless and weak. The devas were worried and they went to Trimurti. They all together combined their power and created a warrior woman with many arms. The devas gave her a copy of their weapons. Himavan, the lord of Himalayas, gifted a lion as her mount. Durga on her lion, reached before Mahishasura's palace. Mahishasura took on different forms and attacked the goddess. Each time, Durga would destroy his forms. At last, Durga slayed Mahishasura when he was transforming as a buffalo.[68][69]

الصفات والتصوير

 
 
Left: Durga as buffalo-demon slayer from a 6th century Aihole Hindu temple, Karnataka; Right: in Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu.

Durga has been a warrior goddess, and she is depicted to express her martial skills. Her iconography typically resonates with these attributes, where she rides a lion or a tiger,[2] has between eight and eighteen hands, each holding a weapon to destroy and create.[70][71] She is often shown in the midst of her war with Mahishasura, the buffalo demon, at the time she victoriously kills the demonic force. Her icon shows her in action, yet her face is calm and serene.[72][73] In Hindu arts, this tranquil attribute of Durga's face is traditionally derived from the belief that she is protective and violent not because of her hatred, egotism or getting pleasure in violence, but because she acts out of necessity, for the love of the good, for liberation of those who depend on her, and a mark of the beginning of soul's journey to creative freedom.[73][74][75]

 
Durga killing Mahishasura in a Durga Puja celebration in Bengal

Durga traditionally holds the weapons of various male gods of Hindu mythology, which they give her to fight the evil forces because they feel that she is the shakti (energy, power).[76] These include chakra, conch, bow, arrow, sword, javelin, trishul, shield, and a noose.[77] These weapons are considered symbolic by Shakta Hindus, representing self-discipline, selfless service to others, self-examination, prayer, devotion, remembering her mantras, cheerfulness and meditation. Durga herself is viewed as the "Self" within and the divine mother of all creation.[78] She has been revered by warriors, blessing their new weapons.[79] Durga iconography has been flexible in the Hindu traditions, where for example some intellectuals place a pen or other writing implements in her hand since they consider their stylus as their weapon.[79]

Archeological discoveries suggest that these iconographic features of Durga became common throughout India by about the 4th century CE, states David Kinsley – a professor of religious studies specialising on Hindu goddesses.[80] Durga iconography in some temples appears as part of Mahavidyas or Saptamatrkas (seven mothers considered forms of Durga). Her icons in major Hindu temples such as in Varanasi include relief artworks that show scenes from the Devi Mahatmya.[81]

In Vaishnavism, Durga whose mount is Lion, is considered one of the three aspects or forms of Goddess Lakshmi, the other two being Sri and Bhu.[82] According to professor Tracy Pintchman, "When the Lord Vishnu created the gunas of prakriti, there arose Lakshmi in her three forms, Sri, Bhu and Durga. Sri consisted of sattva, Bhu as rajas and Durga as tamas".[83]

Durga appears in Hindu mythology in numerous forms and names, but ultimately all these are different aspects and manifestations of one goddess. She is imagined to be terrifying and destructive when she has to be, but benevolent and nurturing when she needs to be.[84] While anthropomorphic icons of her, such as those showing her riding a lion and holding weapons, are common, the Hindu traditions use aniconic forms and geometric designs (yantra) to remember and revere what she symbolises.[85]

العبادة والأعياد

Durga is worshipped in Hindu temples across India and Nepal by Shakta Hindus. Her temples, worship and festivals are particularly popular in eastern and northeastern parts of Indian subcontinent during Durga puja, Dashain and Navaratri.[3][19][86]

دورگا پوجا

المقالة الرئيسية: دورگا پوجا
 
Durga festival images (clockwise from top): Durga Puja pandal with a Durga idol with 1 million hands standing on top a bull's head to symbolize her victory over Mahishasura in Kolkata, Dancing on Vijaya Dashami, women smearing each other with colour, and family get together for Dashain in Nepal.

As per the Markandeya Purana, Durga Puja can be performed either for 9 days or 4 days (last four in sequence). The four-day-long Durga Puja is a major annual festival in Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Jharkhand and Bihar.[3][19] It is scheduled per the Hindu luni-solar calendar in the month of Ashvina,[87] and typically falls in September or October. Since it is celebrated during Sharad (literally, season of weeds), it is called as Sharadiya Durga Puja or Akal-Bodhan to differentiate it from the one celebrated originally in spring. The festival is celebrated by communities by making special colourful images of Durga out of clay,[88] recitations of Devi Mahatmya text,[87] prayers and revelry for nine days, after which it is taken out in procession with singing and dancing, then immersed in water. The Durga puja is an occasion of major private and public festivities in the eastern and northeastern states of India.[3][89][90]

The day of Durga's victory is celebrated as Vijayadashami (Bijoya in Bengali), Dashain (Nepali) or Dussehra (in Hindi) – these words literally mean "the victory on the Tenth (day)".[91]

This festival is an old tradition of Hinduism, though it is unclear how and in which century the festival began. Surviving manuscripts from the 14th century provide guidelines for Durga puja, while historical records suggest royalty and wealthy families were sponsoring major Durga puja public festivities since at least the 16th century.[89] The 11th or 12th century Jainism text Yasatilaka by Somadeva mentions a festival and annual dates dedicated to a warrior goddess, celebrated by the king and his armed forces, and the description mirrors attributes of a Durga puja.[87]

The prominence of Durga puja increased during the British Raj in Bengal.[92] After the Hindu reformists identified Durga with India, she became an icon for the Indian independence movement.[بحاجة لمصدر]The city of Kolkata is famous for Durga puja.

داشاين

In Nepal, the festival dedicated to Durga is called Dashain (sometimes spelled as Dasain), which literally means "the ten".[86] Dashain is the longest national holiday of Nepal, and is a public holiday in Sikkim and Bhutan. During Dashain, Durga is worshipped in ten forms (Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayani, Kalaratri, Mahagauri, Mahakali and Durga) with one form for each day in Nepal. The festival includes animal sacrifice in some communities, as well as the purchase of new clothes and gift giving. Traditionally, the festival is celebrated over 15 days, the first nine-day are spent by the faithful by remembering Durga and her ideas, the tenth day marks Durga's victory over Mahisura, and the last five days celebrate the victory of good over evil.[86]

During the first nine days, nine aspects of Durga known as Navadurga are meditated upon, one by one during the nine-day festival by devout Hindus. Durga is occasionally worshiped as celibate goddess, but the Shaktism traditions includes the worship of Shiva along with Durga, who consider her as his consort, in addition to Lakshmi, Saraswati, Ganesha and Kartikeya, who are considered to be Durga's children by Shaktas.[93][94] Some Shaktas worship Durga's symbolism and presence as Mother Nature. In South India, especially Andhra Pradesh, Dussera Navaratri is also celebrated and the goddess is dressed each day as a different Devi, all considered equivalent but another aspect of Durga.


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الثقافات الأخرى

In Bangladesh, the four-day-long Sharadiya Durga Puja is the most important religious festival for the Hindus and celebrated across the country with Vijayadashami being a national holiday. In Sri Lanka, Durga in the form of Vaishnavi, bearing Vishnu's iconographic symbolism is celebrated. This tradition has been continued by Sri Lankan diaspora.[95]

في الهندوسية

 
The Buddhist goddess Palden Lhamo shares some attributes of Durga.[96]

According to scholars, over its history, Buddhist Tantric traditions have adopted several Hindu deities into its fold.[97][98][99] The Tantric traditions of Buddhism included Durga and developed the idea further.[100] In Japanese Buddhism, she appears as Butsu-mo (sometimes called Koti-sri).[101] In Tibet, the goddess Palden Lhamo is similar to the protective and fierce Durga.[102][96] Several aspects of Tārā is believed to have originated as a form of the goddess Durga, notably her fierce guardian form.[103]

في الجاينية

The Sacciya mata found in major medieval era Jain temples mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by Jainism scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage.[104] In the Ellora Caves, the Jain temples feature Durga with her lion mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the Jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity.[105]

في السيخية

انظر أيضاً: چاندي دي ڤار

Durga is exalted as the divine in Dasam Granth, a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.[106] According to Eleanor Nesbitt, this view has been challenged by Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the Supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is "unmistakably of Hindu character".[106]

خارج شبه القارة الهندية

 
Goddess Durga in Southeast Asia, from left: 7th/8th century Cambodia, 10/11th century Vietnam, 8th/9th century Indonesia.

Archeological site excavations in Indonesia, particularly on the island of Java, have yielded numerous statues of Durga. These have been dated to be from 6th century onwards.[107] Of the numerous early to mid medieval era Hindu deity stone statues uncovered on Indonesian islands, at least 135 statues are of Durga.[108] In parts of Java, she is known as Loro Jonggrang (literally, "slender maiden").[109]

In Cambodia, during its era of Hindu kings, Durga was popular and numerous sculptures of her have been found. However, most differ from the Indian representation in one detail. The Cambodian Durga iconography shows her standing on top of the cut buffalo demon head.[110]

Durga statues have been discovered at stone temples and archaeological sites in Vietnam, likely related to Champa or Cham dynasty era.[111][112]

التأثير

Durga is a major goddess in Hinduism, and the inspiration of Durga Puja – a large annual festival particularly in the eastern and northeastern states of India.[113]

One of the devotees of her form as Kali was Sri Ramakrishna who was the guru of Swami Vivekananda. He is the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission.

Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song Vande Mataram, written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, during Indian independence movement, later the official national song of India. Durga is present in Indian nationalism where Bharat Mata i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as Mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster Bollywood movies like Jai Santoshi Maa. The Indian Army uses phrases like "Durga Mata ki Jai!" and "Kaali Mata ki Jai!". Any woman who takes up a cause to fight for goodness and justice is said to have the spirit of Durga in her.[114][115]

الحرب

المقالة الرئيسية: دورگا پوجا
 
تعويدة ال51 ثانية لدورگا پوجا تتلى بالسنسكريتية
هل لديك مشكلة في تشغيل هذا الملف؟ انظر مساعدة الوسائط.
 
مآ دورگا
 
تمثال دورگا التقليدي في كلكتا.
 
تمثال دورگا پورجا، يتكون من الإلهة دورگا، وابنتيها لاكسمي، ساراسواتي وابنيها گانشا، كاريتيك.


أشهر معابد دورگا

في الهند

آسام
  • معبد ديوپاني
أندرا پرادش
گوا
گجرات
  • [116] معبد أرسولي أمباجي
هيماچال پرادش
  • معبد شولوني دڤي
جامو
كرناتكا
كرالا

[117]

مهارشترا
اوديشا
راجستان
تريپورا
اوتار پرادش
غرب البنغال

خارج الهند

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

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  2. ^ In the Shakta tradition of Hinduism, many of the stories about obstacles and battles have been considered metaphors for the divine and demonic within each human being, with liberation being the state of self-understanding whereby a virtuous nature and society emerging victorious over the vicious.[32]

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  116. ^ أمباجي
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