كارما
كارما (سنسكريتية: कर्म kárma, "عمل أو فعل أو أداء[1]; بالپالية: kamma) هي لفظ يطلق على الأفعال التي يقوم بها الكائن الحي، والعواقب الأخلاقية الناتجة عنها. إن أي عملٍ، خيِّرا كان أو شّرا، وأي كان مصدره، فعل، قول أو مجرد إعمال فكرة، لا بد أن تترتب عنه عواقب، ما دام قد نَتَج عن وعي وإدراك مسبوق، وتأخذ هذه العواقب شكل ثمارٍ، تنموا وبمجرد أن تنضج تسقط على صاحبها، فيكون جزائُه إما الثواب أو العِقاب. قد تطول أو تقصر المدة التي تتطلبها عملية نضوج الثمار (أو عواقب الأعمال)، غير أنها تتجاوز في الأغلب فترة حياة الإنسان، فيتحتم على صاحبها الانبعاث مرة أخرى لينال الجزاء الذي يستحقه.
لا يمكن لكائن من كان أن ينال جزاء لا يستحقه، نظرا لأن الكارما تقوم على عدالة شاملة. يعمل نظام الكارما وفق قانون أخلاقي طبيعي قائم بذاته وليس (كما في الأديان الأخرى) تحت سلطة الأحكام الإلهية. تتحدد وفقا للكارما عوامل مثل المظهر الخارجي، الجمال، الذكاء، العمر، الثراء والمركز الاجتماعي. حسب هذه الفلسفة يمكن أن لكارماتٍ مختلفة ومتفاوتة، أن تؤدي في النهاية إلى أن يتقمص الكائن الحي شكل إنسان، حيوان، شبح أو حتى إحدى شخصيات الآلهات الهندوسية.
السببية

قانون كارما ومعناه قانون الفعل- أو قانون السببية في دنيا الروح ، وهو أسمى قوانين العالم وأبشعها ؛ فإذا أقام إنسان العدل ، وكان رحيماً دون أن يقترف خطيئة ، فيستحيل أن يجيء جزاؤه في مرحلة واحدة فانية من مراحل الحياة ، بل يمتد نطاقه إلى حيوات أخرى يولد فيها ليكون ذا مكانة أعلى وحظ أوفر ، لو ظل على فضيلته الأولى ؛ أما إن عاش حياته عيش الرذيلة ، أعيدت ولادته في حياة تالية منبوذاً أو إبن عرس أو كلباً ، وقانون كارما هذا- مثل قانون القَدَر عند اليونان- هو فوق الآلهة والبشر معاً لأن الآلهة أنفسهم لا يستطيعون تغيير سننه التي يطّرد فعلها ؛ أو إن شئت فقل ما قاله رجال اللاهوت ، وهو أن "كارما" وإرادة الآلهة أو فعلها ، شيء واحد بذاته ، لكن ليس كارما والقدر بشيء واحد ، لأن القدر يتضمن عجز الإنسان عن تقرير مصير نفسه ، أما كارما فتجعل الإنسان (إذا أخذنا كل حيواته جملة واحدة) خالق مصير نفسه ؛ وليست الجنة والجحيم بخاتمة ينتهي عندها فعل كارما ، وهو سلسلة الولادات والميتات ؛ نعم إن الروح بعد موت جسدها ، يجوز أن ترسل إلى الجحيم لتلقى عذابها على جرم بعينه، أو أن ترسل إلى الجنة لتنعم بجزاء سريع على فشيلة بذاتها لكن يستحيل على روح أن تقيم في الجحيم ، وقليل من الأرواح هي التي يسمح لها بالإقامة في الجنة إلى الأبد ؛ ذلك لأن الروح لا بد لها بعد فترة تقضيها في الجنة أو الجحيم ، أن تعود إلى الأرض من جديد ، لتنفذ بحياة جديدة ما يقضي به عليها كارما كان هذا المذهب صادقاً من الوجهة البيولوجية إلى حد كبير ، فلا ريب في أننا حقاً تجسيد جديد لأسلافنا ، وسنعود بدورنا فنتجسد من جديد في أبنائنا ، وعيوب الآباء تهبط على الأبناء إلى حد ما(ولو أنها لا تهبط بالمقدار الذي يفرضه الجامدون الخيرون) حتى ولو بعد أجيال كثيرة ؛ فقد كان قانون كارما أسطورة بارعة في صرف الحيوان البشري عن القتل والسرقة والمماطلة والتقتير في العطايا ، فضلاً عن أنه وسع من نطاق الوحدة الخلقية والشعور بالواجب حتى شمل ذلك النطاق مراحل الحياة كلها ، ومهد أمام التشريع الخلقي سبيل التطبيق على نطاق أوسع رقعة وأكثر منطقاً مما وجده في أية حضارة أخرى.
التطور المبكر

In Jainism
In Jainism, karma conveys a totally different meaning from that commonly understood in Hindu philosophy and western civilization.[3] Jain philosophy is one of the oldest Indian philosophy that completely separates body (matter) from the soul (pure consciousness).[4] In Jainism, karma is referred to as karmic dirt, as it consists of very subtle particles of matter that pervade the entire universe.[5] Karmas are attracted to the karmic field of a soul due to vibrations created by activities of mind, speech, and body as well as various mental dispositions. Hence the karmas are the subtle matter surrounding the consciousness of a soul. When these two components (consciousness and karma) interact, we experience the life we know at present. Jain texts expound that seven tattvas (truths or fundamentals) constitute reality. These are:[6]
- Jīva: the soul which is characterized by consciousness
- Ajīva: the non-soul
- Āsrava: inflow of auspicious and evil karmic matter into the soul.
- Bandha (bondage): mutual intermingling of the soul and karmas.
- Samvara (stoppage): obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul.
- Nirjara (gradual dissociation): separation or falling off of part of karmic matter from the soul.
- Mokṣha (liberation): complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul).
According to Padmanabh Jaini,
This emphasis on reaping the fruits only of one's own karma was not restricted to the Jainas; both Hindus and Buddhist writers have produced doctrinal materials stressing the same point. Each of the latter traditions, however, developed practices in basic contradiction to such belief. In addition to shrardha (the ritual Hindu offerings by the son of deceased), we find among Hindus widespread adherence to the notion of divine intervention in ones fate, while Buddhists eventually came to propound such theories like boon-granting bodhisattvas, transfer of merit and like. Only the Jainas have been absolutely unwilling to allow such ideas to penetrate their community, despite the fact that there must have been tremendous amount of social pressure on them to do so.[7]

The relationship between the soul and karma, states Padmanabh Jaini, can be explained with the analogy of gold. Like gold is always found mixed with impurities in its original state, Jainism holds that the soul is not pure at its origin but is always impure and defiled like natural gold. One can exert effort and purify gold, similarly, Jainism states that the defiled soul can be purified by proper refining methodology.[8] Karma either defiles the soul further, or refines it to a cleaner state, and this affects future rebirths.[9] Karma is thus an efficient cause (nimitta) in Jain philosophy, but not the material cause (upadana). The soul is believed to be the material cause.[10]
The key points where the theory of karma in Jainism can be stated as follows:
- Karma operates as a self-sustaining mechanism as natural universal law, without any need of an external entity to manage them. (absence of the exogenous 'Divine entity' in Jainism)
- Jainism advocates that a soul attracts karmic matter even with the thoughts, and not just the actions. Thus, to even think evil of someone would endure a karma-bandha or an increment in bad karma. For this reason, Jainism emphasise on developing Ratnatraya (The Three Jewels): samyaka darśana ('Right Faith'), samyaka jnāna ('Right Knowledge') and samyaka charitra ('Right Conduct').
- In Jain theology, a soul is released from worldly affairs as soon as it is able to emancipate from the karma-bandha.[11] In Jainism, nirvana and moksha are used interchangeably. Nirvana represents annihilation of all karmas by an individual soul and moksha represents the perfect blissful state (free from all bondage). In the presence of a Tirthankara, a soul can attain Kevala Jnana ('omniscience') and subsequently nirvana, without any need of intervention by the Tirthankara.[11]
- The karmic theory in Jainism operates endogenously. Even the Tirthankaras themselves have to go through the stages of emancipation, for attaining that state.
- Jainism treats all souls equally, inasmuch as it advocates that all souls have the same potential of attaining nirvana. Only those who make effort really attain it, but nonetheless, each soul is capable on its own to do so by gradually reducing its karma.[12]
Eight Karmas
There are eight types of Karma which attach a soul to Samsara (the cycle of birth and death):[13][14]
- Jnanavarniya (knowledge-obstructing): like a veil prevents a face and its features from being seen, this karma prevents the soul from knowing an object along with details about that object. This karma obstructs the soul from realizing its essential quality of knowledge. In its absence, a soul is omniscient. There are five sub-types of jnanavarniya karma which prevents the five types of knowledge: mati jnana (sensory knowledge), shruta jnana (articulate knowledge), avadhi jnana (clairvoyance), mana paryaya jnana (telepathy) and kevala jnana (omniscience).
- Darshanavarniya (perception-obstructing): like a gatekeeper prevents the sight of the king, this karma prevents an object from being perceived, hiding it. This karma obstructs the soul from realizing its essential quality of perception. In its absence, a soul completely perceives all substances in the universe. There are nine sub-types of this karma. Four of these prevent the four types of perception; visual perception, non-visual perception, clairvoyant perception and omniscient perception. The other five sub-types of darshanavarniya karma bondage induce five kinds of sleep causing reduction in consciousness: light sleep, deep sleep, drowsiness, heavy drowsiness, and sleep-walking.
- Vedaniya (sensation-producing): like licking honey from a sword gives a sweet taste but cuts the tongue, this karma makes a soul experience pleasure and pain. The soul's bliss is continuously disturbed by experiences of external sensual pleasure and pain. In the absence of the vedaniya karma, the soul experiences undisturbed bliss. There are two sub-types of this karma; pleasure-producing and pain-producing.
- Mohniya (deluding): like a bee becoming infatuated with the smell of a flower and is attracted to it, this karma attracts the soul to the objects that it considers favorable while repelling it from objects it considers unfavorable. It creates a delusion in the soul that external objects can affect it. This karma obstructs the soul's essential quality of happiness and prevents the soul from finding pure happiness in itself.
- Ayu (lifespan-determining): like a prisoner remains trapped by iron chains (around his legs, hands, etc.) this karma keeps a soul trapped in a particular life (or birth).
- Nama (body-producing): like a painter creates various pictures and gives them various names, this karma gives souls various types of bodies (that are classified based on various attributes). It is the namakarma which determines the body of living organism into which the soul must enter.
- Gotra (status-determining): like a potter makes short and tall pots, this karma bestows a low or high (societal) status on the body of soul. It creates social inequalities and in its absence, all souls are equal. There are two sub-types of gotra karma: high status and low status.
- Antaraya (power-obstructing): like a treasurer obstructs a king from spending his wealth, this karma prevents the soul from using its innate power for acts of charity, profit, enjoyment, repeated enjoyment and will-power. It obstructs and prevents the soul's essential quality of infinite power from manifesting. In its absence, a soul has infinite power.
مفاهيم مقارنة

[[Western culture], influenced by Christianity,holds a notion similar to karma, as demonstrated in the phrase " what goes around comes around".
انظر أيضاً
- Adrsta
- Amor fati
- Anantarika-karma
- Causes of Karma
- Consequentialism
- Destiny
- Just-world hypothesis
- Dharma
- Ethic of reciprocity
- Ho'oponopono (Karma section)
- Just-world hypothesis
- Karma yoga
- Moksha
- Nishkam Karma
- Pratītyasamutpāda
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Types of Karma
- Unintended consequence
- Work (Christian theology)
- Saṅkhāra
- Tibetan Buddhist Philosophy of Karma
المصادر
ديورانت, ول; ديورانت, أرييل. قصة الحضارة. ترجمة بقيادة زكي نجيب محمود.
- ^ a neuter n-stem, nominative kárma कर्म; from the root kṛ, means "to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake"
- ^ Maria I. Macioti, The Buddha Within Ourselves: Blossoms of the Lotus Sutra, Translator: Richard Maurice Capozzi, ISBN 978-0761821892, pp 69-70
- ^ Hermann Kuhn, Karma, the Mechanism, 2004
- ^ "dravya—Jainism". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Acharya Umasvati, Tattvartha Sutra, Ch VIII, Sutra 24
- ^ Pujyapada, Acharya (1992). Reality. Translated by S. A. Jain. Jwalamalini Trust. p. 7.
- ^ Jaini 2000, p. 137.
- ^ Jaini 1998, p. 107.
- ^ Jaini 1998, pp. 107–115.
- ^ Jaini 1998, pp. 117–118.
- ^ أ ب Jaini, Padmanabh S. (2003). "From Nigoda to Moksa: The Story of Marudevi". In Qvarnström, Olle (ed.). Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini. Vol. I. Fremont CA: Asian Humanities Press (an imprint of Jain Publishing Company). pp. 1–28.
- ^ Sancheti Asoo Lal, Bhandari Manak Mal, First Steps to Jainism (Part Two): Doctrine of Karma, Doctrine of Anekant and Other Articles with Appendices, Catalogued by Library of U.S. Congress, Washington, Card No. 90-232383
- ^ Jaini 2000, p. [صفحة مطلوبة].
- ^ Sharma, Shiv (30 March 2016). The Soul of Jainism: Philosophy and Teachings of Jain Religion. Fusion Books. ISBN 978-81-288-1343-6.
وصلات خارجية
- Karma as explained in the Buddhist Encyclopedia (buddhism.2be.net)
- Dharma — Karma — Samsara: The System Of Cosmic Justice (veda.harekrsna.cz)
- The Law of Karma (Heart of Hinduism)
- Death, Karma and Reincarnation(2004)
- Karma and the laws of Quantam Mechanics (photonics.cusat.edu)
- Karma article (2000) (accesstoinsight.org)
- Human Thought, Karma and Human Bondage
- The Absolute Law of Karma pdf download. Shriram Sharma Acharya (2003)
- What is Karma ?
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