دارما

(تم التحويل من Dharma)

دارما Dharma (سنكسريتية: धर्म) أو داما Dhamma (بالية: धमा) ( القانون الطبيعي ) (◄ استمع (مساعدة·معلومات)) مصطلح يشير إلى الترتيب الخفي أو ما يدعى Rta في الطبيعة و الحياة الإنسانية و سلوك المخلوقات و الحياة التي تسير وفقا لهذا النظام و الترتيب . المصطلح هو أساسا ما يدعى بالديانات الدارمية ، أخلاقيا تعني الدارما الطريقة الصحيحة في العيش أو التواصل الصحيح خصوصا ضمن مفهوم ديني و روحاني . بالنسبة للروحانية و المدارس الصوفية فإن الدارما يمكن اعتبارها طريق الحقيقة العليا. تشكل الدارما المصطلح الأساسي ضمن الديانات الدارمية الناشئة في شبه الجزيرة الهندية بما فيها الهندوسية (سانتانا دارما) و البوذية (بوذادارما) و الجاينية (جاينا دارما) و السيخية ، جميع هذه الأديان تؤكد على الدارما (الفهم الصحيح للطبيعة) في تعليماتهم [1][2][3]

في هذه التعاليم تبدأ الحياة بالتوافق مع الدارما و تتطور بسرعة إلى دارما يوكام Dharma Yukam ، موكشا Moksha أو نيرفانا Nirvana (التحرر الشخصي ).


أصل الاسم

The Prakrit word "dhaṃ-ma"/𑀥𑀁𑀫 (Sanskrit: Dharma धर्म) in the Brahmi script, as inscribed by Emperor Ashoka in his Edicts of Ashoka (3rd century BCE)

The word dharma (/ˈdɑːrmə/)[4] has roots in the Sanskrit dhr-, which means to hold or to support, and is related to Latin firmus (firm, stable).[5] From this, it takes the meaning of "what is established or firm", and hence "law". It is derived from an older Vedic Sanskrit n-stem dharman-, with a literal meaning of "bearer, supporter", in a religious sense conceived as an aspect of Rta.[6]

تعريف

Dharma
Ahimsa[7]
Yoga[8]
Law and justice[9]
Rituals and rites of passage[10]
Sannyasa and stages of life[11]
Duties, such as learning from teachers[12]

Dharma is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and Indian religions.[13] It has multiple meanings in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism.[14] It is difficult to provide a single concise definition for dharma, as the word has a long and varied history and straddles a complex set of meanings and interpretations.[15] There is no direct single-word synonym for dharma in western languages.[16][17]

There have been numerous attempts to translate ancient Sanskrit literature with the word dharma into German, English and French. The concept, according to Paul Horsch, has caused exceptional difficulties for modern commentators and translators.[18] For example, while Grassmann's translation of Rig-Veda identifies seven different meanings of dharma,[19] Karl Friedrich Geldner in his translation of the Rig-Veda employs 20 different translations for dharma, including meanings such as "law", "justice", "righteousness", "order", "duty", "custom", "quality", and "model", among others.[18] However, the word dharma has become a widely accepted loanword in English, and is included in many modern unabridged English dictionaries.

التاريخ

According to Pandurang Vaman Kane, author of the book History of Dharmaśāstra, the word dharma appears at least fifty-six times in the hymns of the Rigveda, as an adjective or noun. According to Paul Horsch, the word dharma has its origin in Vedic Hinduism.[18] The hymns of the Rigveda claim Brahman created the universe from chaos, they hold (dhar-) the earth and sun and stars apart, they support (dhar-) the sky away and distinct from earth, and they stabilise (dhar-) the quaking mountains and plains.[18][20]

أوسيبيا والدارما

Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription is from Indian Emperor Asoka in 258 BCE, and found in Afghanistan. The inscription renders the word dharma in Sanskrit as eusebeia in Greek, suggesting dharma in ancient India meant spiritual maturity, devotion, piety, duty towards and reverence for human community.[21]

In the mid-20th century, an inscription of the Indian Emperor Asoka from the year 258 BCE was discovered in Afghanistan, the Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription. This rock inscription contains Greek and Aramaic text. According to Paul Hacker,[21] on the rock appears a Greek rendering for the Sanskrit word dharma: the word eusebeia.[21]


الدارما في رموز

The importance of dharma to Indian civilization is illustrated by India's decision in 1947 to include the Ashoka Chakra, a depiction of the dharmachakra (the "wheel of dharma"), as the central motif on its flag.[22]

  • The original Lion Capital of Ashoka, from Sarnath. It originally supported a large dharmachakra (the earliest symbol of the Dharma) on the top (which has been reconstructed here).
    The original Lion Capital of Ashoka, from Sarnath. It originally supported a large dharmachakra (the earliest symbol of the Dharma) on the top (which has been reconstructed here).
  • The wheel in the centre of India's flag symbolises Ashoka's dhamma.
    The wheel in the centre of India's flag symbolises Ashoka's dhamma.

انظر أيضا

المراجع

  1. ^ [1] From the River of Heaven: Hindu and Vedic Knowledge for the Modern Age by David Frawley
  2. ^ [2] Pagan Theology: paganism as a world religion by Michael York
  3. ^ [3] List of religions
  4. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  5. ^ Barnhart, R. K. (ed.) (1998) Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.
  6. ^ Day 1982, pp. 42–45.
  7. ^ see below:
    • Van Buitenen (1957);
    • Fitzgerald, James (2004), "Dharma and its Translation in the Mahābhārata", Journal of Indian philosophy, 32(5), pp. 671–685; Quote – "virtues enter the general topic of dharma as 'common, or general, dharma', ..."
  8. ^ see:
    • Frawley, David (2009), Yoga and Ayurveda: Self-Healing and Self-Realization, ISBN 978-0-9149-5581-8; Quote – "Yoga is a dharmic approach to the spiritual life...";
    • Harvey, Mark (1986), The Secular as Sacred?, Modern Asian Studies, 20(2), pp. 321–331.
  9. ^ Jackson, Bernard S. (1975), "From dharma to law", The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Summer, 1975), pp. 490–512.
  10. ^ Flood 1994, "Chapter 3"; Quote – "Rites of passage are dharma in action."; "Rites of passage, a category of rituals,..."
  11. ^ Coward 2004; Quote – "Hindu stages of life approach (ashrama dharma)..."
  12. ^ see:
    • Creel, Austin (1975), "The Reexamination of Dharma in Hindu Ethics", Philosophy East and West, 25(2), pp. 161–173; Quote – "Dharma pointed to duty, and specified duties..";
    • Trommsdorff, Gisela (2012), Development of "agentic" regulation in cultural context: the role of self and world views, Child Development Perspectives, 6(1), pp. 19–26; Quote – "Neglect of one's duties (dharma – sacred duties toward oneself, the family, the community, and humanity) is seen as an indicator of immaturity."
  13. ^ Dhand, Arti (17 December 2002). "The Dharma of Ethics, the Ethics of Dharma: Quizzing the Ideals of Hinduism". Journal of Religious Ethics. 30 (3): 351. doi:10.1111/1467-9795.00113. ISSN 1467-9795.
  14. ^ "dharma". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  15. ^ Van Buitenen 1957, p. 36.
  16. ^ Rocher 2003.
  17. ^ Widgery 1930.
  18. ^ أ ب ت ث Horsch 2004.
  19. ^ Hermann Grassmann, Worterbuch zum Rig-veda (German Edition), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1636-7
  20. ^ RgVeda 6.70.1, 8.41.10, 10.44.8, for secondary source see Karl Friedrich Geldner, Der Rigveda in Auswahl (2 vols.), Stuttgart; and Harvard Oriental Series, 33–36, Bd. 1–3: 1951.
  21. ^ أ ب ت Hacker 2006.
  22. ^ Narula, S. (2006), International Journal of Constitutional Law, 4(4), pp. 741–751.

قراءات أخرى

  1. Radhakrishnan, S. (1923): "Indian Philosophy Vol.1" (2nd Edition). New Delhi: Oxford India Paperbacks (Oxford University Press).
  2. Hume, R.E.: (1921): "The Thirteen Principal Upanishads" (2nd Edition, Revised). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  3. Easwaran, E. (1987): "The Upanishads" (Seventh Printing). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press.

وصلات خارجية

اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بدارما، في معرفة الاقتباس.


تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=دارما&oldid=4335172"