المعرفة

جامعة نان‌جينگ

لمعلومات عن the private university sponsored by American churches، انظر University of Nanking (defunct in 1952).

جامعة نان‌جينگ (NJU؛ الصينية المبسطة: 南京大学؛ الصينية التقليدية: 南京大學؛ پن‌ين: Nánjīng Dàxué, Nánkīng Tàhsüéh�)، إنگليزية: Nanjing University؛ ونُعرف بالعامية بإسم نان‌دا (صينية: 南大؛ پن‌ين: Nándà� ؛ Nanda), is a leading public research university في نان‌جينگ, Jiangsu. It is a member of the elite C9 League of Chinese universities and a Class A Double First Class University designated by the Chinese central government.[6] NJU has two main campuses: the Xianlin campus in the northeast of Nanjing, and the Gulou campus in the city center of نان‌جينگ.

Nanjing University
南京大学
logo in English
الاسم السابق
  • Sanjiang or Liangjiang Normal College (1902–1914)
  • Nanking Higher Normal School (1915–1923)
  • National Southeastern University (1921–1927)
  • National Central University (1928–1949)
الشعار诚朴雄伟励学敦行[1]
الشعار بالعربيةSincerity with Aspiration, Perseverance and Integrity[2]
النوعPublic
تأسست1902[Note 1]
الرئيسLü Jian
الطاقم الأكاديمي2,135
طلاب نحو البكالوريوس13,865
دارسون بعد التخرج12,793
الموقعNanjing، Jiangsu، China
الألوان     Purple
AffiliationsC9, APRU, AEARU, WUN, Service-Learning Asia Network
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.nju.edu.cn
[3][4][5]
Nanjing University
الصينية المبسطة南京大学
الصينية التقليدية南京大學

Established in 1902 as Sanjiang Normal School, Nanjing University underwent a number of name changes, such as Nanjing Higher Normal School, National Southeastern University and National Central University, until it was renamed Nanjing University in 1950. It merged with the جامعة نان‌كينگ in 1952.[7] NJU is perennially ranked one of the best research universities in China,[8][9] and one of the most selective universities in the nation.[10]

Nanjing University consistently features in the top 150 international universities as ranked by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and the U.S. News & World Report.[11][12][13][14] Regarding research output, the Nature Index 2017 ranks Nanjing University 2nd in China, 3rd in the Asia-Pacific and 12th in the world.[15]

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History

قالب:Original research section


History

 
南雍祭酒 湛若水 (Zhan Ruoshui, former 'president')

Nanjing, situated in the lower part of the Yangtze, has historically been the capital of various kingdoms and dynasties, with the reputation as the center of education. In 258 CE, the Kingdom of Wu under the reign of Emperor Jing of Wu, founded a Confucian learning institute for the purpose of learning Six Arts. In the first year of Jianwu reign (317), Taihsueh (太學) campus was built in today's Fuzimiao (夫子廟) area on the banks of Qinhuai River, and Nanking Imperial University began recruiting students from common families instead of only from noble families.[16] Like its forerunner Chengjun (成均) and succeeding Shang Hsiang (上庠) founded by Yu (禹, 21st century BCE) in Chungyuan, the earliest recorded imperial higher learning institutions and their successors, it was the Kingdom's central university, which after Han dynasty excellent students from local schools could be selected to attend to pursue further education.

In 470 during the Former Song dynasty, the Imperial Central University (Zongmingguan) became a comprehensive institution combining higher education and research, with five divisions: Literature, History, Confucian Study, Xuan Study and Yin Yang Study. The campus of School of Literature and School of History were located in today's Nanjing University Gulou campus, west to Gulou (鼓樓) mountain, and the campus was moved to today's Chaotian Palace (朝天宮) area at the time when Wang Jian (王儉) was university president and the areas of study were narrowed, with a heavy focus on Confucian classics. In the period the faculty members included such scholars and scientists as Zu Chongzhi (祖沖之), Ge Hong (葛洪), Wang Xizhi (王羲之), and students included such figures as Xiao Daocheng, Emperor Gao of Southern Qi who studied at School of Confucian Studies, and Zhong Rong, a founding scholar of poetics who graduated from division of literature. After the fall of Chen dynasty, the school was closed and later replaced by Nanking Academy (or Jiangzhou Academy, Jiangzhou Zhouxue) في أسرة سوي.

In 937 when campus of the imperial national university was again in Fuzimiao area, Li Shandao, a scholar of the university, established another national school Lushan National Academy outside the capital city Nanking which is called Bailudong Shuyuan (White Deer Grotto Academy), a famous academy that hosted many renowned scholars including Zhu Xi, Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming.

In 1382 the Imperial University (國子監 Kuotzuchien or Guozijian) moved campus from Nanking Fuzimiao area to south of Qintian Mountain (欽天山) and Xuanwu Lake (the area around Nanjing University campus before 1952. In 1952 Nanjing University moved to Gulou and its engineering school was split and formed several independent colleges including Nanjing Institute of Technology, which at its peak spanning 10 Li and hosting near 10,000 students, and around there were institutes including Qintian Jian (Imperial Astronomy Institute) and Taiyi Yuan (Imperial Medical Institute). In 1403 Peking Guozijian (Beijing Guozijian, Imperial University of Peking) was established. The Imperial University of Nanking (南京國子監) developed and flourished in the period, consisting of six schools: three basic level colleges (Chengyi, ChongChih, Guangye), two middle level schools (Hsiudao, Chenghsin) and one advanced level school (Shuaihsing), altogether 4 years to complete according to the system, one and a half years for both of the former two levels and one year for the latter level, to achieve 8 credit points a year and then upon graduation Chushen (qualification, diploma) would be awarded, with subjects including Confucian classics, history, literature, mathematics, law, calligraphy, equestrianism and archery, etc.[17] Yongle Encyclopedia was completed at Imperial Nanking University in 1408 after five years compilation, 9169 scholars selected from nationwide took part in it, thereinto 2180 were student scholars of the university. The publishing house of the imperial university of Nanking had been a publishing centre for several hundred years. Wu Cheng'en, Tang Hsiantzu and Zheng Chenggong studied there during the Ming dynasty.

Each time when Nanking became a non-capital city, the Nanking Imperial University was changed to be regional Nanking Academy. The Imperial Nanking University was changed to Nanking Academy (江寧府學, Jiangning Fuxue) in 1650 after Qing dynasty replaced Ming dynasty, and in 1865 after Taiping Rebellion the academy was relocated to Chaotian Palace. The ancient school history was recognized during ROC. In 1954 the school authority controlled by CPC decided to set the year starting to establish the modern new type school Sanjiang Normal College as the school's new founding year.[Note 2]

Late Qing and Republic of China

 
Paifang of "Tao is Universal Through All Times" (道貫古今), at the former campus site Chaotian Palace

In 1902, Sanjiang Normal College (三江師範學堂) under the new educational system, using Japanese modern higher institutions of learning as references, was beginning to be established to replace the traditional Chinese school Nanking Academy, and was opened in the next year, with campus constructed south to Qintian Mountain. The name was changed to Liangjiang Normal College (兩江師範學堂) in 1906, and the new president Li Ruiqing (李瑞清) established the first faculty of modern art in China.

In 1915 after the Republic of China replaced Qing dynasty, the Nanking Higher Normal School (南京高等師範學校) was founded to replace Liangjiang Higher Normal School which was closed three years before due to Xinhai Revolution, Jiang Qian (江謙) was appointed as the president.[Note 3] The school established the China's first faculty of modern gymnastics (physical education) in 1916. In 1920 the school consisted of five colleges: Liberal Arts, Agriculture, Engineering, Commerce and Education.

The "China Science Society" (中國科學社), a major science organization in the modern history of China, founded its headquarter in the school in 1918. Its members established "Academia Sinica" (中央研究院) which was later moved to Taiwan and known as the "Chinese Academy of Sciences" (中國科學院) in mainland China. Numerous Chinese modern science pioneers, most of whom studied in America and some European countries such as Britain, France, and Germany, converged there to found many fields of science in China. It became the Chinese cradle of modern science. Among 81 academicians of "Academia Sinica" elected for the first time in 1948, five entered or graduated from the university in 1920. More than half of the leading Chinese scientists whose works were published in scientific journals in the early period of Chinese modern science were graduates or academics of Nanjing University.

Kuo Ping-wen (Guo Bingwen, 郭秉文), an influential university president, was appointed in 1919 after Jiang Qian. The school meeting passed The Audit Law for Women Students (《規定女子旁聽法案》) on December 7, 1919, as result of efforts of the educationist T'ao Hsing-chih (Tao Xingzhi, 陶行知), as well as the president Guo Bingwen, and the professors including Liu Boming (劉伯明), Luh Chih-wei (Lu Zhiwei, 陸志偉), Yang Hsingfo (Yang Xingfo, 楊杏佛), etc., and then decided to formally recruit female students. The school became the first higher learning institution in China to recruit coeducational students. It enrolled eight women students in the first year 1920, and in addition, more than 50 female auditing students were admitted.

المكانة الحالية

أحدث التطورات والمكانة الحالية

ترتيب الجامعات
العالمي – الإجمالي
ARWU World[18]101-150 (2021)
QS World[19]124 (2021)
THE العالم[20]105 (2022)
THE السمعة[21]91-100 (2021)
USNWR العالمي[22]135 (2022)
Regional – Overall
QS BRICS[23]9 (2019)
THE Asia[24]17 (2021)
THE Emerging Economies[25]8 (2022)
USNWR Asia[26]18 (2022)
National – Overall
BCUR National[27]5 (2021)
THE National[28]7 (2022)
USNWR National[29]6 (2022)

The School of Modern Engineering and Applied Sciences was established in 2009, replacing former School of Technological Sciences. NU received a RMB 400 million endowment gift from enterpriser Yang Xiu on the anniversary day in 2012, 300 million was designated for the establishment of engineering school and the rest for history study development fund. The Engineering Building covering floor space of 6000 sqm was started to construct in Xianlin campus in 2014.[بحاجة لمصدر]


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الترتيب والسمعة

According to Nature Index released in January 2018, the ranking of high-quality natural sciences research by Nature Publishing Group, Nanjing University is ranked No.3 in China, No.4 in Asia Pacific, No.14 in the world among all institutions (including CAS in China), and ranked No.2 in China, No.3 in Asia Pacific, and No.10 in the world among universities.[30]

Nanjing University was ranked 91-100 for World Reputation Ranking in 2017 by Times Higher Education World University Rankings,[31] and 114 by 2015 QS World University Rankings.[32]

As of 2021, it's ranked 5th in China by ShanghaiRanking.[33]

Reviewing rankings, domestically, according to university rankings in China, Nanjing University was generally ranked among the top 3 universities before the university merger tide occurred in the several years about after 2000, and then ranking down, even falling to No.7. Chinese university ranking by Chinese Academy of Management Science since 1995 ranked Nanjing University between 1st and 3rd before 2000 and since then between 3rd and 6th.[34][35] Chinese university ranking since 1999 by the higher education publisher Netbig consistently ranked the university among the top 3 before 2005, and in the most recent ranking among the top 5.[35] Academic Ranking of World Universities since 2003 by Shanghai Jiaotong University (ShanghaiRanking) suggested a domestic rank of number 2 to number 7.[36][35] The first-time integrative ranking of universities in China, in 1989, ranked Nanda as the No.1 comprehensive university.[37]

القبول

Most selective university status

Known for its stringent admission criteria, Nanjing University was reported by national media to be the No. 1 most selective university ("the university that is the hardest to get in") in mainland China.[38][39]

الطلاب الأجانب

In 2012, 667 new students from abroad attended Nanking University, among them about 20% from USA, 22% from Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the rest from other countries. In 2013 Nanda recruited 761 overseas students from 61 countries. In 2014, there were about 3600 overseas students, about 40% from Asia, 40% from Europe and North America, and 20% from other regions.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الأمور الأكاديمية

 
The northwestern corner of Nanjing University's Gulou campus houses most of the university's foreign students: Center for Chinese and American Studies (front left), Zeng Xianzi building (back center), Xiyuan (right).


Other university-affiliated institutions

Herbarium

Nanjing University Herbarium (N) was founded in the 4th year of ROC, although there were herbarium specimens in the school before. It's the first modern herbarium in China. It is located in the Tianjiabing Building.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Notable alumni and people

قائمة أكثر شمولاً، انظر [[List of Nanjing University people ]].

Alumni and students

  • Among the winners of the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars from 1994 to 2008, 108 are graduates of Nanda, ranking No. 1, 96 are of Beida, 76 are of University of Science and Technology of China, and 64 are of Tsinghua University which is listed in top 4.
  • Among 78 winners of Prizes for Young Scientists of China since 1992, 5 are Nanda graduates, both Beida and Tsinghua graduates are 4, consisting of top 3 rankings.
  • A statistic in 2006 indicated that among about 120 directors (or presidents) of institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 are graduates of Nanjing University, ranking No. 1, while the number of the university (Peking University) ranking No.2 is 10, and a recent statistic in 2010 shows that 14 holds bachelor's from Nanda which is the double of the number of the university (Beida) which ranks No.2.[بحاجة لمصدر]
  • Among 25 winners of National Preeminent Science and Technology Award since 2000, 4 are graduates of Nanjing University: Liu Dongsheng (劉東生), Min Enze (閔恩澤), Wu Liangyong (吳良鏞), Zhang Cunhao (張存浩), ranking top 3 along with Tsinghua University and Peking University, and besides, the winner Cheng Kaijia (程開甲) is a faculty member of Nanjing University, and Yuan Longping (袁隆平) is a graduate of the then middle school affiliated to Nanjing University (now the High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University).
  • Nanjing University ranks No.1 in the number of alumni elected as academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and/or Chinese Academy of Engineering graduated in recent more than 30 years since college admission entrance examination system was recovered in 1977 after Cultural Revolution.[40]
  • In the first time Examination for senior civil service post of Republic of China (as recovery of and equivalent to Imperial examination) in 1931, top 100 were selected, all were males, among them 25 are graduates of Nanjing University, including Zhuangyuan (principal graduate) Chow Bangdao, who was later president of China Medical College and Political Deputy Ministry of Examination, ROC, and the school in the second place is Peking University, with 8 graduates. In the second time exam held in 1933, there were females passed, half of whom graduated from Nanjing University, as well as Zhuangyuan Lee Hsuehteng, who graduated from law school and later became Chief Justice of ROC Supreme Court. One-fourth of Chief Justices in the early 60 more years of Republic of China are National Central University (Nanjing University) alumni.[41]
  • In sciences, there are 877 leading scientists with major contributions to modern sciences in China, as listed in an article on history of Chinese modern sciences by Li Peishan published on CAS journal, and among them 115 are graduates of Nanjing University during Republic of China in the mainland period (1912–49), ranking No.1.

University faculty and people


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In literature

Nanjing University in literature, media and various related works

  • Liao-Fan's Four Lessons, a book, film, drama serials. The book is written by Yuan LiaoFan, a graduate of Imperial University of Nanking in Ming dynasty.
  • Chiang Kai-Shek's Face (蔣公的面子), a story about three professors and president Chiang Kai-Shek (president of Republic of China and also president of National Central University).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ According to The History Evolution of National Central University (R.O.C. 26, 1937 CE) (《國立中央大學沿革史》 中華民國二十六年), it was founded in the winter of the first year of Yong'an reign (258 CE) during the era of Three Kingdoms. Since it was founded in CE 258, it had evolved and adopted different names in each dynasty or period in ancient China. It became a modern institution of higher learning in 1902 during Qing dynasty. Liangjiang Higher Normal School was closed in 1911 when the Qing dynasty was overthrown. In 1915 after the Republic of China was founded, Nanking Higher Normal School was established to replace the Liangjing Normal School. In 1949 when the Republic of China was replaced by the People's Republic of China in mainland, its name was changed from National Central University (国立中央大学) to Nanjing University (南京大学).
  2. ^ The university since controlled by Communist Party of China (CPC) which established People's Republic of China (PRC) has not officially recognized the ancient history of the university, however, since reform era in many occasions it recognizes, for instance, Nanyong, one of the school names used in Ming dynasty which was also used by the school after the dynasty, is still often used, e.g., Nanjing University history record is often called Nanyong history record, the series of selected academic works in humanity by Nanjing University scholars in Republic of China (ROC) era republished by Nanjing University Publishing House is called Nanyong Academic Classics, the concert performed by Nanjing University Guqin Society is called Nanyong Qin Concert.
  3. ^ Jiang Qian was appointed as the president of Nanking Higher Normal School in July 1914, to establish the school in the campus of the closed Liangjiang Higher Normal School, and the charger of keeping of Liangjiang Higher Normal School became a member of the preparatory committee of Nanking Higher Normal School. Nanking Higher Normal School opened in September 1915.

References

  1. ^ Jiang Shusheng. "诚朴雄伟 励学敦行——百年传统与南大校训" [Honest and majestic, encouraging learning - a century of tradition and the school motto of NTU] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 30, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ^ "President's Message". Nanjing University. Archived from the original on 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  3. ^ 现任领导 (in الصينية المبسطة). Official NJU site. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  4. ^ 南京大学校长办公室 (2011-04-19). "intro NJU" (in الصينية المبسطة). 南京大学校长办公室官方网站. Retrieved 2012-07-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[dead link]
  5. ^ 南京大学校长办公室 (2011-11-04). 南京大学视觉形象规范化标准 (in الصينية المبسطة). 南京大学校长办公室官方网站. Retrieved 2012-07-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[dead link]
  6. ^ "教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委 关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设 学科名单的通知" [Notice of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission on the announcement of the list of world-class universities and first-class discipline construction universities and disciplines] (in Chinese). Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved January 4, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ "NJU at A Glance". Nanjing University.
  8. ^ "Best universities in China 2018". Times Higher Education. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  9. ^ "China's Ivy League：C9 League". en.people.cn.
  10. ^ "Nanjing University - Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2018 - Shanghai Ranking - 2018". www.shanghairanking.com.
  11. ^ "Nanjing University". Times Higher Education (THE). 19 October 2021.
  12. ^ "ARWU World University Rankings 2020 | Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020 | Top 1000 universities | Shanghai Ranking - 2020". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  13. ^ "Best Global Universities Rankings: Nanjing University". U.S. News & World Report.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "Nanjing University". www.topuniversities.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  15. ^ "2017 tables: Institutions - academic - 2017 tables - Institutions - academic - Nature Index". www.natureindex.com.
  16. ^ Nanking Taihsueh campus was initially located in north of Qinhuai River, twenty years later the campus in south of Qinhuai was constructed, and thus the school was on both banks of the river.
  17. ^ According to the system, it takes 4 years to complete the three stage study. However, actually many took more years to complete, and some even spent more than ten years, partly due to the substantial subsidies provided to the university including to its students by government, but later with the scale expanding the subsidies were often delayed, as indicated in the Report of Nanking Imperial University by the president Chao Yonghsian (趙用賢：《南京太學條陳疏》).
  18. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020". www.shanghairanking.com.
  19. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2021". 17 September 2020.
  20. ^ "World University Rankings". 17 September 2020.
  21. ^ "THE Reputation World University Rankings 2021". October 27, 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  22. ^ "US News World University Rankings 2022". Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  23. ^ "QS University Rankings: BRICS 2019". Top Universities.
  24. ^ "THE Asia University Rankings 2021". 18 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  25. ^ "THE Emerging University Rankings 2022". 20 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  26. ^ "US News Asia University Rankings 2022". Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  27. ^ "Overall Ranking, Best Chinese Universities Rankings - 2021". www.shanghairanking.com.
  28. ^ "World University Rankings". 25 August 2020.
  29. ^ "US News Best Global Universities in China Ranking 2022". Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  30. ^ "Institution outputs - Nature Index". www.natureindex.com.
  31. ^ "Nanjing University". Times Higher Education (THE). 10 August 2021.
  32. ^ "Nanjing University". 16 July 2015.
  33. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  34. ^ "Chinese university ranking (Chinese Academy of Management Science)".
  35. ^ أ ب ت 盘点1987-2005中国大学排行榜. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  36. ^ "Shanghai Jiaotong University Academic Ranking of World Universities 2011 Results". Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  37. ^ 中国第1个综合大学排行榜，清华南大分列榜首_高考网. www.gaokao.com.
  38. ^ 组图：中国最难进的大学排名. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012.
  39. ^ 中国最"难进"大学排名 南京大学名列第一_教育_腾讯网. edu.qq.com.
  40. ^ "Nanjing University: providing best Chinese undergraduate education", June 28th, 2010 "China Education Newspaper"
  41. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2015-08-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. ^ NU people of first-time (in 1948, and also the only time in mainland China) elected academicians of Academia Sinica in natural science: Wu Youxun, Ye Qisun, Zhao Zhongyao, Yan Jici, Wu Xuezhou, Zhuang Changgong, Zeng Zhaolun, Zhu Jiahua, Li Siguang, Huang Jiqing, Xie Jiarong, Zhu Kezhen, Zhou Ren, Mao Yisheng, Wang Jiayi, Wu Xianwen, Bing Zhi, Chen Zhen, Tong Dizhou, Hu Xiansu, Zhang Jingyue, Qian Chongpeng, Dai Fanglan, Luo Zongluo, Wu Dingliang, Cai Qiao, Li Xianwen, Deng Shuqun.

External links

Coordinates: 32°03′22″N 118°46′30″E / 32.05611°N 118.77500°E / 32.05611; 118.77500

قالب:Nanjing University

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