ماكس پلانك

ماكس پلانك
Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
وُلِدَ	(1858-04-23)أبريل 23, 1858 Kiel, ألمانيا
توفي	أكتوبر 4, 1947(1947-10-04) (aged 89) Göttingen, ألمانيا
القومية	ألماني
المدرسة الأم	جامعة لودڤيش ماكسميليان في ميونخ
عـُرِف بـ	ثابت پلانك، نظرية الكم
الجوائز	جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء (1918)
السيرة العلمية
المجالات	فيزيائي
الهيئات	جامعة كيل جامعة هومبولت في برلين جامعة گوتنگن جمعية أبحاث القيصر ڤلهلم
المشرف على الدكتوراه	Philipp von Jolly
طلاب الدكتوراه	گوستاڤ لودڤيگ هرتس Erich Kretschmann Walther Meißner ڤالتر شوتكي ماكس فون لاوه ماكس ابراهام موريتس شليك ڤالتر بوته
ملاحظات
هو والد إرڤن پلانك.

ماكس كارل إرنست لودڤيگ پلانك Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (و.23 أبريل 1858 في كيل, ألمانيا - 4 اكتوبر, 1947 في گوتنگن, ألمانيا) كان فيزيائياً ألمانياً. ويـُعتبر مؤسس نظرية الكم, ولذلك أحد أهم فيزيائيي القرن العشرين. He was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta".

Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, primarily in his role as the originator of quantum theory and one of the founders of modern physics, which revolutionized understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. He is known for the Planck constant, $h$, which is of foundational importance for quantum physics, and which he used to derive a set of units, now called Planck units, expressed in terms of physical constants. The Planck relation, E= $h$ν, states that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency.

Planck was twice President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. In 1948 it was renamed the Max Planck Society, and today includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific disciplines.

 النشأة والتعليم

ولد العالم الكبير ماكس بلانك في يوم 23 أبريل-1858 في مدينة كيل وتوفي يوم 4 اكتوبر -1947 في مدينة گوتنگن.

ولد بلانك لعائلة متعلمين تقليدية من أجداده وحتى أبيه فيلهلم يوهان يوليوس بلانك الذي كان بروفيسورًا للحقوق في جامعة كيل ثم ميونخ. وحتى عمّه كان من المؤسسين لكتاب القانون المدني الألماني.

أنهى في عمر 16 سنة دراسته الثانويّة. كان محبًّا للموسيقى لكنه فضّل دراسة الفيزياء. نصحه أحد أساتذته البروفيسور فيليب فون يولي أن يتوجه لدراسة غير الفيزياء بحجة أن هذا العلم تكاد تكون كل فروعه قد وصلت إلى آخر ما قد تصل إليه من التطوّر (وهذا هو التخيل حالياً!) لكنّه ردّ بأنّه لا ينوي اكتشاف "عالم جديد" وإنما أن يفهم أو أن يعمّق فهم أسس الفيزياء. وبدأ دراسة الفيزياء بعمر 16 سنة عام 1874. عند البروفيسور يولّي تعلم بلانك الجزء التطبيقي الوحيد في كامل دراسته. ثم انشغل بالفيزياء النظرية.

وبعد عودته إلى ميونخ عام 1879 حصل على الدكتوراه وصار مدرساً لمقرر الترموديناميك، فكان حجة فيه. ثم انتقل إلى جامعة كيل Kiel، حيث عمل بعض الوقت بالتحليل الكهربائي.

ولكنه عاد بعدئذ إلى برلين ليدرِّس في جامعتها وليصير عام 1894 عضواً في أكاديمية علوم بروسية ثم أميناً لها حتى عام 1912. وفي عامي 1877 و1978 تعلم لدى فيزيائيين من الطراز الرفيع مثل: هرمان فون هلمهولتس وگوستاڤ كيرشهوف ، والرياضي كارل فايرشتراس . في مذكراته كتب أنه كان يضجر أثناء المحاضرات، لكن علاقته خاصة مع البروفيسور هلمهولتس كانت أشبه بالصداقة.

في علم الحرارة درس بنفسه كتابات العالم رودولف كلاوزيوس وأحب هذا الفرع حتى انشغل به وقدم رسالات دراساته العليا في هذه المواضيع: ( بخصوص القانون الثاني من النظريات الحراري الميكانيكية) ثم (أحوال التوازن للأجسام المتناسقة عند درجات الحرارة المختلفة).

Planck in 1918, the year he received the جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء for his work on quantum theory

-- في ديسمبر سنة 1900 استطاع الفيزيائي الالماني ماكس بلانك أن يهز الاوساط العلمية كلها عندما أعلن أن طاقة الموجات الضوئية تقفز بصورة غير متصلة. و أنها مكونة من اكمام ــ و مفردها : كم.

و نظرية الكم هذه قد صدمت الاعتقاد العلمي السائد في ذلك الوقت . و هذه النظرية الجديدة وضعت قواعد نظريات الكم التى أدت إلى ثورة في الفيزياء . قد جعلتنا نقترب كثيرا من فهم اعمق لطبيعة المادة و الاشعاع.

ولد بلانك في مدينة كيل بألمانيا سنة 1858 . درس في جامعات برلين و ميونيخ. و حصل على الدكتوراه في الفيزياء مع مرتبة الشرف الاولى من جامعة ميونيخ. و كان في العشرين من عمره. و بعد قليل اشتغل بالتدريس في جامعة ميونيخ ثم في جامعة كيل. و في سنة 1889 أصبح أستاذا في جامعة برلين. وظل كذلك حتى اعتزل في سنة 1928 في سن السبعين.

ومثل الكثير من العلماء، اهتم پلانك بدراسة الإشعاع الذى يصدر عن الأجسام السوداء حين يتم تسخينها. (و تعريف الشىء الاسود تماما هو الذى لا يصدر اى اشعاع . انما يمتص كل ما يسقط عليه من ضوء) و استطاع عدد من علماء الفيزياء ان يسجلوا الاشعاع الصادر عن الاجسام السوداء . و ذلك قبل ان يفكر بلانك في حل هذه المشكلة. و أول انجاز قام به بلانك هو اكتشاف المعادلة الجبرية المعقدة التى تسجل حركة الاشعاع الصادر عن الجسم الاسود. و هذه النظرية التى اكتشفها و التى لا تزال تستخدم في الفيزياء النظرية حتى اليوم تلخص ما انتهى اليه علماء الفيزياء في تجاربهم المعملية ، و لكن هناك مشكلة : و هى ان قوانين الفيزياء تكشف لنا عن معادلة اخرى او صيغة اخرى للاشعاعات الصادرة عن الأجسام السوداء.

و قد فكر بلانك كثيرا في هذه المشكلة ، ثم خرج لنا بنظرية جديدة تماما / و هى ان الطاقة المشعة انما تنبعث على شكل وحدات قد اطلق على كل واحد منها اسم "الكم" . وفقا لهذه النظرية فان كمية الاشعة الصادرة تتوقف على طول الموجة او على اللون مثلا.

و أصبحت نظرية بلانك تسمى فيما بعد بنظرية "ثابت بلانك" . و هى نظرية مختلفة تماما عن كل النظريات السائدة في هذا المجال.

وقد تبين أن ثابت بلانك ثابت كوني. وأن أبعاده هي أبعاد الفعل action كما يتضح من الدستور E = hu، (لذلك سمي كم الفعل، وقيمته 6.626 ×10-34 جول.ثانية). ولماكس بلانك دور أساسي في فيزياء الذرة والجسيمات الأولية، وفي نظرية الحقل الكمومية عامة. وقد كان له دور أساسي أيضاً في حل كثير من الصعوبات، كتلك التي صودفت في الحرارة النوعية، وفي الأثر الكهرضوئي photoéléctric effect، وفي بنية الذرة واستقرارها. ولكن إدخاله هذا الأثر أدى إلى زعزعة أسس كانت تعد راسخة في الفيزياء، وخاصة في المجالات التي يكون الفعل فيها من رتبة هذا الثابت، إذ أخذ يتضح أن اللاحتمية والارتياب يغلبان عليها.

و استطاع بلانك بعد ذلك ان يعرف بالضبط مقدار الطاقة التى يشعها الجسم الكامل السواد.

و لولا أن بلانك عالم جليل ثابت القدم في الفيزياء لسقطت هذه النظرية. و لكن الاحترام العظيم الذى يحظى به جعل العلماء يتوجهون اليه و إلى نظرينه بالتفكير العميق . تاكد لهم ان ما يقوله صحيح تماما.

و في بادىء الامر اعتقد العلماء ان ما اهتدى اليه بلانك ليس الا اسطورة رياضية. حتى هو نفسه كان يرى هذا الرأى ، و لكن بعد وقت قصير ثبت علميا ان نظرية الكم هذه يمكن استخدامها في علوم اخرى / و في ظاهرات اخرى غير الاجسام المكتملة السواد. و قد استعان اينشتاين في سنة 1905 بهذه النظرية في شرح اثر الصورة الضوئية و استعان بها نيلس بور في سنة 1913 في تفسير بناء النواة وفى سنة 1918 عندما فاز ماكس بلانك بجائزة نوبل . كان قد ثبت تماما ان نظريته صحيحة 100% و انها ذات أهمية بالغة لعلوم الفيزياء النظرية.

و قد أدى موقفه المعادى للنازية إلى ان اصبحت حياته في خطر. و قد أعدم ابنه سنة 1945 ، لانه اشترك في المؤمارة الفاشلة لاغتيال هتلر . و مات بلانك سنة 1947 في التاسعة و الثمانين من عمره.

و أعظم انجازات القرن العشرين هو تطور علم ميكانيكا الكم ، بل انه أكثر خطورة من نظرية النسبية التى اكتشفها اينشتاين. فنظرية ثابت بلانك كان لها دور خطير في نظريات الاشعاع ، و في كثير من النظريات الفيزيائية . و كان لهل أثر كبير في نظرية بناء النواة، و في مبدأ عدم اليقين عند هيزنبرج ، و في كثير من النظريات العلمية.

و بلانك هو أبو ميكانيكا الكم . و ان كان دوره متواضعاً في التطورات و التعديلات التى ادخلت على نظريته. و من الخطأ ان نقلل من شأن بلانك بسبب ذلك ..

فهو الذى حرر العقول العلمية من النظريات القديمة الجامدة ، مما شجع العلماء من بعده على اكتشاف نظرية أكثر اتساقاً من نظريته.

 أينشتاين ونظرية النسبية

Max Planck presents Albert Einstein with the Max-Planck medal, Berlin June 28, 1929

Max Planck was posthumously commemorated on the German 2 Mark Coin

In 1905, Albert Einstein published three papers in the journal Annalen der Physik. Planck was among the few who immediately recognized the significance of the special theory of relativity. Thanks to his influence, this theory was soon widely accepted in Germany. Planck also contributed considerably to extend the special theory of relativity. For example, he recast the theory in terms of classical action.

Einstein's hypothesis of light quanta (photons), based on Heinrich Hertz's 1887 discovery (and further investigation by Philipp Lenard) of the photoelectric effect, was initially rejected by Planck. He was unwilling to discard completely Maxwell's theory of electrodynamics. "The theory of light would be thrown back not by decades, but by centuries, into the age when Christiaan Huygens dared to fight against the mighty emission theory of Isaac Newton ..."

In 1910, Einstein pointed out the anomalous behavior of specific heat at low temperatures as another example of a phenomenon which defies explanation by classical physics. Planck and Walther Nernst, seeking to clarify the increasing number of contradictions, organized the First Solvay Conference (Brussels 1911). At this meeting Einstein was able to convince Planck.

Meanwhile, Planck had been appointed dean of the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin, whereby it was possible for him to appoint Einstein to Berlin and establish a new professorship for him (1914). Soon, the two scientists became close friends and met frequently to play music together.

 First World War

At the onset of the First World War Planck endorsed the general excitement of the public, writing that, "Besides much that is horrible, there is also much that is unexpectedly great and beautiful: the smooth solution of the most difficult domestic political problems by the unification of all parties (and) ... the extolling of everything good and noble." Planck also signed the infamous "Manifesto of the 93 intellectuals", a pamphlet of polemic war propaganda (while Einstein retained a strictly pacifistic attitude which almost led to his imprisonment, only being spared thanks to his Swiss citizenship).

In 1915, when Italy was still a neutral power, Planck voted successfully for a scientific paper from Italy, which received a prize from the Prussian Academy of Sciences, where Planck was one of four permanent presidents.

 Post-war and the Weimar Republic

In the turbulent post-war years, Planck, now the highest authority of German physics, issued the slogan "persevere and continue working" to his colleagues.

In October 1920, he and Fritz Haber established the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, aimed at providing financial support for scientific research. A considerable portion of the money the organization would distribute was raised abroad.

Planck held leading positions at the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the German Physical Society, and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (which became the Max Planck Society in 1948). During this time economic conditions in Germany were such that he was hardly able to conduct research.

During the interwar period, Planck became a member of the German People's Party, the party of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Gustav Stresemann, which aspired to liberal aims for domestic policy and rather revisionistic aims for politics around the world.

Planck disagreed with the introduction of universal suffrage and later expressed the view that the Nazi dictatorship resulted from "the ascent of the rule of the crowds."

 Quantum mechanics

From left to right: Nernst, Einstein, Planck, Millikan, and Laue at a dinner given by Laue in Berlin on 11 November 1931.

At the end of the 1920s, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli had worked out the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, but it was rejected by Planck, and by Schrödinger, Laue, and Einstein as well. Planck expected that wave mechanics would soon render quantum theory – his own child – unnecessary. This was not to be the case, however. Further work only served to underscore the enduring central importance of quantum theory, even against his and Einstein's philosophical revulsions. Here Planck experienced the truth of his own earlier observation from his struggle with the older views during his younger years: "A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." The quote, while often cited, had multiple counter examples by Planck's own time. It took only 10 years for 75% of British scientists to generally accept Charles Darwin's ideas from On the Origin of Species and science historian I. Bernard Cohen noted that, to the contrary, Planck's own ideas were generally accepted by his peers. Plate tectonics also took only a decade to be adopted by geologists evidenced by its use in textbooks. K. Brad Wray's research into the history of scientific ideas showed that older scientists are only marginally less inclined to accept new conceptualizations.

 Nazi dictatorship and the Second World War

When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Planck was 74 years old. He witnessed many Jewish friends and colleagues expelled from their positions and humiliated, and hundreds of scientists emigrate from Nazi Germany. He again tried to "persevere and continue working" and asked scientists who were considering emigration to remain in Germany. Nevertheless, he helped his nephew, the economist Hermann Kranold, to emigrate to London after his arrest. He hoped the crisis would abate soon and the political situation would improve.

Otto Hahn asked Planck to gather well-known German professors in order to issue a public proclamation against the treatment of Jewish professors, but Planck replied, "If you are able to gather today 30 such gentlemen, then tomorrow 150 others will come and speak against it, because they are eager to take over the positions of the others." Under Planck's leadership, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) avoided open conflict with the Nazi regime, except concerning the Jewish Fritz Haber. In May 1933, Planck requested and received an interview with the recently appointed Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler to discuss the issue, telling him that the "forced emigration of Jews would kill German science and Jews could be good Germans", to which the chancellor replied "but we don't have anything against the Jews, only against communists". Planck was therefore unsuccessful, since this reply "took from him every basis for further negotiation", as to Hitler "the Jews are all Communists, and these are [his] enemies." In the following year, 1934, Haber died in exile.

One year later, Planck, having been the president of the KWG since 1930, organized in a somewhat provocative style an official commemorative meeting for Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working in institutes of the KWG for several years. In 1936, his term as president of the KWG ended, and the Nazi government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term.

As the political climate in Germany gradually became more hostile, Johannes Stark, prominent exponent of the Deutsche Physik ("German Physics", also called "Aryan Physics") attacked Planck, Arnold Sommerfeld, and Heisenberg for continuing to teach the theories of Einstein, calling them "white Jews". The "Hauptamt Wissenschaft" (Nazi government office for science) started an investigation of Planck's ancestry, claiming that he was "1/16 Jewish", but Planck denied it.

In 1938, Planck celebrated his 80th birthday. The DPG held a celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie. At the end of 1938, the Prussian Academy lost its remaining independence and was taken over by Nazis, as part of their process of Gleichschaltung. Planck protested by resigning his presidency. He continued to travel frequently, giving numerous public talks, such as his talk on Religion and Science and, five years later, he was sufficiently fit to climb 3,000-metre peaks in the Alps.

During the Second World War, the increasing number of Allied bombing missions against Berlin forced Planck and his wife to temporarily leave the city and live in the countryside. In 1942, he wrote: "In me an ardent desire has grown to persevere this crisis and live long enough to be able to witness the turning point, the beginning of a new rise." In February 1944, his home in Berlin was completely destroyed by an air raid, annihilating all his scientific records and correspondence. His rural retreat was threatened by the rapid advance of the Allied armies from both sides.

In 1944, Planck's son Erwin was arrested by the Gestapo following the attempted assassination of Hitler in the 20 July plot. He was tried and sentenced to death by the People's Court in October 1944. Erwin was hanged at Berlin's Plötzensee Prison in January 1945. The death of his son destroyed much of Planck's will to live.

 Personal life and death

Planck's grave in the Stadtfriedhof.

In March 1887, Planck married Marie Merck (1861–1909), sister of a school fellow, and moved with her into a sublet apartment in Kiel. They had four children: Karl (1888–1916), the twins Emma (1889–1919) and Grete (1889–1917), and Erwin (1893–1945).

After living in the apartment in Berlin, the Planck family lived in a villa in Berlin-Grunewald, Wangenheimstrasse 21. Several other professors of the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin lived nearby, among them theologian Adolf von Harnack, who became a close friend of Planck. Soon the Planck home became a social and cultural center. Numerous well-known scientists, such as Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner were frequent visitors. The tradition of jointly performing music had already been established in the home of Helmholtz.

After several happy years, in July 1909 Marie Planck died, possibly of tuberculosis.

In March 1911 Planck married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin (1882–1948); in December his fifth child, Hermann, was born.

During the First World War, Planck's second son, Erwin, was taken prisoner by the French in 1914, while his oldest son, Karl, was killed in action at Verdun. Grete died in 1917 while giving birth to her first child. Her sister died the same way two years later, after having married Grete's widower. Both granddaughters survived and were named after their mothers. Planck endured these losses stoically.

In January 1945, Erwin Planck, to whom he had been particularly close, was sentenced to death by the People's Court because of his participation in the failed attempt to assassinate Hitler in July 1944. Erwin was executed on 23 January 1945.

After World War II ended, Planck, his second wife, and their son were brought to a relative in Göttingen, where Planck died on 4 October 1947. He is buried in the Stadtfriedhof in Göttingen.

Contra Bohr, Planck believed the “outside world is something independent from man, something absolute, and the quest for the laws which apply to this absolute appeared…as the most sublime scientific pursuit in life.”

Einstein, in the introduction to Planck's Where Is Science Going?, called him "One of those few worshipers in the Temple of Science who would still remain should an angel of God descend and drive out of the temple all those lesser scientists, who under different circumstances might become politicians or captains of industry."

 Religious views

Planck was a member of the Lutheran Church in Germany. He was very tolerant toward alternative views and religions. In a lecture in 1937 entitled "Religion und Naturwissenschaft" ("Religion and Natural Science") he suggested the importance of these symbols and rituals related directly with a believer's ability to worship God, but that one must be mindful that the symbols provide an imperfect illustration of divinity. He criticized atheism for being focused on the derision of such symbols, while at the same time warned of the over-estimation of the importance of such symbols by believers.

Planck said in 1944, "As a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clear headed science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about atoms this much: There is no matter as such. All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent spirit [orig. Geist]. This spirit is the matrix of all matter."

Planck argued that the concept of God is important to both religion and science, but in different ways: "Both religion and science require a belief in God. For believers, God is in the beginning, and for physicists He is at the end of all considerations … To the former He is the foundation, to the latter, the crown of the edifice of every generalized world view".

Furthermore, Planck wrote,

..."to believe" means "to recognize as a truth", and the knowledge of nature, continually advancing on incontestably safe tracks, has made it utterly impossible for a person possessing some training in natural science to recognize as founded on truth the many reports of extraordinary occurrences contradicting the laws of nature, of miracles which are still commonly regarded as essential supports and confirmations of religious doctrines, and which formerly used to be accepted as facts pure and simple, without doubt or criticism. The belief in miracles must retreat step by step before relentlessly and reliably progressing science and we cannot doubt that sooner or later it must vanish completely.

Noted historian of science John L. Heilbron characterized Planck's views on God as deistic. Heilbron further relates that when asked about his religious affiliation, Planck replied that although he had always been deeply religious, he did not believe "in a personal God, let alone a Christian God".

 Philosophical shift to scientific realism

While Planck began his career as a proponent of Ernst Mach's positivism, his discovery of the quantum of action led him to embrace scientific realism. He argued that the "world-picture" of physics must be based on objective realities that exist independently of human observation.

This philosophical stance led to a famous public rift with Mach in 1908. Planck's belief in an objective, causal universe defined by "absolutes" was a major factor in his early and unwavering support for Einstein's theory of relativity. However, this same realism later made him a prominent critic of the probabilistic nature of the Copenhagen interpretation championed by Niels Bohr.

 Musical life and absolute pitch

Planck was an accomplished musician who possessed absolute pitch. He was a pianist, organist, and cellist who composed the opera Die Liebe im Walde during his university years.

Throughout his life, his home in Berlin became a cultural hub where he hosted weekly musical soirées. These gatherings frequently included Albert Einstein on the violin and the renowned violinist Joseph Joachim. Planck once noted that the laws of physics and the laws of harmony both represented different paths to understanding universal absolutes.

 Recognition

 Memberships

Year	Organization	Type	Ref.
1914	American Academy of Arts and Sciences	International Honorary Member
1926	Royal Society	Foreign Member
1926	Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences	Foreign Member
1926	National Academy of Sciences	International Member
1933	American Philosophical Society	International Member
1936	Pontifical Academy of Sciences	Academician

 Orders

Year	Head of state	Order	Ref.
1915	Wilhelm II	Pour le Mérite

 Awards

Year	Organization	Award	Citation	Ref.
1918	Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences	Nobel Prize in Physics	"In recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta."
1927	Franklin Institute	Franklin Medal	"For his law of radiation and the idea of the fundamental indivisible quantity of radiant energy called the 'quantum'."
1927	Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences	Lorentz Medal	—
1929	Royal Society	Copley Medal	"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory."
1929	German Physical Society	Max Planck Medal	—
1945	—	Goethe Prize	—

 Commemoration

انظر أيضاً: List of things named after Max Planck

Planck on a 1952 West German stamp.

• In 1953, the German Post Office Berlin honored Max Planck with a 30-pfennig stamp in the series "Men from Berlin's History."
• From 1957 to 1971, the Federal Republic's 2-DM coins featured Max Planck's portrait.
• In 1958, a commemorative plaque was unveiled in the forecourt of the Humboldt University of Berlin.
• In 1958, the Max Planck Society presented a bust of Planck, created in 1939, to the Physical Society of the GDR. The bust has been on display in the exhibition room of the Magnushaus since 1991.
• In 1970, the lunar crater Planck and the adjacent valley Vallis Planck were named after Planck.
• In 1983, the GDR issued a 5-mark commemorative coin to mark his 125th birthday. This was not a circulating coin, but was primarily sold for foreign currency.
• In 1989, a Berlin commemorative plaque was unveiled at Planck's former residence in Berlin-Grunewald.
• In 2008, a special postage stamp and a 10-Euro silver commemorative coin were issued to mark his 150th birthday.
• In 2013, The Max Planck Florida Institute For Neuroscience opened in Jupiter, Florida.
• In 2014, Google celebrated Planck's 156th birthday with a Google Doodle on April 23.
• In 2022, his bust was placed in Walhalla.

 Publications

Vorlesungen über die Theorie der Wärmestrahlung, 1906

• Planck, M. (1900a). "Über eine Verbesserung der Wienschen Spektralgleichung". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 2: 202–204. Translated in ter Haar, D. (1967). "On an Improvement of Wien's Equation for the Spectrum" (PDF). The Old Quantum Theory (PDF). Pergamon Press. pp. 79–81. LCCN 66029628. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 31 Dec 2025.
• Planck, M. (1900b). "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 2: 237. Translated in ter Haar, D. (1967). "On the Theory of the Energy Distribution Law of the Normal Spectrum" (PDF). The Old Quantum Theory. Pergamon Press. p. 82. LCCN 66029628. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Planck, M. (1900c). "Entropie und Temperatur strahlender Wärme" [Entropy and Temperature of Radiant Heat]. Annalen der Physik. 306 (4): 719–737. Bibcode:1900AnP...306..719P. doi:10.1002/andp.19003060410.
• Planck, M. (1900d). "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge" [On Irreversible Radiation Processes]. Annalen der Physik. 306 (1): 69–122. Bibcode:1900AnP...306...69P. doi:10.1002/andp.19003060105.
• Planck, M. (1901). "Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum". Annalen der Physik. 309 (3): 553–563. Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P. doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310. Translated in Ando, K. "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 أكتوبر 2011. Retrieved 13 أكتوبر 2011.
• Planck, M. (1903). Treatise on Thermodynamics. Ogg, A. (transl.). London: Longmans, Green & Co. OL 7246691M.
• Planck, M. (1906). Vorlesungen über die Theorie der Wärmestrahlung. Leipzig: J.A. Barth. LCCN 07004527.
• Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
• Planck, M. (1915). Eight Lectures on Theoretical Physics. Translated by Albert Potter Wills.
• Planck, M. (1908). Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energie.
• Planck, M. (1943). "Zur Geschichte der Auffindung des physikalischen Wirkungsquantums". Naturwissenschaften. 31 (14–15): 153–159. Bibcode:1943NW.....31..153P. doi:10.1007/BF01475738. S2CID 44899488.

 التكريم والجوائز

• "Pour le Mérite" for Science and Arts 1915 (in 1930 he became chancellor of this order)
• جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 1918 (awarded 1919)
• Lorentz Medal 1927
• Adlerschild des Deutschen Reiches (1928)
• Max Planck medal (1929, together with Einstein)
• Planck received honorary doctorates from the universities of Frankfurt, Munich (TH), Rostock, Berlin (TH), Graz, Athens, Cambridge, London, and Glasgow.
• The asteroid 1069 was given the name "Stella Planckia" (1938)

 انظر أيضاً

• Planck's law of black body radiation
• Planck's constant
• Planck units
  • Planck time
  • Planck temperature
  • Planck current
  • Planck power

• Planck density

• Planck epoch
• Planck particle
• Planck postulate
• Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
• Planck (crater)
• Planck Surveyor
• Photon polarization

 المطبوعات

• Planck, Max. (1897). Vorlesungen über Thermodynamik
• Planck, Max. (1900). “Entropy and Temperature of Radiant Heat.” Annalen der Physik, vol. 1. no 4. April, pg. 719-37.
• Planck, Max. (1901). "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum". Annalen der Physik, vol. 4, p. 553 ff.

 كتب

• Heilbron, J. L. The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science (Harvard, 2000) ISBN 0-674-00439-6

• Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck (Wayne State University, 1980) ISBN 0-8143-1650-6

 وصلات خارجية

 سيرته

• Max Planck - Encyclopaedia Britannica article
• Max Planck Biography – www.nobel-prize-winners.com
• Annotated bibliography for Max Planck from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

 مقالات

• Life–Work–Personality - Exhibition on the 50th anniversary of Max Planck's death.
• Max Planck, Planck's constant, and Schrodinger's Cat
• Kragh, Helge Max Planck: The reluctant revolutionary Physics World December 2000