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لياوننگ، Liaoning (الصينية المبسطة: 辽宁; الصينية التقليدية: 遼寧; پنين: Liáoníng)، هي مقاطعة تقع في جنوب منطقة شمال شرقي الصين، تواجه البحر الأصفر وبحر بوهاي، وتجاور جمهورية كوريا الديمقراطية الشعبية شرقا. مساحتها أكثر من 150 ألف كيلومتر مربع، عدد السكان 42,1 مليون نسمة، عاصمتها شنيانگ.
Historically a gateway between China proper and Manchuria, the modern Liaoning province was established in 1907 as Fengtian or Fengtien province and was renamed Liaoning in 1929. It was also known at that time as Mukden Province for the Manchu name of Shengjing, the former name of Shenyang. Under the Japanese-puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored for a brief time in 1945 and then again in 1954.
Liaoning is also known in Chinese as "the Golden Triangle"[5] from its shape and strategic location, with the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay and Bohai Sea) in the south, North Korea's North Pyongan and Chagang provinces in the southeast, Jilin to the northeast, Hebei to the southwest, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the province's border with North Korea, emptying into the Korea Bay between Dandong in Liaoning and Sinuiju in North Korea.
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التاريخ
Liaodong (Leao-Tong) in the early Qing, surrounded by the Willow Palisade. This map, published in 1734, was based on data collected by Jesuits in the early 18th century. The capital is in Shenyang (Chinyang); most other cities mentioned in Governor Zhang's report are shown as well. |
Prior to 3rd century BC, Donghu, Gojoseon and Yemaek peoples inhabited Liaoning.[6] The state of Yan conquered the area around 300 BC. Two commanderies, Liaodong ("east of the Liao River") and Liaoxi ("west of the Liao River"), were established within the Liaoning region. The Yan city of Xiangping, the center of Liaodong, was located on the site of the present Liaoyang city.[7] After the fall of the Han dynasty, warlord Gongsun Du and his family established and maintained a semi-independent state based in Liaodong, until it was defeated by Cao Wei in 238. The state, also known as Yan, conducted numerous maritime diplomatic and trade expeditions, and had a lasting influence on Northeast Asian culture despite being short-lived.[8] From 4th to 5th century AD, Liaoning was ruled by Xianbei dynasties of the Murong tribe – Former Yan, Later Yan, and Northern Yan. In 436, as Northern Wei seized the Yan capital, Liaodong Peninsula was taken over by Goguryeo. Tang dynasty annexed the region during the Goguryeo–Tang War. However, when the An Lushan Rebellion drained Tang's resources away from its frontiers, Balhae gradually expanded into Liaodong. Eventually, Liaoning was conquered by the Khitan Liao dynasty, followed by the Jurchen Jin dynasty and the Mongol Empire.
التجمعات الحضرية
لياوننگ إحدى المقاطعات الصينية ذات المستوى العالي نسبيا للتمدين في الصين، يتواجد بها تجمعين حضريين:
- التجمع الأول ومركزه مدينة شنيانگ عاصمة المقاطعة، وتجوارها مدن آنشان وفوشون وبنشي وغيرها من مجموعة مدن وسط لياونينغ. المسافة بين المدن في مجموعة وسط لياونينگ أقل من 70 كم، تنتشر المدن الصغيرة والبلدات حول المدن الرئيسية؛
- التجمع الثاني يقع جنوب لياونانگ وعلى الساحل ومركزه مدينة داليان ويضم مدينتا داندونگ وينكو. تتجمع في هاتين المجموعتين كل المدن الكبيرة والمتوسطة بالمقاطعة وعدد كبير من المؤسسات الصناعية الكبيرة، فهي أكبر قاعدة للصناعة الثقيلة في الصين، كما أنها منطقة كثيفة علميا وتكنولوجيا وذات مواصلات ومعلومات جيدة.
مدينة داليان إحدى المدن الساحلية المينائية المنفتحة الرئيسية، وأكبر مركز لتصفية الحسابات بالعملات الأجنبية في شمال شرقي الصين وقاعدة صناعية هامة. المسافة بينهما نحو 400 كم، وتشكل شريط صناعات التكنولوجيا العالية والحديثة على جانبي طريق شن- دا السريع الذي يربط بينهما، يتجمع فيه عدد كبير من الشركات. مدينة أنشان مدينة مشهورة بالحديد والصلب في جنوب أواسط لياونيگ. ومدينة فوشون مدينة صناعية هامة للفحم في وسط لياونيغ. مدينة بنشي مدينة مشهورة بإنتاج فحم الكوك والفحم منخفض الفسفور والمواد الفولاذية الممتازة في أواسط لياونينگ. وتجمع جنوب لياونيگ للمدن هي بوابة الصين الشمالية الشرقية إلى البحر.
السياسة
الجغرافيا
صورة التقطها لاندسات 7 لغرب لياوننگ. |
أهم المدن
التقسيمات الإدارية
تتألف لياوننگ من 14 مدينة على مستوى محافظة:
Liaoning is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions, all prefecture-level cities (including two sub-provincial cities):
Administrative divisions of Liaoning | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Division code[9] | التقسيم | Area in km2[10] | Population 2010[11] | المقر | التقسيمات[12] | ||||||
Districts | Counties | Aut. counties | CL cities | ||||||||
210000 | مقاطعة لياوننگ | 145,900.00 | 43,746,323 | شنيانگ city | 59 | 17 | 8 | 16 | |||
210100 | شنيانگ city | 12,860.00 | 8,106,171 | Hunnan District | 10 | 2 | 1 | ||||
210200 | مدينة داليان | 12,573.85 | 6,690,432 | Xigang District | 7 | 1 | 2 | ||||
210300 | Anshan city | 9,252.00 | 3,645,884 | Tiedong District | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
210400 | Fushun city | 11,272.00 | 2,138,090 | Shuncheng District | 4 | 1 | 2 | ||||
210500 | Benxi city | 8,420.00 | 1,709,538 | Pingshan District | 4 | 2 | |||||
210600 | Dandong city | 15,289.61 | 2,444,697 | Zhenxing District | 3 | 1 | 2 | ||||
210700 | Jinzhou city | 9,890.62 | 3,126,463 | Taihe District | 3 | 2 | 2 | ||||
210800 | Yingkou city | 5,365.46 | 2,428,534 | Zhanqian District | 4 | 2 | |||||
210900 | مدينة فوشين | 10,354.99 | 1,819,339 | Xihe District | 5 | 1 | 1 | ||||
211000 | مدينة لياويانگ | 4,743.24 | 1,858,768 | Baita District | 5 | 1 | 1 | ||||
211100 | Panjin city | 4,071.10 | 1,392,493 | Xinglongtai District | 3 | 1 | |||||
211200 | Tieling city | 12,979.69 | 2,717,732 | Yinzhou District | 2 | 3 | 2 | ||||
211300 | مدينة تشاويانگ | 19,698.00 | 3,044,641 | Shuangta District | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |||
211400 | مدينة هولوداو | 10,414.94 | 2,623,541 | Longgang District | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||||
██ Sub-provincial cities |
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
بالعربية | بالصينية | پنين | ||
Liaoning Province | 辽宁省 | Liáoníng Shěng | ||
Shenyang city | 沈阳市 | Shěnyáng Shì | ||
Dalian city | 大连市 | Dàlián Shì | ||
Anshan city | 鞍山市 | Ānshān Shì | ||
Fushun city | 抚顺市 | Fǔshùn Shì | ||
Benxi city | 本溪市 | Běnxī Shì | ||
Dandong city | 丹东市 | Dāndōng Shì | ||
Jinzhou city | 锦州市 | Jǐnzhōu Shì | ||
Yingkou city | 营口市 | Yíngkǒu Shì | ||
Fuxin city | 阜新市 | Fùxīn Shì | ||
Liaoyang city | 辽阳市 | Liáoyáng Shì | ||
Panjin city | 盘锦市 | Pánjǐn Shì | ||
Tieling city | 铁岭市 | Tiělǐng Shì | ||
Chaoyang city | 朝阳市 | Cháoyáng Shì | ||
Huludao city | 葫芦岛市 | Húludǎo Shì |
These prefecture-level cities are in turn divided into 100 county-level divisions (56 districts, 17 county-level cities, 19 counties, and 8 autonomous counties), which are then further subdivided into 1511 township-level divisions (613 towns, 301 townships, 77 ethnic townships, and 520 subdistricts). At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 43.69 million.[1]
المناطق الحضرية
التعداد حسب المنطقة الحضرية المحافظات والمدن النواحي | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | City | Urban area[13] | District area[13] | المدينة نفسها[13] | Census date |
1 | شنيانگ[أ] | 5,718,232 | 6,255,921 | 8,106,171 | 2010-11-01 |
(1) | Shenyang (new district)[أ] | 172,439 | 476,081 | see Shenyang | 2010-11-01 |
2 | داليان[ب] | 3,902,467 | 4,087,733 | 6,690,432 | 2010-11-01 |
(2) | Dalian (new district)[ب] | 319,942 | 741,230 | see Dalian | 2010-11-01 |
3 | آنشان | 1,504,996 | 1,544,084 | 3,645,884 | 2010-11-01 |
4 | فوشون | 1,318,808 | 1,431,014 | 2,138,090 | 2010-11-01 |
5 | Benxi | 1,000,128 | 1,094,294 | 1,709,538 | 2010-11-01 |
6 | Jinzhou | 946,098 | 1,091,799 | 3,126,463 | 2010-11-01 |
7 | Yingkou | 880,412 | 1,032,048 | 2,428,534 | 2010-11-01 |
8 | Dandong | 775,787 | 865,576 | 2,444,697 | 2010-11-01 |
9 | فوشين | 750,283 | 790,656 | 1,819,339 | 2010-11-01 |
10 | لياويانگ | 735,047 | 789,137 | 1,858,768 | 2010-11-01 |
11 | Haicheng | 687,223 | 1,293,877 | see Anshan | 2010-11-01 |
12 | Panjin[ت] | 663,445 | 676,464 | 1,392,493 | 2010-11-01 |
(12) | Panjin (new district)[ت] | 194,548 | 430,913 | see Panjin | 2010-11-01 |
13 | هولوداو | 646,482 | 970,208 | 2,623,541 | 2010-11-01 |
14 | Xinmin | 484,287 | 657,763 | see Shenyang | 2010-11-01 |
15 | تشاويانگ | 477,610 | 625,187 | 3,044,641 | 2010-11-01 |
16 | Wafangdian | 413,921 | 942,197 | see Dalian | 2010-11-01 |
17 | Tieling | 396,505 | 453,073 | 2,717,732 | 2010-11-01 |
18 | Dashiqiao | 330,328 | 704,891 | see Yingkou | 2010-11-01 |
19 | Zhuanghe | 304,233 | 841,321 | see Dalian | 2010-11-01 |
20 | Donggang | 290,957 | 627,475 | see Dandong | 2010-11-01 |
21 | Fengcheng | 247,219 | 543,933 | see Dandong | 2010-11-01 |
22 | Kaiyuan | 242,412 | 545,624 | see Tieling | 2010-11-01 |
23 | Gaizhou | 218,478 | 691,595 | see Yingkou | 2010-11-01 |
24 | Lingyuan | 200,354 | 570,660 | see Chaoyang | 2010-11-01 |
25 | Diaobingshan | 195,673 | 241,431 | see Tieling | 2010-11-01 |
26 | Xingcheng | 178,291 | 546,176 | see Huludao | 2010-11-01 |
27 | Beipiao | 168,620 | 496,164 | see Chaoyang | 2010-11-01 |
28 | Dengta | 163,064 | 496,122 | see Liaoyang | 2010-11-01 |
29 | Linghai | 134,716 | 508,079 | see Jinzhou | 2010-11-01 |
30 | Beizhen | 127,101 | 514,898 | see Jinzhou | 2010-11-01 |
- ^ أ ب New district established after census: Liaozhong (Liaozhong County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ أ ب New district established after census: Pulandian (Pulandian CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ أ ب New district established after census: Dawa (Dawa County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
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الاقتصاد
الموارد
تنتشر في وسط وشمال المقاطعة زراعة الحبوب الغذائية، كما تشتهر المناطق الجبلية في الشرق بغاباتها ومنتجتها من العقاقير الطبية. يقوم أهل مناطق الشمال الغربي بتربية المواشي، كما أن الفواكه تعد من أهم المحاصيل الزراعية فيها. تشكل المنتجات البحرية المورد الأول في شبه جزيرة لياودونگ. ونظرا لأنها تطل على بحر بوهاي وبحر هوانغهاي. تمتلك المقاطعة موارد بحرية وسياحية كبيرة، وتعمل الحكومة المحلية على تطوير هذين القطاعين.
الصناعة
تقع المقاطعة في منطقة المعادن للمحيط الهادي، لذلك تمتلك كمية لا بأس بها من المعادن الحديدية والمعادن غير الحديدية والطاقة التي تحتاج إليها الصناعة الحديثة والصناعة الكيماوية والمواد غير المعدنية ومواد البناء وغيرها من 5 أنواع رئيسية من الموارد المعدنية وغير المعدنية.
تعتبر مقاطعة لياوننغ إحدى القواعد الصينية للصناعة الثقيلة والمواد الخام، ويبلغ عدد المؤسسات العمومية - الكبيرة والمتوسطة- بها عُشر عدد المؤسسات العمومية في الصين. التعدين والماكينات والبترول والصناعة الكيماوية ومواد البناء هي الصناعات الركائزية للمقاطعة، والمنتجات الميكانيكية والكهربائية من منتجات الصادرات الرئيسية، والصناعة الإلكترونية من الصناعات الناهضة فيها.
الزراعة
Main agricultural products of Liaoning include maize, sorghum, and soybeans. The region around Dalian produces three-quarters of China's exported apples and peaches. Cotton is also produced.
Liaoning's fruits include apples from Dalian and Yingkou, golden peaches from Dalian, pears from Beizhen of Jinzhou, white pears from Huludao and Suizhong, and apricots and plums from Gushan of Dandong.
التعدين
Liaoning has the most iron, magnesite, diamond, and boron deposits among all province-level subdivisions of China. Liaoning is also an important source of petroleum and natural gas. Salt is produced along the coast.
النفط
Along with Liaoning's rich mineral reserves, the province also has abundant deposits of crude oil, especially in the Liaohe Oilfield.[14]
الصناعة
Liaoning is one of China's most important industrial bases, covering a wide range of industries, such as machinery, electronics, metal refining, petroleum, chemical industries, construction materials, coal, and so on.
The sea off Dalian abounds with quality seafood, such as abalones, sea cucumbers, scallops, prawns, crabs, and sea urchins. The big fish of Dandong, the jellyfish of Yingkou, and the clams of Panjin are known worldwide for their good tastes right from the sea and in products made in Liaoning for export domestically and internationally.
التجارة
The cities of Dalian, Dandong and Yingkou have been developed as major ports and economic gateways to all of northeast China.
خمس نقاط، خط واحد
الديموغرافيا
التعداد التاريخي | ||
---|---|---|
السنة | تعداد | ±% |
1912[15] | 12٬133٬000 | — |
1928[16] | 15٬233٬000 | +25.6% |
1936-37[17] | 15٬254٬000 | +0.1% |
1947[18] | 10٬007٬000 | −34.4% |
1954 | 18٬545٬147 | +85.3% |
1964 | 26٬946٬200 | +45.3% |
1982 | 35٬721٬693 | +32.6% |
1990 | 39٬459٬697 | +10.5% |
2000 | 41٬824٬412 | +6.0% |
2010 | 43٬746٬323 | +4.6% |
Liaoning Province was known as Fengtian Province until 1929. Shenyang part of Liaoning Province until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province. Dalian (Lüda) part of Liaoning Province until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province. Andong Province (Liaodong Province) split from Liaoning Province in 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province. Liaobei Province split from Liaoning Province in 1947; dissolved in 1949 and parts were incorporated into Liaoning Province. Rehe Province incorporated into a province in 1928; dissolved in 1955 and parts were incorporated into Liaoning Province. Liaoxi Province split from Liaoning Province in 1949; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province. |
The population of Liaoning is mostly Han Chinese with minorities of Manchus, Mongols, Hui, Koreans and Xibe.
المجموعات العرقية في لياوننگ، تقديرات 2000 | ||
---|---|---|
القومية | السكان | النسبة |
الهان | 35,105,991 | 83.94% |
المانشو | 5,385,287 | 12.88% |
منغول | 669,972 | 1.60% |
الهوي | 264,407 | 0.632% |
كوريون | 241,052 | 0.576% |
Xibe | 132,615 | 0.317% |
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الدين
Religion in Liaoning (2012) ██ Non religious and traditional faiths (91.3%)██ Buddhism (5.5%)██ Protestantism (2.2%)██ Islam (0.6%)██ Catholicism (0.2%)██ Others (0.1%)
According to a 2012 survey[19] only around 10% of the population of Liaoning belongs to organised religions, the largest groups being Buddhists with 5.5%, followed by Protestants with 2.2%, Muslims with 0.6% and Catholics with 0.2%.
The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; around 90% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in Chinese folk religions (cults of nature deities and ancestors), Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects.
The significant Manchu population, although strongly assimilated to the Han Chinese and practicing Chinese religions, also retains its own pure Manchu shamanism. At the same time, the local religion of the Han people throughout Manchuria has developed patterns of deities, ideas, and practices inherited from Manchu and Tungus shamanism, making it quite different from central and southern Chinese folk religion. The Mongol ethnic minority either follows the Mongolian folk religion and shamanism, or Tibetan Buddhism.
السياحة
التعليم
جامعات وكليات
الرياضة
انظر أيضا
- Major national historical and cultural sites (Liaoning)
- Shenyang Mandarin
- 2013 National Games of China
- Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning
- Gojoseon–Yan War
المصادر
- ^ "Doing Business in China - Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census [1] (No. 2)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
- ^ 辽宁省2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Statistical Communiqué of Liaoning on the 2017 National Economic and Social Development] (in الصينية). Liaoning Bureau of Statistics. 2018-02-25. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
- ^ "Liaoning Travel Guide: Map, History, Sightseeing, Ethnic Minority, Climate". Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ 先秦辽阳地区部族问题初探. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
- ^ Byington, Mark E. (2020). The Ancient State of Puyŏ in Northeast Asia: Archaeology and Historical Memory. Brill. p. 44. ISBN 9781684175673.
- ^ 郭大顺 (2018). "考古学观察下的古代辽宁". 地域文化研究 (1).
- ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in الصينية). Ministry of Civil Affairs.
- ^ بالصينية: {{{1}}}Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. Archived copy 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in الصينية). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-29.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
- ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in الصينية). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
- ^ أ ب ت 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Compiled by 国务院人口普查办公室 [Department of Population Census of the State Council], 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 [Department of Population and Social Science and Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics]. Beijing: China Statistics Print. 2012. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.CS1 maint: others (link)
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةthechinaperspective.com
- ^ 1912年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 1928年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 1936-37年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 1947年全国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةCFPS2012
- مجلة الصين اليوم
- Economic profile for Liaoning at HKTDC
وصلات خارجية
مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Liaoning. |