المملكة الكوشانو-ساسانية

Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom (also called Kushanshahs, KΟÞANΟ ÞAΟ or Koshano Shao in Bactrian, or Indo-Sasanians) is a historiographic term used by modern scholars to refer to a branch of the Sasanian Persians who established their rule in Bactria during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE at the expense of the declining Kushans. They captured the provinces of Sogdiana, Bactria and Gandhara from the Kushans in 225 CE. The Sasanians established governors for the Sasanian Empire, who minted their own coinage and took the title of Kushanshas, i.e. "Kings of the Kushans". They are sometimes considered as forming a "sub-kingdom" inside the Sasanian Empire. This administration continued until 360-370 CE, when the Kushano-Sasanians lost much of its domains to the invading Kidarite Huns, whilst the rest was incorporated into the imperial Sasanian Empire. Later, the Kidarites were in turn displaced by the Hephthalites. The Sasanians were able to re-establish some authority after they destroyed the Hephthalites with the help of the Turks in 565, but their rule collapsed under Arab attacks in the mid 7th century.

Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom Kushanshahr
ح. 230 CE–ح. 365 CE
300 Xianbei Tashtyk culture Gaoju Turks HYMYAR JIN DYNASTY GOGU- RYEO WESTERN SATRAPS VAKA- TAKAS KUSHANO- SASANIANS XIONITES KANGJU SASANIAN EMPIRE ROMAN EMPIRE HUNS TOCHARIANS TUYUHUN Paleo-Siberians Samoyeds Tungus MEROË AKSUM ◁ ▷ class=notpageimage| Territory of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, with contemporary neighbouring polities
Map of the domains governed by the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
العاصمة	بلخ
اللغات الشائعة	Middle Persian Bactrian
الدين	البوذية الزرادشتية الهندوسية
الحكومة	ملكية إقطاعية
الحقبة التاريخية	القِدم المتأخر
• تأسست	ح. 230 CE
• انحلت	ح. 365 CE
سبقها تلاها امبراطورية كوشان Paratarajas Kidarites

The Kushanshas are mainly known through their coins. Their coins were minted at Kabul, Balkh, Herat, و مرو، attesting the extent of their realm.

A rebellion of Hormizd I Kushanshah (277–286 CE), who issued coins with the title Kushanshahanshah ("ملك ملوك الكوشان"), seems to have occurred against contemporary emperor Bahram II (276–293 CE) of the Sasanian Empire, but failed.

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 التاريخ

Portrait of Kushano-Sasanian ruler Hormizd I Kushanshah (ح. 277-286 م) في Kushan style.

 الفترة الكوشانو-ساسانية الأولى (230-365 CE)

The Sassanids, shortly after victory over the Parthians, extended their dominion into Bactria during the reign of Ardashir I around 230 CE, then further to the eastern parts of their empire in western Pakistan during the reign of his son Shapur I (240–270). Thus the Kushans lost their western territory (including Bactria and Gandhara) to the rule of Sassanid nobles named Kushanshahs or "Kings of the Kushans". The farthest extent of the Kushano-Sasanians to the east appears to have been Gandhara, and they apparently did not cross the Indus river, since almost none of their coinage has been found in the city of Taxila just beyond the Indus.

The Kushano-Sasanians under Hormizd I Kushanshah seem to have led a rebellion against contemporary emperor Bahram II (276-293 CE) of the Sasanian Empire, but failed. According to the Panegyrici Latini (3rd-4th century CE), there was a rebellion of a certain Ormis (Ormisdas) against his brother Bahram II, and Ormis was supported the people of Saccis (Sakastan). Hormizd I Kushanshah issued coins with the title Kushanshahanshah ("King of kings of the Kushans"), probably in defiance of imperial Sasanian rule.

Hormizd I Kushanshah on the Naqsh-e Rustam Bahram II panel.

Around 325, Shapur II was directly in charge of the southern part of the territory, while in the north the Kushanshahs maintained their rule. Important finds of Sasanian coinage beyond the Indus in the city of Taxila only start with the reigns of Shapur II (r.309-379) and Shapur III (r.383-388), suggesting that the expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus was the result of the wars of Shapur II "with the Chionites and Kushans" in 350-358 as described by Ammianus Marcellinus. They probably maintained control until the rise of the Kidarites under their ruler Kidara.

قالب:South Asia in 350 CE The decline of the Kushans and their defeat by the Kushano-Sasanians and the Sasanians, was followed by the rise of the Kidarites and then the Hephthalites (Alchon Huns) who in turn conquered Bactria and Gandhara and went as far as central India. They were later followed by Turk Shahi and then the Hindu Shahi, until the arrival of Muslims to north-western parts of India.

 الفترة الساسانية الثانية (565-651 CE)

The Hephthalites dominated the area until they were defeated in 565 CE by an alliance between the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sasanian Empire, and some Sassanid authority was re-established in eastern lands. According to al-Tabari, Khosrow I managed, through his expansionist policy, to take control of "Sind, Bust, Al-Rukkhaj, Zabulistan, Tukharistan, Dardistan, and Kabulistan".

The Hephthalites were able to set up rival states in Kapisa, Bamiyan, and Kabul, before being overrun by the Tokhara Yabghus and the Turk Shahi. The Sasanians may also have expelled by the Nezak-Alchons. The 2nd Indo-Sassanid period ended with the collapse of Sassanids to the Rashidun Caliphate in the mid 7th century. Sind remained independent until the Arab invasions of India in the early 8th century.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 التأثيرات الدينية

Coin of the last Kushano-Sasanian ruler Bahram Kushanshah (circa 350-365 CE) in Kushan style.
Obv: King Varhran I with characteristic head-dress.
Rev: Shiva with bull Nandi, in Kushan style.

Coins depicting Shiva and the Nandi bull have been discovered, indicating a strong influence of Shaivite Hinduism.

The prophet Mani (210–276 CE), founder of Manichaeism, followed the Sassanids' expansion to the east, which exposed him to the thriving Buddhist culture of Gandhara. He is said to have visited Bamiyan, where several religious paintings are attributed to him, and is believed to have lived and taught for some time. He is also related to have sailed to the Indus valley area now in modern-day Pakistan in 240 or 241 AD, and to have converted a Buddhist King, the Turan Shah of India.

On that occasion, various Buddhist influences seem to have permeated Manichaeism: "Buddhist influences were significant in the formation of Mani's religious thought. The transmigration of souls became a Manichaean belief, and the quadripartite structure of the Manichaean community, divided between male and female monks (the 'elect') and lay follower (the 'hearers') who supported them, appears to be based on that of the Buddhist sangha"

 العملات

The Kushano-Sassanids created an extensive coinage with legend in Brahmi, Pahlavi or Bactrian, sometimes inspired from Kushan coinage, and sometimes more clearly Sassanid.

The obverse of the coin usually depicts the ruler with elaborate headdress and on the reverse either a Zoroastrian fire altar, or Shiva with the bull Nandi.

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  Kushano-Sasanian ruler Ardashir I Kushanshah, circa 230-250 CE. Merv mint.

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  Ardashir I Kushanshah in the name of Kushan ruler Vasudeva I, circa 230-245 CE.

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  Hormizd I Kushanshah with mention of Mazda and Anahita. Merv mint.

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  Indo-Sassanid coin.

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  A gold Indo-Sassanid coin.

 الحكام الكوشانو-ساسانيون الرئيسيون

The following Kushanshahs were:

• Ardashir I Kushanshah (230–245)
• Peroz I Kushanshah (245–275)
• Hormizd I Kushanshah (275–300)
• Hormizd II Kushanshah (300–303)
• Peroz II Kushanshah (303–330)
• Varahran Kushanshah (330-365)

 الفن الكوشانو-ساسانية

The Indo-Sassanids traded goods such as silverware and textiles depicting the Sassanid emperors engaged in hunting or administering justice.

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  Kushano-Sasanian footed cup with medallion, 3rd-4th century CE, Bactria, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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  Possible Kushano-Sasanian plate, excavated in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 350-400 CE. British Museum 124093.

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  Terracotta head of a male figure, Kushano-Sasanian period, Gandhara region, 4th-5th century CE

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  A probable Kushano-Sasanian plate with hunting scene, found in the 504 CE tomb of Feng Hetu in China. Shanxi Museum. It is dated the 3rd-4th century CE, and was probably manufactured in northern Afghanistan.

 التأثيرات الفنية

The example of Sassanid art was influential on Kushan art, and this influence remained active for several centuries in the northwest South Asia. Plates seemingly belonging to the art of the Kushano-Sasanians have also been found in Northern Wei tombs in China, such as a plate depicting a boar hunt found in the 504 CE tomb of Feng Hetu.

• 

  Vishnu Nicolo Seal: Kushano-Sasanian or Kidarite prince worshipping Vishnu or Vāsudeva, with Bactrian inscription. Found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 4th century CE. British Museum.

• 

  Sasanian dignitary drinking wine, on ceiling of Cave 1, at Ajanta Caves, India, end of the 5th century.

 انظر أيضاً

تاريخ جنوب آسيا (شبه القارة الهندية)
العصر الحجري	70,000–3300 ق.م.
• ثقافة مهرگره	• 7000–3300 ق.م.
حضارة وادي الإندوس	3300–1700 ق.م.
ثقافة هرپـّان المتأخرة	1700–1300 ق.م.
الفترة الڤيدية	1500–500 ق.م.
العصر الحديدي	1200–300 ق.م.
• مهاجناپادا	• 700–300 ق.م.
• امبراطورية ماگادا	• 545 ق.م. - 550
• امبراطورية موريا	• 321–184 ق.م.
الممالك الوسيطة	250 ق.م.–1279 م
• امبراطورية چولا	• 250 ق.م.–1070 م
• ساتاڤاهانا	• 230 ق.م.–220 م
• امبراطورية كوشان	• 60–240
• امبراطورية گوپتا	• 280–550
• امبراطورية پالا	• 750–1174
• أسرة چالوكيا	• 543–753
• راشتراكوتا	• 753–982
• امبراطورية چالوكيا الغربية	• 973–1189
• مملكة هويسالا	1040–1346
• امبراطورية كاكاتيا	1083–1323
السلطنات الإسلامية	1206–1596
• سلطنة دلهي	• 1206–1526
• سلطنات الدكن	• 1490–1596
مملكة أهوم	1228–1826
امبراطورية ڤيجايانگرا	1336–1646
سلطنة المغول	1526–1858
امبراطورية ماراثا	1674–1818
سلطنة دراني	1747–1823
اتحاد السيخ	1716–1799
امبراطورية السيخ	1801–1849
الممالك الإقليمية 1100–1800 مملكة كوتشين 1102–1949 م مملكة تراڤانكوره 1102–1949 م مملكة أهوم 1228–1826 مملكة چيترادورگا 1300–1779 م مملكة گره‌وال 1358–1803 م مملكة ميسور 1399–1947 مملكة كلادي 1499–1763 م مملكة ثوندايمان 1650–1948 م مملكة مدوراي 1559–1736 م مملكة ثنجاڤور 1572–1918 م مملكة ماراڤا 1600–1750 م
شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية	1757–1858
الراج البريطاني	1858–1947
الدول المعاصرة	1947–الحاضر
تواريخ الأمم بنگلادش • بوتان • جمهورية الهند المالديڤ • نيپال • پاكستان • سري لانكا
تواريخ إقليمية أسام • بلوشستان • البنغال هيماچال پرادش • اوريسا • المناطق الپاكستانية شمال الهند • جنوب الهند • التبت
تآريخ متخصصة العملات • الأسرات • الاقتصاد علم الهنديات • اللغة • الأدب • البحري العسكري • العلم والتكنولوجيا • خط زمني

• Indo-Parthian

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 المصادر

• Cribb, Joe (2018). Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (eds.). Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017. University of Oxford The Classical Art Research Centre Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-78491-855-2. قالب:Free access
• Cribb, Joe (2010). Alram, M. (ed.). "The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf". Coins, Art and Chronology Ii, Edited by M. Alram et al. Coins, Art and Chronology II: 91–146. قالب:Free access
• Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017a). "The Sasanian Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. ISBN 978-0-692-86440-1.
• Payne, Richard (2016). "The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity". Journal of Late Antiquity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 9: 4–41. doi:10.1353/jla.2016.0011. S2CID 156673274. قالب:Free access
• Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. London: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4724-2552-2.
• Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017b). "East Iran in Late Antiquity". ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8. قالب:Registration required
• Rypka, Jan; Jahn, Karl (1968). History of Iranian literature (in الإنجليزية). D. Reidel.
• Sastri, Nilakanta (1957). A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas (in الإنجليزية). Orient Longmans. p. 246.
• Vaissière, Étienne de La (2016). "Kushanshahs i. History". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986). "Ardašīr I i. History". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 371–376.

 وصلات خارجية

• Coins of the Kushano-Sassanids