المعرفة

هشام بن عبد الملك

هشام بن عبد الملك (و. 691 ت. فبراير 743)، هو الخليفة الأموي العاشر. حكم من عام 723 حتى وفاته عام 743م. عندما ولد عام 691 أسمته أمه على اسم أبيها.

هشام بن عبد الملك
خليفة الأسرة الأموية العاش
Siria (damasco), califfo hisham, dirhem omayyade, 724-743.JPG
عملة صكها هشام بن عبد الملك
العهد691 - 743 م
سبقهيزيد بن عبد الملك
تبعهالوليد بن يزيد
الأنجالمسلمة، معاوية، سعيد، سليمان
الاسم الكامل
هشام بن عبد الملك بن مروان
الأسرة المالكةأمويون
الأبعبد الملك بن مروان
الأمفاطمة بنت هشام[1]


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السنوات المبكرة

 
تمثال أمير المؤمنين هشام بن عبد الملك الأموي من خلفاء دمشق - أريحا فلسطين.

Hisham was born in Damascus, the administrative capital of the Umayyad Caliphate, in AH 72 (691–692 CE). His father was the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (ح. 685–705). His mother was A'isha, daughter of Hisham ibn Isma'il of the Banu Makhzum, a prominent clan of the Quraysh, and Abd al-Malik's longtime governor of the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina.[2][أ] According to the history of al-Tabari (d. 923), Hisham was given the kunya (patronymic) of Abu al-Walid.[4]

There is scant information about Hisham's early life. He was too young to play any political or military role during his father's reign. He supposedly led the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca once during his brother al-Walid I's reign (ح. 705–715) and while there, he met the respected descendant of Caliph Ali (ح. 656–661), Zayn al-Abidin.[3] He is held by al-Tabari to have led an expedition against the Byzantines across the Caliphate's frontier in 706 and to have captured a number of their fortified positions.[5]

Hisham began to demonstrate aspirations for the caliphate at the death of his brother Sulayman in 717. On his deathbed Sulayman had nominated their paternal first cousin Umar II but kept the order secret, entrusting the revelation to his chief advisor Raja ibn Haywa. When Raja informed the Umayyad family of the caliphal decision, Hisham protested that the office was the preserve of Abd al-Malik's direct descendants and only relented from his opposition when threatened with the use of force.[6] He played no political or military role under Umar (ح. 717–720) but is mentioned in the latter's 10th-century biography as having issued a letter to the caliph complaining of his and brothers' treatment under Umar's rule. Hisham also held no posts under his brother Yazid II (ح. 720–724), Umar's successor.[7]


خلافته

 
الدولة الأموية في عهد هشام بن عبد الملك ح 732 م

. في عهده بلغت الدولة الإسلامية أقصى اتساعها، حارب البيزنطيين واستولت جيوشه على ناربونه وبلغت أبواب بواتيه (فرنسا) حيث وقعت معركة بلاط الشهداء.‏ حكم هشام (724-743) الدولة سبعة عشر عاماً حكماً عادلاً سادت فيه السلم، وأصلح في خلاله الشؤون الإدارية، وخفض الضرائب، وترك بيت المال بعد وفاته مليئاً بالأموال. ولكن لعل فضائل الزهد كانت سبباً في القضاء على الحاكم: فقد منيت جيوش هشام بعدة هزائم، وثار نقع الفتنة في الولايات، وعم الاستياء دمشق.

توليه العرش

Upon the counsel of their brother, the leading general Maslama, Yazid nominated Hisham as his successor over his own son al-Walid II, whom he had originally intended to designate as first-in-line. Hisham acceded after Yazid died in January 724.[8] He received the news while at his Syrian desert estates, al-Zaytuna, identified as Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi, near al-Rusafa,[9] identified as Hisham's favored residence known today as Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi. He was given the caliphal ring and staff by a postal messenger, after which he rode to Damascus,[4] where he was publicly acclaimed caliph.[10]

نظرة عامة

Hisham inherited an empire with many different problems. He would, however, be effective in attending to these problems, and in allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity. His long rule was an effective one, and it saw a rebirth of reforms that were originated by Umar bin Abd al-Aziz.

Like a-Walid I, Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and he again encouraged arts in the empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools, and perhaps most importantly, by overseeing the translation of numerous literary and scientific masterpieces into Arabic. He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as Umar had, and enforced it, even upon his own family. His ability to stand up to the Umayyad clan may have been an important factor in his success, and may point to why his brother Yazid was ineffective.

According to tradition, Hisham ordered the hadith scholar Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (d.742) to commit the hadith he had memorized to writing.


  • تزايدت في عهده العصبية القبلية بين المضرية واليمانية، واشتعلت فتن وثورات عديدة في أنحاء الدولة: ثورة الخوارج والشيعة في الكوفة (بقيادة زيد بن علي بن الحسين)، والبربر في المغرب؛ وكذلك اضطربت الفتن في بلاد ما وراء النهر، وقد قضى عليها جميعاً بحنكته ودهائه وقوته،فقد كان هشام حازماً عاقلا كان لا يدخل بيت ماله مالا حتى يشهد أربعون.
  • نقل مقر الخلافة من دمشق إلى مدينة الرصافة على نهر الفرات بسوريا تسمى رصافة هشام، وذلك خوفاً من وباء الطاعون الذي كان يغزو دمشق بين حين وآخر. وقد عرفت رصافة هشام بأنها جنات وبساتين مصغرة عن بساتين دمشق.
  • اهتم بتنظيم الدواوين، وعمل على رعاية العلم والثقافة، وترجمت في عهده الكثير من المؤلفات.
  • عمل على اصلاح الزراعة فجفف المستنقعات وزاد مساحة الأراضي المزروعة على ضفاف الأنهار وفي ارجاء الدولة. واهتم بالتوسعات، وحقق العديد من الانتصارات على الروم وفي جنوبي بحر الخزر. تميز عهده بسيادة الأمان في بلاد الشام وارجاء البلاد الإسلامية. توفي بالرصافة، ويعتبر من الخلفاء الأمويين الأقوياء.
  • قام بتعريب الدواوين وإنهاء العمل باللغة البيزنطية كلغة دولة والعمل باللغة العربية.
  • وفي سنة 1007 م فتحت قيصرية الروم بالسيف. وفي سنة 1008 م فتحت خنجرة. وفي سنة 1012 م فتحت خرشنة في ناحية ملطية.
  • أخذ الجعد ينشر تعاليمه بالكوفة، فتعلم منه الجهم بن صفوان الترمذي الذي تنسب إليه الجهمية، وفي عام ( 105 هـ/724 م ) استلم الحكم في دمشق هشام بن عبد الملك الذي عين خالد بن عبد الله القسري والياً على الكوفة، فقبض على ابن درهم، وفي أول يوم من أيام عيد الأضحى من ذلك العام قال خالد وهو يخطب خطبة العيد:

أيها الناس ضحُّوا تقبل الله ضحاياكم، فإني مضحٍّ بالجعد بن درهم؛ إنه زعم أن الله لم يتخذ إبراهيم خليلا، ولم يكلم موسى تكليما، ثم نزل فذبحه في أصل المنبر.

Military activities

On the military front his empire suffered a series of setbacks, especially in the Caucasus against the Khazars (the Battle of Marj Ardabil) and in Transoxiana against the Turgesh (the "Day of Thirst" and the Battle of the Pass). Hisham sent armies to end the Hindu rebellion in Sind, and was successful when the Hindu ruler Jai Singh was killed. This allowed the Umayyads to reassert their rule over some portions of their provinces in India. Some invasions of Indian kingdoms were led by the Arab governors of Sind but they were unsuccessful.

Under Hisham's rule, regular raids against the Byzantine Empire continued. One regular commander of Arab forces was the redoubtable Maslama, Hisham's half-brother. He fought the Byzantines in 725–726 CE (A.H. 107) and the next year captured Caesarea Mazaca. He also fought the Khazars in the Caucasus. In 728, he fought for a month against the Khaqan there and defeated him. Hisham's son Mu'awiya was another Arab commander in the almost-annual raids against the Byzantine Empire. In 728, he took the fort of Samalu in Cilicia. The next year Mu'awiya thrust left and Sa'id ibn Hisham right, in addition to a sea raid. In 731, Mu'awiya captured Kharsianon in Cappadocia.

Mu'awiya raided the Byzantine Empire in 731–732 (A.H. 113). The next year he captured Aqrun (Akroinos), while Abdallah al-Battal took a Byzantine commander prisoner. Mu'awiya raided Byzantium from 734–737. In 737, al Walid ibn al Qa'qa al-Absi led the raid against the Byzantines. The next year Sulayman ibn Hisham captured Sindira (Sideroun). In 738–739, Maslama captured some of Cappadocia and also raided the Avars. Theophanes the Confessor (p. 103) states that while some Arabs raided successfully in 739 and returned home safely, others were soundly defeated at the Battle of Akroinon. He records that internal Byzantine strife (the struggle between Constantine V and the usurper Artabasdos) facilitated Arab raids by Sulayman ibn Hisham in 741–742 (p. 106) that made many Byzantines Arab captives. Al-Tabari refers to the same raid.[11]

In North Africa, Kharijite teachings combined with natural local restlessness to produce a significant Berber revolt. In 740, a large Berber force surrounded a loyal army at Wadi Sherif, where the loyalists fought to the death. Hisham dispatched a force of 27,000 Syrians, which was destroyed in 741. In 742 Handhala ibn Safwan began successfully, but soon was besieged in Qairawan. He led a desperate sortie from the city that scattered the Berbers, killing thousands and re-establishing Umayyad rule.

Hisham also faced a revolt by the armies of Zayd ibn Ali, grandson of Husayn bin Ali, which was put down because of the betrayal of the Kufans. The Kufans encouraged Zayd to revolt. Zayd was ordered to leave Kufa and though he appeared to set out for Mecca, he returned and dwelt secretly in Kufa moving from house to house and receiving the allegiance of many people. Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, Iraq's governor, learned of the plot, commanded the people to gather at the great mosque, locked them inside and began a search for Zayd. Zayd with some troops fought his way to the mosque and called on people to come out. He then pushed back Yusuf's troops, but was felled by an arrow. Although his body was initially buried, the spot was pointed out and it was extracted, beheaded and the head sent to Hisham and later to Medina.

 
An Umayyad coin issued by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

In Spain, the internal conflicts of the years past were ended, and Hisham's governor, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdallah, assembled a large army that went into France. He besieged Bordeaux and pushed to the Loire. This marked the limit of Arabic conquest in Western Europe. The wave was halted at the Battle of Tours by Charles Martel who ruled the kingdom of the Franks.

وفاته وخلافته

Hisham died on 6 February 743 (6 Rabiʽ al-Thani 125 AH),[2] and his son Maslama led the funeral prayers.[12]

Following his accession, Hisham attempted to secure Maslama as his successor in place of the appointed successor, his predecessor's son al-Walid ibn Yazid (known as al-Walid II).[13] Hisham's initial attempts following the Hajj of 735 to persuade al-Walid to step down in favor of Maslama or give Maslama the oath of allegiance as al-Walid's successor were rejected by al-Walid.[14][15][16] Afterward, Hisham sought to undermine al-Walid and secretly gathered support for Maslama.[14] The latter's nomination was supported by his eponymous paternal uncle and prominent general, Maslama, and Hisham's maternal grandfather Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi,[17] and the latter's sons Ibrahim and Muhammad, as well as the sons of the influential Banu Abs chief of northern Syria, al-Qa'qa' ibn Khulayd.[14] Maslama's mother Umm Hakim also lobbied for her son's succession.[18] Opposed to Maslama's proposed succession was Khalid al-Qasri, the governor of Iraq, to which Maslama responded by insulting him and his dead brother Asad.[19] Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik's death in the late 730s was a major setback to Hisham's succession plans as it represented the loss of the plan's key supporter in the Umayyad dynasty.[17]

Al-Walid II acceded to the caliphate and immediately ordered that Hisham's sons at Rusafa, near Palmyra, be arrested by their cousin al-Abbas ibn al-Walid, but expressly forbade that Maslama or his household be disturbed in deference to their old companionship and Maslama's defense of al-Walid from Caliph Hisham.[16][20]

من مواقفه


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توفي في عهده

مات في أيامه من الأعلام: سالم بن عبد الله بن عمر وطاوس وسليمان ابن يسار وعكرمة مولى ابن عباس والقاسم بن محمد بن أبي بكر الصديق وكثير عزة الشاعر ومحمد بن كعب القرظي والحسن البصري ومحمد بن سيرين وأبو الطفيل عامر بن واثلة الصحابي آخرهم موتاً وجرير والفرزدق وعطية العوفي ومعاوية بن قرة ومكحول وعطاء بن أبي رباح وأبو جعفر الباقر ووهب بن منبه وسكينة بنت الحسين والأعرج وقتادة ونافع مولى ابن عمر وابن عامر مقرئ الشام وابن كثير مقرئ مكة وثابت البناني ومالك بن دينار وابن محيصن المقرئ وابن شهاب الزهري وآخرون.


زيجاته وأنجاله

تزوج هشام بن عبد الملك من:

  • أم حكيم بنت يحيى بن الحكم
  • عبدة بنت عبد الله الأسوار بن يزيد
  • أم عثمان بنت سعيد بن خالد
  • أم سلمة بنت عبد الرحمن بن سهل
  • حفصة بنت عمران بن إبراهيم
  • ميمونة بنت عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله
  • أم سلمة بنت سعيد بن خالد


أنجاله

له من الأولاد:

أشعار قيلت فيه

قال: عدي بن زيد العبادي: أيها الشامت المعير بالده ... رأأنت المبرأ الموفور .

أم لديك العهد الوثيق من الأي ... ام بل أنت جاهل ومغرور.

من رأيت المنون خلدن أم من ... ذا عليه من أن يضام خفير.

أين كسرى كسرى الملوك أبوسا ... سان أم أين قبله سابور.

وبنو الأصفر الكرام ملوك ال ... روم لم يبق منهم مذكور.

وأخو الحضر إذ بناه وإذ دجل ... ة تجبى إليه والخابور.

شاده مرمراً وجلله كل ... ساً فللطير في ذراه وكور.

لم يهبه ريب المنون فباد ال ... ملك عنه فبابه مهجور.

وتذكر رب الخورنق إذ أش ... رف يوماً وللهدي تذكير.

سره ماله وكثرة ما يم ... لك والبحر معرض والدير.

فارعوي قلبه وقال وما غب ... طة حي إلى الممات يصير.

ثم بعد الفلاح والملك والأم ... ة وارتهم هناك القبور.

ثم صاروا كأنهم ورق ج ... ف فألوت به الصبا والدبور. [21]

قال: فبكى هشام حتى اخضلت لحيته وأمر بابنتيه وطي فرشه ولزم قصره فأقبلت الموالي والحشم على خالد بن صفوان وقالوا ما أردت إلى أمير المؤمنين؟ أفسدت عليه لذته فقال: إليكم عني فإني عاهدت الله أن لا أخلو بملك إلا ذكرته الله تعالى.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ Dr. Eli Munif Shahla, "Al-Ayam al-Akhira fi Hayat al-Kulafa", Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1st ed., 1998, p. 238
  2. ^ أ ب Gabrieli 1971, p. 493.
  3. ^ أ ب Khleifat 1973, p. 51.
  4. ^ أ ب Blankinship 1989, p. 2.
  5. ^ Khleifat 1973, p. 52.
  6. ^ Khleifat 1973, pp. 52–53.
  7. ^ Khleifat 1973, p. 53.
  8. ^ Khleifat 1973, p. 54.
  9. ^ Marsham 2009, p. 137.
  10. ^ Marsham 2009, p. 136.
  11. ^ Hillenbrand 1989, p. 68.
  12. ^ Hillenbrand 1989, p. 72.
  13. ^ Marsham 2009, pp. 119–120.
  14. ^ أ ب ت Hillenbrand 1989, p. 89.
  15. ^ Bosworth 1994, p. 279.
  16. ^ أ ب Judd 2008, p. 453.
  17. ^ أ ب Marsham 2009, p. 121.
  18. ^ Marsham 2009, p. 131, note 30.
  19. ^ Hillenbrand 1989, pp. 90–91.
  20. ^ Hillenbrand 1989, p. 100.
  21. ^ السيوطي, جلال الدين. تاريخ الخلفاء. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

المراجع

سبقه
يزيد الثاني 		خليفة أموي
724-743 		تبعه
الوليد الثاني


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