المعرفة

أسكلپيوس

هذا المقال هو عن the Greek god. إذا كنت تريد the Hermetic text، انظر Asclepius (treatise). إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر أسكلپيوس (توضيح).
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Asclepias.

أَسـْـقـْلـِبِـيـوس أو أسكلپيوس (من اليونانية أسكـْلـِپيوس Ἀσκληπιός) إنگليزية: Asclepius هو إله الطب والشفاء لدى الإغريق في العالم القديم، يقابل إمحتب لدى قدماء المصريين. ظهرت عبادته في مدينة أبيدوس ورمزه الثعبان المقدس . بني الإغريق معبداً له في جزيرة التيبر. وله معبد أسكلپيون وهو معبد إمحتب بسقارة.

أسـكلپـيـوس
Asclepius
إله الطب والشفاء والتنشيط والأطباء
NAMA-Asklepios Epidaure.jpg
تمثال أسقلپيوس مع رمزه، الحية الملتفة على العصا، بالمتحف الوطني، أثينا
المسكنMount Olympus
الرمزعصا تلتف حولها حية
معلومات شخصية
الأبوانأپولو وكورونيس
الأشقاءhalf-siblings of Asclepius
ConsortEpione
الأنجال
الآلهة المكافئة
المكافئ الرومانيAesculapius
المكافئ الإتروسكيVejovis
المكافئ EgyptianImhotep

الديانة اليونانية القديمة
Caduceus.svg

مذاهب أساسية
تعدد الآلهة · الأساطير · Hubris
Orthopraxy · Reciprocity · الفضيلة
الطقوس

أمفيدروميا · ياترومانتس
فارماكوس · المعابد
Votive Offerings · Animal sacrifice

آلهة
الاولمپيون الاثنى عشر:
آرس · أرتميس · أفروديت · أبولو
أثينا · دميتر · هيرا · هستيا
هرمس · هفستس · پوسايدون · زيوس
---
الآلهة الأزلية:
Aether · كاوس · خرونوس · إربوس
گايا · همرا · نيكس · ترتاروس · أورانوس
---
الآلهة الأصغر:
ديونيسس · إروس · هبه · Hecate · هليوس
هراقليس · إيريس · سلنه · پان · Nike
نصوص
Argonautica · إلياذة · اوديسة
Theogony · الأعمال والأيام
انظر أيضا:
انزواء الشرك الهليني
Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism
Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes
 ع • ن • ت
سلسلة عن
الآلهة اليونانية
الآلهة الأزلية
تيتان والأولمپيون
آلهة البحر
الآلهة التحتانية
مفاهيم مشخصنة
آلهة أخرى

كان أبيداروس قصر عبادة أسكلبيوس الرئيسى فكان المرضى يحجون إلى معبده حيث يقيمون فيه بضعة أيام (Incubatio) يلتمسون فيها الشفاء من اله الاشفاء. وفى ابيداورس نشات روايات أخرى لأسكلبيوس فيروى أنه ابن أيجلى Aigle ابنة فليجياس أيضا، جدته ايراتو Erato احدى ربات الفنون Musae. ورواية ثالثة تقول أن فليجياس والد كورونيس لم يكن يعلم بحمل ابنته من أبولون و حين وضعت مولودها في ابيداورس ألقت به عند أحد الجبال حيث قامت على رعايته عنزة و كلب من قطيع أحد الرعاة.و لما رآه الراعى أدرك أنه ابنا لاله. أصبح الكلب من شعارات أسكلبيوس أو من الحيوانات المصاحبة له. وكذلك الثعبان. فصور يمسك بعصا أو يستند اليها. يلتف من حولها ثعبان ويجلس عند قدميه كلب.

تمثال أسقليبيوس بالمتحف الوطني بباردو (تونس)

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أصل الاسم

The etymology of the name is unknown. In his revised version of Frisk's Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Greek Etymological Dictionary), R.S.P. Beekes gives this summary of the different attempts:

"H. Grégoire (with R. Goossens and M. Mathieu) in Asklépios, Apollon Smintheus et Rudra 1949 (Mém. Acad. Roy. de Belgique. Cl. d. lettres. 2. sér. 45), explains the name as "the mole-hero", connecting σκάλοψ, ἀσπάλαξ 'mole' and refers to the resemblance of the Tholos in Epidauros and the building of a mole. (Thus Puhvel, Comp. Mythol. 1987, 135.) But the variants of Asklepios and those of the word for "mole" do not agree.
The name is typical for Pre-Greek words; apart from minor variations (β for π, αλ(α) for λα) we find α/αι (a well known variation; Fur. 335–339) followed by -γλαπ- or -σκλαπ-/-σχλαπ/β-, i.e. a voiced velar (without -σ-) or a voiceless velar (or an aspirated one: we know that there was no distinction between the three in the substr. language) with a -σ-. I think that the -σ- renders an original affricate, which (prob. as δ) was lost before the -γ- (in Greek the group -σγ- is rare, and certainly before another consonant).
Szemerényi's etymology (JHS 94, 1974, 155) from Hitt. assula(a)- "well-being" and piya- "give" cannot be correct, as it does not explain the velar."[1]

Beekes suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Atyklap-.[2]

His name may mean "to cut open" from a story about his birth.[3]


الأسطورة

الميلاد

Asclepius was the son of Apollo and, according to the earliest accounts, a mortal woman named Koronis (Coronis), who was a princess of Tricca in Thessaly.[4][5] When she displayed infidelity by sleeping with a mortal named Ischys, Apollo realised this with his prophetic powers and killed Ischys. Coronis was killed by Artemis for being unfaithful to Apollo and was laid out on a funeral pyre to be consumed, but Apollo rescued the child by cutting him from Coronis' womb.[6]

According to Delphian tradition, Asclepius was born in the temple of Apollo, with Lachesis acting as a midwife and Apollo relieving the pains of Coronis. Apollo named the child after Coronis' nickname, Aegle.[7]

Phoenician tradition maintains that Asclepius was born of Apollo without any woman involved.[8]

According to the Roman version, Apollo, having learned about Coronis' betrayal with the mortal Ischys through his raven Lycius, killed her with his arrows. Before breathing her last, she revealed to Apollo that she was pregnant with his child. He repented his actions and unsuccessfully tried to save her. At last, he removed their son safely from her belly before she was consumed by the fire.[9]

In yet another version, Coronis who was already pregnant with Apollo's child, had to accompany her father to Peloponnesos. She had kept her pregnancy hidden from her father. In Epidaurus, she bore a son and exposed him on a mountain called Tittheion (from τίτθη "wet nurse", τιτθεύω "to suckle, breastfeed"). The child was given milk by one of the goats that pastured about the mountain, and was guarded by the watch-dog of the herd. Aresthanas, the owner of goats and the guard dogs found the child. As he came near, he saw lightning that flashed from the child, and thinking of it to be a sign of the divine, he left the child alone. Asclepius was later taken by Apollo.[10]

According to Strabo and other traditions, the birthplace of Asclepius is considered to be Tricca (modern Trikala city in Thessaly).[11][12]

التعليم والمغامرات

 
Zeus-like facial features of Asclepius (Melos)

Apollo named the rescued baby "Asclepius" and reared him for a while and taught him many things about medicine.[13] However, like his half-brother, Aristaeus, Asclepius had his formal education under the centaur Chiron who instructed him in the art of medicine.[14]

It is said that in return for some kindness rendered by Asclepius, a snake licked Asclepius's ears clean and taught him secret knowledge (to the Greeks snakes were sacred beings of wisdom, healing, and resurrection). Asclepius bore a rod wreathed with a snake, which became associated with healing. Another version states that when Asclepius (or in another myth Polyidus) was commanded to restore the life of Glaucus, he was confined in a secret prison. While pondering on what he should do, a snake crept near his staff. Lost in his thoughts, Asclepius unknowingly killed it by hitting it again and again with his staff. Later, another snake came there with an herb in its mouth, and placed it on the head of a dead snake, which soon came back to life. Seeing this, Asclepius used the same herb, which brought Glaucus back.[15] A species of non-venomous pan-Mediterranean serpent, the Aesculapian snake (Zamenis longissimus) is named for the god.

He was originally called Hepius but received his popular name of Asclepius after he cured Ascles, ruler of Epidaurus who suffered an incurable ailment in his eyes.[16] Asclepius became so proficient as a healer that he surpassed both Chiron and his father, Apollo. Asclepius was therefore able to evade death and to bring others back to life from the brink of death and beyond. This caused an excessive abundance of human beings, and Zeus resorted to killing him to maintain balance in the numbers of the human population.

At some point, Asclepius was among those who took part in the Calydonian Boar hunt.

 
Roman coin from Odessos showing Asclepius with Hygieia on one side and Gordian III's portrait on the other side (35mm, 28g)

الزواج والأسرة

Asclepius was married to Epione, with whom he had five daughters: Hygieia, Panacea, Aceso, Iaso, and Aegle,[17] and three sons: Machaon, Podaleirios and Telesphoros. He also sired a son, Aratus, with Aristodeme.[18]

الوفاة والبعث كإله

Asclepius once started bringing back to life the dead people like Tyndareus, Capaneus, Glaucus, Hymenaeus, Lycurgus and others.[19] Others say he brought Hippolytus back from the dead on Artemis' request, and accepted gold for it.[20] It is the only mention of Asclepius resurrecting the dead. In all other accounts he is said to use his skills simply as a physician.

However, Hades accused Asclepius of stealing his subjects and complained to his brother Zeus about it.[21] According to others, Zeus was afraid that Asclepius would teach the art of resurrection to other humans as well.[22] So he killed Asclepius with his thunderbolt. This angered Apollo who in turn killed the Cyclopes who made the thunderbolts for Zeus.[23] For this act, Zeus banished Apollo from Olympus[24] and commanded him to serve Admetus, King of Thessaly, for a year.[25] After Asclepius's death, Zeus placed his body among the stars as the constellation Ophiuchus ("the Serpent Holder").[26]

Later, however, upon Apollo's request, Zeus resurrected Asclepius as a god and gave him a place on Olympus.[27]

Sacred places and practices

 
Asclepius (center) arrives in Kos and is greeted by Hippocrates (left) and a citizen (right), mosaic, 2nd–3rd century AD

The most ancient and the most prominent asclepeion (or healing temple) according to the geographer of the 1st century BC, Strabo, was situated in Trikala.[28] The 1st century AD Pool of Bethesda, described in the Gospel of John, chapter 5, was found by archaeologists in 1964 to be part of an asclepeion.[29][30] One of the most famous temples of Asclepius was at Epidaurus in north-eastern Peloponnese, dated to the fourth century BC.[31] Another famous asclepeion was built approximately a century later on the island of Kos,[31] where Hippocrates, the legendary "father of medicine", may have begun his career. Other asclepieia were situated in Gortys (in Arcadia), and Pergamum in Asia.

From the fifth century BC onwards,[32] the cult of Asclepius grew very popular and pilgrims flocked to his healing temples (Asclepieia) to be cured of their ills. Ritual purification would be followed by offerings or sacrifices to the god (according to means), and the supplicant would then spend the night in the holiest part of the sanctuary– the abaton (or adyton). Any dreams or visions would be reported to a priest who would prescribe the appropriate therapy by a process of interpretation.[33] Some healing temples also used sacred dogs to lick the wounds of sick petitioners.[34] In honor of Asclepius, a particular type of non-venomous snake was often used in healing rituals, and these snakes— the Aesculapian Snakes— slithered around freely on the floor in dormitories where the sick and injured slept. These snakes were introduced at the founding of each new temple of Asclepius throughout the classical world.

The original Hippocratic Oath began with the invocation "I swear by Apollo the Physician and by Asclepius and by Hygieia and Panacea and by all the gods ...".[34]

Epidauria (τὰ Ἐπιδαύρια) was a festival at Athens in honour of Asclepius.[35]

Some later religious movements claimed links to Asclepius. In the 2nd century AD the controversial miracle-worker Alexander claimed that his god Glycon, a snake with a "head of linen"[36] was an incarnation of Asclepius. The Greek language rhetorician and satirist Lucian produced the work Alexander the False Prophet to denounce the swindler for future generations. He described Alexander as having a character "made up of lying, trickery, perjury, and malice; [it was] facile, audacious, venturesome, diligent in the execution of its schemes, plausible, convincing, masking as good, and wearing an appearance absolutely opposite to its purpose."[36] In Rome, the College of Aesculapius and Hygia was an association (collegium) that served as a burial society and dining club that also participated in the Imperial cult.

The botanical genus Asclepias (commonly known as milkweed) is named after him and includes the medicinal plant A. tuberosa or "Pleurisy root".

Asclepius was depicted on the reverse of the Greek 10,000 drachmas banknote of 1995–2001.[37]

At the city of Miletus, archaeologists discovered a cave under the city's theatre which was associated with Asclepius cult.[38][39]

انظر أيضاً


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ملاحظات

  1. ^ Greek etymology database (online source requires login and is located at iedo.brillonline.nl Archived 29 سبتمبر 2014 at the Wayback Machine). Originally: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Also in: R.S.P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 151.
  2. ^ R.S.P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. xxv.
  3. ^ "Asklepios". Theoi.com. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  4. ^ Homeric Hymn to Asclepius (16), 1–4; Diodorus Siculus, 5.74.6
  5. ^ "ASCLEPIUS (Asklepios) - Greek God of Medicine & Doctors".
  6. ^ Pindar, Pythian Odes 3.5
  7. ^ Isyllus, Hymn to Asclepius
  8. ^ Pausanias, 7.23.7
  9. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.620
  10. ^ Pausanias, 2.26.1–7
  11. ^ "ASCLEPIUS (Asklepios) - Greek God of Medicine & Doctors".
  12. ^ "Asclepius".
  13. ^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.64.6
  14. ^ Pindar, Pythian Ode 3.5 ff. (trans. Conway)
  15. ^ Hyginus, De Astronomica 2.14
  16. ^ Tzetzes, Chiliades 10.49, p. 712–714
  17. ^ Greek Lyric V Anonymous, fr. 939 (Inscription from Erythrai) (trans. Campbell); Suida, s.v. Epione (trans. Suda On Line)
  18. ^ Homer, Iliad 2.730 ff.; 4.193, 217 ff. & 11.518 ff. (trans. Lattimore); Diodorus Siculus, 4.71.3 (trans. Oldfather); Pausanias, 2.29.1; Lycophron, 1047 ff. (trans. Mair); Suida, s.v. Epione (trans. Suda On Line)
  19. ^ Stesichorus, fr. 147 from Sextus Empricicus, Against the Professors)
  20. ^ Pindar, Pythian Ode 3; Plato, Republic 408b; Philodemus, On Piety (trans. Campbell, Vol.); Greek Lyric IV; Stesichorus, fr. 147 and Cinesias, fr. 774)
  21. ^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.71.3
  22. ^ Apollodorus, 3.121
  23. ^ Apollodorus, 3.121 (trans. Aldrich)
  24. ^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4.610 ff. (trans. Rieu)
  25. ^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.71.3
  26. ^ Hyginus, De Astronomica 2.14
  27. ^ Ovid, Fasti 6.735; Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.24
  28. ^ "Asclepeion of ancient Trikki | Municipality of Trikala". Municipality of Trikala. 14 June 2017.
  29. ^ An archaeological diagram of the layout – the diagram displayed at the location itself – is visible at this link Archived 4 يونيو 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  30. ^ Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, The Holy Land, (2008), page 29
  31. ^ أ ب Edelstein, Ludwig and Emma Edelstein. Asclepius: a Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies. Vol. 2. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1998. p. 243
  32. ^ Wickkiser, Bronwen. Asklepios, Medicine, and the Politics of Healing in Fifth-century Greece: Between Craft and Cult. Johns Hopkins Press, 2008. p. 106
  33. ^ Sigerist 1987, pp. 63ff
  34. ^ أ ب Farnell, Chapter 10, "The Cult of Asklepios" (pp. 234–279)
  35. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Epidauria
  36. ^ أ ب Lucian, Alexander the False Prophet (trans A.M. Harmon) (Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1936), Lucian, vol IV. Accessible online at http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/lucian/lucian_alexander.htm
  37. ^ Bank of Greece Archived 28 يونيو 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Drachma Banknotes Archived 11 يوليو 2010 at the Wayback Machine. 10,000 drachma note (pdf) Archived 11 يونيو 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  38. ^ "Sacred Cave" in ancient Miletos awaits visitors
  39. ^ The Ancient City of Miletos's "Sacred Cave" Opened to Visitors

الهامش

مراجع

  • 1 cf. L.R. Farnell, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, Chapter 10, "The Cult of Asklepios" (pp.234-279), p.240
  • 2 cf. L.R. Farnell, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, Chapter 10, "The Cult of Asklepios" (pp.234-279), p.269: "The famous Hippocratean oath may not be an authentic deliverance of the great master, but is an ancient formula current in his school."

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