شوگون
| جزء من سلسلة عن |
| تاريخ اليابان |
|---|

الشـُگون Shōgun (将軍, [شـُگون] Error: {{nihongo}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 3: ش) (help)) (باليابانية: 将軍) ("قائد الجيوش") هي رتبة عسكرية ولقب تاريخي في اليابان. الكلمة اليابانية لرتبة "لواء"، وهي مركبة من كلمتين بكتابة الكانجي: شو، وتعني قائد"، "لواء"، أو "أدميرال"، وكلمة گون وتعني حشود أو مقاتلين. الرتبة المعاصرة تناظر جنرالسيمو. وكلقب، فهي الصيغة القصيرة لكلمة سـِيـْئ تاي شـُگونSeii Taishōgun (征夷大将軍?)، الشخص الحاكم في أزمنة مختلفة في تاريخ اليابان، وانتهت عندما تخلى توكوگاوا يوشينوبو عن المنصب لصالح الامبراطور مـِيـْجي في 1867.[1] وكان ذلك نهاية فترة إيدو.
كان منصب الشوگون وراثياً في الواقع، على الرغم من أن عدة عشائر مختلفة شغلت هذا المنصب على مر تاريخ اليابان. في الأصل، كان هذا اللقب حكراً على القادة العسكريين خلال فترة هـِيْآن في القرنين الثامن والتاسع. وعندما بلغ ميناموتو نو يوريتومو السلطة السياسية في اليابان عام 1185، أُعيد إحياء اللقب لتثبيت منصبه، ليصبح بذلك أول شوگون بالمعنى المتعارف عليه.
بينما حظيت سلالة ميناموتو بالاحترام باعتبارها أسرة جديرةً بمنصب الشوگون، كان الشوگونان الرابع والخامس من شوگونية كاماكورا ينتميان إلى سلالة فوجيوارا (على الرغم من أن أمهاتهم كنّ من سلالة ميناموتو)، أما الشوگونات من السادس إلى التاسع فكانوا من السلالة الإمبراطورية. وقد عُرض منصب الشوگون على أودا نوبوناگا، الذي ادّعى أنه من سلالة تايرا، قبل وفاته بشهر.[2][3][4]
كان يُشار إلى مسؤولي الشوگون مجتمعين باسم باكوفو (幕府, يابانية: [baꜜ.kɯ̥.ɸɯ, ba.kɯ̥.ɸɯ]) ('tent-government'). وكانوا هم من يقومون بالمهام الإدارية الفعلية، بينما احتفظ البلاط الإمبراطوري بسلطة اسمية فقط.[5] ترمز الخيمة إلى دور الشوگون كقائد ميداني للجيش لكنها تشير أيضاً إلى أن مثل هذا المنصب كان من المفترض أن يكون مؤقتاً. ومع ذلك، فإن المؤسسة، المعروفة باللغة الإنگليزية باسم الشوگونية (/ˈʃoʊ.ɡən.eɪt, -ət, -ɪt/ SHOH-gən-ayt, -ət, -it[6])، استمرت لما يقرب من 700 سنة، وانتهت عندما تخلى تكوگاوا يوشينوبو عن منصبه للامبراطور مـِيْجي عام 1867 كجزء من استعراش مـِيْجي.[7] لم يبدأ استخدام مصطلح باكوفو بشكل فعلي إلا في القرن التاسع عشر للتأكيد على أن الإمبراطور هو الحاكم الشرعي للبلاد. خلال فترة شوگونية توكوگاوا، كانت الشوگونية تُسمى رسمياً كوگي (公儀).[8][9]
أصل الاسم

مصطلح شوگون (将軍, حرفياً 'قائد الجيش') هو اختصار للقب التاريخي سـِيـْئ تاي شـُگون (征夷大将軍):
- 征 (سـِيـْئ ، せい) وتعني "الفاتح" أو "الخاضع"، و
- 夷 (إي، い) تعني "البربري" أو "الهمجي" أي إميشي وما إلى ذلك خارج النفوذ الإمبراطوري؛
- 大 (داي، だい) تعني "العظيم"؛
- 将 (شو، しょう) تعني "القائد"،[10] و
- 軍 (گون، ぐん) تعني "الجيش".[11]
وبالتالي، فإن الترجمة الحرفية لكلمة سـِيـْئ تاي شـُگون هي: "القائد الأعلى لقوة التجريدة ضد البرابرة".[12] يشير المصطلح في الأصل إلى الجنرال الذي يقود الجيش المُرسل لمحاربة قبائل شمال اليابان، لكن بعد القرن الثاني عشر، أُستخدم المصطلح ليُطلق على زعيم الساموراي.[13] عادة ما يُترجم المصطلح إلى جنراليسيمو ويستخدمه اليابانيون أيضاً لمثل هؤلاء القادة العسكريين للدول الأجنبية.
الألقاب
- سـِيـْئ تايشوگون (征東大将軍, lit. "Commanderالقائد الأعلى لتهدئة الشرق")[14]
- سـِيْسـِيْ تايشوگون (征西大将軍, lit. "القائد الأعلى لتهدئة الغرب")[15]
- تشينجوفو شوگون (鎮守府将軍, lit. "القائد الأعلى لمقر قيادة حفظ السلام المركزي")[16]
- سـِيْتـِكي تايشوگون (征狄大将軍, lit. "القائد الأعلى قاهر البرابرة")[citation needed]
- موتشيسـِتسو تايشوگون (持節大将軍, lit. "القائد الأعلى للمنصب المؤقت")[citation needed]
- موتسو تشينوشوگون (陸奥鎮東将軍, lit. "القائد العظيم لإخضاع موتسو")[citation needed]
التاريخ
| الشوگونات في تاريخ اليابان | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| S# | الاسم | وُلد/توفى | الحكومة |
| الشوگونات الأوائل[17] | |||
| Tajihi no Agatamori | 668–737[18] | 720[19] | |
| Ōtomo no Yakamochi | 718?–785[20] | 784–785[21] Ki no Kosami in the year 789[22] | |
| كي نو كوسامي | 733–797 | 789[22] | |
| أوتومو نو أوتومارو | 731–809[23] | 794[24] | |
| Sakanoue no Tamuramaro | 758–811[25] | 797–811?[26] | |
| Fun'ya no Watamaro | 765–823[27] | 813[26] | |
| Fujiwara no Tadabumi | 873–947[28] | 940[26] | |
| Minamoto no Yoshinaka | 1154–1184[29] | 1184[26] | |
| شـوگونية كاماكورا[30] | |||
| 1 | ميناموتو نو يوريتومو | 1147–1199 | 1192–1199 |
| 2 | Minamoto no Yoriie | 1182–1204 | 1202–1203 |
| 3 | ميناموتو نو سانىتومو | 1192–1219 | 1203–1219 |
| 4 | Kujō Yoritsune | 1218–1256 | 1226–1244 |
| 5 | Kujō Yoritsugu | 1239–1256 | 1244–1252 |
| 6 | Prince Munetaka | 1242–1274 | 1252–1266 |
| 7 | Prince Koreyasu | 1264–1326 | 1266–1289 |
| 8 | Prince Hisaaki | 1276–1328 | 1289–1308 |
| 9 | Prince Morikuni | 1301–1333 | 1308–1333 |
| استعراش كـِمـّو | |||
| Prince Moriyoshi | 1308–1335[31] عُين شوگون من قبل والده الإمبراطور گو-دايگو عام 1333[32] | 1333–1335[32] | |
| Prince Nariyoshi | 1326–1344?[33] | 1334–1338[33] | |
| شوگونية أشيكاگا [30] | |||
| 1 | Ashikaga Takauji | 1305–1358 | 1338–1358 |
| 2 | Ashikaga Yoshiakira | 1330–1367 | 1358–1367 |
| 3 | Ashikaga Yoshimitsu | 1358–1408 | 1368–1394 |
| 4 | Ashikaga Yoshimochi | 1386–1428 | 1394–1423 / 1425–1429 |
| 5 | Ashikaga Yoshikazu | 1407–1425 | 1423–1425 |
| 6 | Ashikaga Yoshinori | 1394–1441 | 1429–1441 |
| 7 | Ashikaga Yoshikatsu | 1434–1443 | 1442–1443 |
| 8 | Ashikaga Yoshimasa | 1436–1490 | 1449–1473 |
| 9 | آشيكاگا يوشيهيسا | 1465–1489 | 1473–1489 |
| 10 | Ashikaga Yoshitane | 1466–1523 | 1490–1493 |
| 11 | Ashikaga Yoshizumi | 1480–1511 | 1494–1508 |
| 10 | Ashikaga Yoshitane | 1466–1523 | 1508–1521 |
| 12 | Ashikaga Yoshiharu | 1511–1550 | 1521–1546 |
| 13 | Ashikaga Yoshiteru | 1536–1565 | 1546–1565 |
| 14 | أشيكاگا يوشيهيدى | 1538–1568 | 1568 |
| 15 | Ashikaga Yoshiaki | 1537–1597 | 1568–1573 |
| شوگونية توكوگاوا [30] | |||
| 1 | توكوگاوا إيـِىياسو | 1542–1616 | 1603–1605 |
| 2 | Tokugawa Hidetada | 1579–1632[34] | 1605–1623 |
| 3 | Tokugawa Iemitsu | 1604–1651 | 1623–1651 |
| 4 | Tokugawa Ietsuna | 1641–1680 | 1651–1680 |
| 5 | توكوگاوا تسونايوشي | 1646–1709 | 1680–1709 |
| 6 | Tokugawa Ienobu | 1662–1712[34] | 1709–1712 |
| 7 | Tokugawa Ietsugu | 1709–1716 | 1713–1716 |
| 8 | توكوگاوا يوشيمونى | 1684–1751 | 1716–1745 |
| 9 | توكوگاوا إيىشيگى | 1711–1761 | 1745–1760 |
| 10 | Tokugawa Ieharu | 1737–1786 | 1760–1786 |
| 11 | Tokugawa Ienari | 1773–1841[34] | 1787–1837 |
| 12 | Tokugawa Ieyoshi | 1793–1853 | 1837–1853 |
| 13 | Tokugawa Iesada | 1824–1858 | 1853–1858 |
| 14 | Tokugawa Iemochi | 1846–1866 | 1858–1866 |
| 15 | تكوگاوا يوشينوبو | 1837–1913 | 1867–1868[35] |
الشـُگون الأول
لا يوجد إجماع بين المؤلفين إذ أن بعض المصادر تعتبر تاجيهي نو أگاتاموري هو أول شوگون، بينما يقول آخرون أن أوتومو نو أوتومارو كان الأول،[36] وتؤكد مصادر أخرى أن الأول كان ساكانوئى نو تامورامارو، بينما يتفادى آخرون المشكلة بيدء السرد من أول شـُگون في فترة كاماكورا وهو ميناموتو نو يوريتومو. في الأصل، كان اللقب سـِيْ-إ تايشـُگون ("القائد الأعلى لقوة التجريدة على البرابرة")[12] قد أُعطِيَ للقادة العسكريين في مطلع فترة هـِيْآن طيلة الحملات العسكرية على الإميشي، الذين قاوموا حكم البلاط الإمبراطوري في كيوتو.
فترة هـِيْآن (794–1185)
ساكانوئى نو تامورامارو

Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811)[25] was a Japanese general who fought against the Emishi tribes of northern Japan (settled in the territory that today integrates the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa). Tamarumaro was the first general to bend these tribes, integrating their territory to that of the Yamato State. For his military feats he was named sei-i taishōgun and probably because he was the first to win the victory against the northern tribes he is generally recognized as the first shogun in history.[25][37][38] (Note: according to historical sources Ōtomo no Otomaro also had the title of sei-i taishōgun).
The regency political system and cloistered rule
The shoguns of this period had no real political power, and the imperial court was in charge of politics. From the mid-9th century to the mid-11th century, the Fujiwara clan controlled political power. They excluded other clans from the political center and monopolized the highest positions in the court, such as sesshō (摂政?, Imperial Regent for Minor Emperors), kampaku (関白?, Imperial Regent fo Adult Emperors), and daijō-daijin (太政大臣?, Chancellor of the Realm), reaching their peak at the end of the 10th century under Fujiwara no Michinaga and Fujiwara no Yorimichi.[39][40][41]
Later, in the mid-11th century, Emperor Go-Sanjo weakened the power of the sesshō and kampaku by presiding over politics himself, and when the next emperor, Shirakawa, abdicated and became a cloistered emperor and began a cloistered rule, the sesshō and kampaku lost their real political authority and became nominal, effectively ending the Fujiwara regime.[39][40][41]
أول محاولة لتأسيس حكومة طبقة محاربين

Taira no Masakado, who rose to prominence in the early 10th century, was the first of the local warrior class to revolt against the imperial court.[42] He had served Fujiwara no Tadahira as a young man, but eventually won a power struggle within the Taira clan and became a powerful figure in the Kanto region. In 939, Fujiwara no Haruaki, a powerful figure in the Hitachi province, fled to Masakado. He was wanted for tyranny by Fujiwara no Korechika, a Kokushi (国司?, imperial court official) who oversaw the province of Hitachi province, and Fujiwara no Korechika demanded that Masakado hand over Fujiwara no Haruaki. Masakado refused, and war broke out between Masakado and Fujiwara no Korechika, with Masakado becoming an enemy of the imperial court. Masakado proclaimed that the Kanto region under his rule was independent of the imperial court and called himself the Shinnō (新皇?, New Emperor). In response, the imperial court sent a large army led by Taira no Sadamori to kill Masakado. As a result, Masakado was killed in battle in February 940. He is still revered as one of the three great onryō (怨霊?, vengeful spirits) of Japan.[42][43]
مولد أول حكومة من طبقة المحاربين

During the reigns of Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Toba, the Taira clan became Kokushi (国司?), or overseers of various regions, and accumulated wealth by taking samurai from various regions as their retainers. In the struggle to succeed Emperor Toba, former Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Go-Shirakawa, each with his samurai class on his side, fought the Hōgen rebellion, which was won by Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had Taira no Kiyomori and Minamoto no Yoshitomo on his side. Later, Taira no Kiyomori defeated Minamoto no Yoshitomo in the Heiji rebellion and became the first samurai-born aristocratic class, eventually becoming daijō-daijin (太政大臣?, Chancellor of the Realm), the highest position of the aristocratic class, and the Taira clan monopolized important positions at the imperial court and wielded power. The seizure of political power by Taira no Kiyomori was the first instance of the warrior class leading politics for the next 700 years.[44]
However, when Taira no Kiyomori used his power to have the child of his daughter Taira no Tokuko and Emperor Takakura installed as Emperor Antoku, there was widespread opposition. Prince Mochihito, no longer able to assume the imperial throne, called upon the Minamoto clan to raise an army لتهزم عشيرة تايرا، وبدأت حرب گنپـِيْ. وفي خضم حرب گنپـِيْ، قام Minamoto no Yoshinaka بطرد عشيرة تايرا من كيوتو، وبالرغم من الترحيب الأولي من الإمبراطور الناسك Go-Shirakawa, he became estranged and isolated due to the disorderly military discipline and lack of political power under his command. He staged a coup, overthrew the emperor's entourage, and became the first of the Minamoto clan to assume the office of Sei-i Taishōgun (shogun). In response, Minamoto no Yoritomo sent Minamoto no Noriyori and Minamoto no Yoshitsune to defeat Yoshinaka, who was killed within a year of becoming shogun. In 1185, the Taira clan was finally defeated in the Battle of Dan-no-ura, and the Minamoto clan came to power.[44][45]
شگونية كاماكورا (1192–1333)

There are various theories as to the year in which the Kamakura period and Kamakura shogunate began. In the past, the most popular theory was that the year was 1192, when Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed sei-i taishōgun (征夷大将軍?). Later, the prevailing theory was that the year was 1185, when Yoritomo established the shugo (守護?), which controlled military and police power in various regions, and the jitō (地頭?), which was in charge of tax collection and land administration. Japanese history textbooks as of 2016 do not specify a specific year for the beginning of the Kamakura period, as there are various theories about the year the Kamakura shogunate was established.[46]
Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the central government and aristocracy and by 1192 established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military, the samurai, gained some political powers while the Emperor and the aristocracy remained the de jure rulers.[47][48]
In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of sei-i taishōgun by Emperor Go-Toba and the political system he developed with a succession of shoguns as the head became known as a shogunate. Hojo Masako's (Yoritomo's wife) family, the Hōjō, seized power from the Kamakura shoguns.[49]
In 1199, Yoritomo died suddenly at the age of 53, and the 18-year-old Minamoto no Yoriie took over as second shogun. To support the young Yoriie, the decisions of the shogunate were made by a 13-man council, including Hojo Tokimasa and his son Hojo Yoshitoki, but this was effectively dismantled shortly afterwards when one of the key members lost his political position and two others died of illness.[50][51]
Puppetization of the shogun by the shikken

When Minamoto no Yoriie fell ill in 1203, a power struggle broke out between the Hojo clan and Hiki Yoshikazu, and Hojo Tokimasa destroyed the Hiki clan. Tokimasa then installed the 12-year-old Minamoto no Sanetomo as the third shogun, puppeting him while himself becoming the first shikken (執権?, Regent) and assuming actual control of the shogunate. Hojo Yoshitoki later assassinated Minamoto no Yoriie.[50][51]
However, Hojo Tokimasa lost influence in 1204 when he killed Hatakeyama Shigetada, believing false information that his son-in-law Shigetada was about to rebel, and lost his position in 1205 when he tried to install his son-in-law Hiraga Tomomasa as the fourth shogun. Hojo Yoshitoki became the second shikken, and the shogunate was administered under the leadership of Hojo Masako.[50][51]
In 1219, the third shogun, Minamoto no Sanetomo, was assassinated for unknown reasons.[51]
In 1221, war broke out for the first time in Japan between the warrior class government and the imperial court, and in this battle, known as the Jōkyū War, the shogunate defeated former Emperor Go-Toba.[51] The shogunate exiled former Emperor Go-Toba to Oki Island for waging war against the shogunate. The shogunate learned its lesson and set up an administrative body in Kyoto called the Rokuhara Tandai (六波羅探題?) to oversee the imperial court and western Japan.[52]
After the sudden death of Hojo Yoshitoki in 1224, Hojo Yasutoki became the third shikken, and after the death of Hojo Masako in 1225, the administration of the shogunate returned to a council system.[51]
In 1226, Hojo Yasutoki installed Kujo Yoritsune, a member of the sekkan family, as the fourth shogun.[51]
In 1232, the Goseibai Shikimoku was enacted, the first codified law by a warrior class government in Japan.[51]
Puppetization of the shogun by the tokusō

In 1246, Hojo Tokiyori became the fifth shikken, and in 1252 he installed Prince Munetaka as the sixth shogun. The appointment of a member of the imperial family as shogun made the shogun more and more like a puppet. After retiring from the shikkens, he used his position as head of the Hojo clan's main family, tokusō (得宗?), to dominate politics, thus shifting the source of power in the shogunate from the shikken to tokusō.[51][53]
During the reign of Hojo Tokimune, the eighth shikken and seventh tokusō, the shogunate twice defeated the Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274 and 1281. The shogunate defeated the Mongols with the help of samurai called gokenin (御家人?), lords in the service of the shogunate. However, since the war was a war of national defense and no new territory was gained, the shogunate was unable to adequately reward the gokenin, and their dissatisfaction with the shogunate grew.[54]
In 1285, during the reign of Hojo Sadatoki, the ninth shikken and eighth tokusō, Adachi Yasumori and his clan, who had been the main vassals of the Kamakura shogunate, were destroyed by Taira no Yoritsuna, further strengthening the ruling system of the tokusō, which emphasized blood relations.[51] As tokusō's ruling system was strengthened, the power of the title of naikanrei (内管領?), tokusō's chief retainer, increased, and when tokusō was young or incapacitated, naikanrei took control of the shogunate. Taira no Yoritsuna during the reign of Hojo Sadatoki, and Nagasaki Takatsuna and Nagasaki Takasuke during the reign of Hojo Takatoki, the fourteenth shikken and ninth tokusō, were naikanrei who took control of the Kamakura shogunate.[53][55] In other words, Japanese politics was a multiple puppet structure: Emperor, shogun, shikken, tokusō, and naikanrei.
In response to gokenin's dissatisfaction with the shogunate, Emperor Go-Daigo planned to raise an army against the shogunate, but his plan was leaked and he was exiled to Oki Island in 1331. In 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo escaped from Oki Island and again called on gokenin and samurai to raise an army against the shogunate. Kusunoki Masashige was the first to respond to the call, sparking a series of rebellions against the shogunate in various places. Ashikaga Takauji, who had been ordered by the shogunate to suppress the forces of Emperor Go-Daigo, turned to the emperor's side and attacked Rokuhara Tandai. Then, in 1333, Nitta Yoshisada invaded Kamakura and the Kamakura shogunate fell, and the Hōjō clan was destroyed.[52][54]
استعراش كـِمـّو (1333–1336)
شوگونية أشيكاگا (1336–1573)
شوگونية تـُكوگاوا (1603–1867)

الشـُگونية
أصل الاسم

From the 1800s, the shogunate's administration was known as the bakufu (幕府), literally meaning "government from the curtain".[8][9] In this context, "curtain" is a synecdoche for a type of semi-open tent called a maku, a temporary battlefield headquarters from which a samurai general would direct his forces, and whose sides would be decorated with his mon. The application of the term bakufu to the shogunate government was therefore heavy with symbolism, connoting both the explicitly military character of the shogunal regime and its (at least theoretically) ephemeral nature.[56]
The term bakufu (幕府, "tent government") originally meant the dwelling and household of a shogun, but in time, became a metonym for the system of government dominated by a feudal military monarchy, exercised in the name of the shogun or by the shogun himself.[57][58]
The term bakufu was not officially used at the time of the shogunate; the Tokugawa shogunate was called kōgi (公儀). It was not until the Bakumatsu era in the 1800s that the term bakufu began to be actively used in its current meaning of "shogunate". The late Mito school of the time preferred the term bakufu because they wanted to emphasize that Japan was an emperor-centered country, and that the shogunate was merely the administration of the shogun appointed by the emperor. The modern use of the term was then established when history textbooks at Imperial Universities in the 1890s defined that only the three regimes of Kamakura, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa were bakufu and that the appointment of a shogun was essential for the establishment of the bakufu.[8][9]
علاقته بالإمبراطور

منذ أن حوّل ميناموتو نو يوريتومو منصب الشوگون إلى منصب دائم ووراثي، وحتى عصر استعراش مـِيْجي، كانت هناك طبقتان حاكمتان في اليابان:
- الإمبراطور أو تـِنو (天皇, lit. "السيد السماوي")،[59] الذي كان يشغل منصب "كبير الكهنة" للدين الرسمي للبلاد، الشنتو.
- الشوگون، قائد الجيش الذي كان يتمتع أيضاً بسلطات مدنية وعسكرية ودبلوماسية وقضائية.[60] على الرغم من أن الشوگون كان نظرياً خادماً للإمبراطور، إلا أنه أصبح القوة الحقيقية وراء العرش.[61]
لم يحاول أي شوگون اغتصاب العرش، حتى عندما كانت تحت تصرفه القوات العسكرية للإقليم. وكان هناك سببان رئيسيان لذلك:[62]
- من الناحية النظرية، كان الشوگون يتمتع بسلطة الإمبراطور، لذلك كان هذا رمزاً لسلطته.
- كان هناك تقليد عاطفي أنشأه الكهنة ورجال الدين الذين تتبعوا الخط الإمبراطوري من "عصر الآلهة" إلى "الخط الأبدي الذي لم ينقطع بمرور الزمن". وفقاً للأساطير اليابانية، كان الإمبراطور سليلاً مباشراً لإلهة الشمس أماتـِراسو.
نظراً لعدم قدرتهم على اغتصاب العرش، سعى الشوگون عبر التاريخ إلى إبعاد الإمبراطور عن النشاط السياسي للبلاد، وإبعادهم عن دائرة النفوذ. إحدى السلطات القليلة التي يمكن أن يحتفظ بها البيت الإمبراطوري هي القدرة على "التحكم في الوقت" من خلال تعيين النـِنگو أو الفترات اليابانية، وإصدار التقويمات.[63]
حاول الأباطرة مرتين استعادة السلطة التي كانوا يتمتعون بها قبل تأسيس الشوگونية. عام 1219 اتهم الإمبراطور گو-توبا الهوجو بأنهم خارجون عن القانون. حشدت القوات الإمبراطورية، مما أدى إلى حرب جوكيو (1219–1221)، والتي بلغت ذروتها في معركة أوجي الثالثة (1221). خلال تلك الحرب، هُزمت القوات الإمبراطورية ونُفي الإمبراطور گو-توبا.[64] مع هزيمة گو-توبا، تأكد حكم الساموراي للبلاد.[64] في بداية القرن الرابع عشر قرر الإمبراطور گو-دايگو التمرد، لكن هوجو، الذين كانوا أوصياء على العرش آنذاك، أرسلوا جيشاً من كاماكورا. هرب الإمبراطور قبل وصول القوات وأخذ الشارة الإمبراطورية.[65] قام الشوگون بتسمية إمبراطوره بنفسه، مما أدى إلى ظهور فترة نانبوكو-تشو (南北朝, lit. "البلاطان الجنوبي والشمالي").
خلال ع. 1850 وع. 1860، تعرضت الشوگونية لضغوط شديدة من الخارج ومن قوى أجنبية. حينها، وجدت جماعات مختلفة، غاضبة من الشوگونية بسبب التنازلات التي قدمتها للبلدان الأوروپية، في الإمبراطور حليفاً يُمكنها من إزاحة شوگونية توكوگاوا عن السلطة. وكان شعار هذه الحركة هو سوننو جوي (尊王攘夷, "احترموا الإمبراطور، واطردوا البرابرة") ونجحوا أخيراً عام 1868، عندما استُعيدت السلطة الإمبراطورية بعد قرون من كونها في ظل الحياة السياسية للبلاد.[66]
الذكرى
اليوم، رئيس الحكومة اليابانية هو رئيس الوزراء. ومع ذلك، استمر استخدام مصطلح "شوگون" في اللغة العامية. يُطلق على رئيس الوزراء المتقاعد الذي لا يزال يتمتع بنفوذ وسلطة كبيرين من وراء الكواليس "شوگون الظل" (闇将軍, yami shōgun)،[67] نوع من التجسيد الحديث للقاعدة المنعزلة. من أمثلة "شوگون الظل" رئيس الوزراء السابق كاكوي تاناكا والسياسي إيشيرو أوزاوا.[68]
انظر أيضاً
الهوامش
- ^ "Shogun". The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book. 1992. pp. 432–433. ISBN 0-7166-0092-7.
- ^ 豊臣体制の解体へと家康が利用した「征夷大将軍」という権威 (in اليابانية). nippon.com. 19 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ 5分でわかる征夷大将軍!主な将軍一覧、源氏しかなれない説などを簡単に紹介 (in اليابانية). Honcierge. 11 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ 織田信長 (in اليابانية). Japan Knowledge. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 321.
- ^ Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ Totman, Conrad (1966). "Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843–1845". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 102–124. doi:10.2307/2718461. JSTOR 2718461.
- ^ أ ب ت Hiroshi Watanabe. "About Some Japanese Historical Terms" (PDF). University of Tokyo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
- ^ أ ب ت 「いい国」つくるのは誰? 平家が鎌倉幕府に先駆けた政治のしくみ (in اليابانية). Asahi Shimbun. 3 July 2022. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
- ^ "Yamasa Online Kanji Dictionary". Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
- ^ "Yamasa Online Kanji Dictionary". Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
- ^ أ ب The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary, ISBN 0-8048-0408-7
- ^ Turnbull, 2006a:21 & 22.
- ^ Friday, 2007:108.
- ^ Hall, 1991:241.
- ^ Adolphson, 2007:341.
- ^ There is no consensus among the various sources on this list, since some authors consider Tajihi no Agatamori to be the original shogun, whereas others regard Ōtomo no Otomaro or even Sakanoue no Tamuramaro as being the first, and still others avoid the problem entirely by starting from the first Kamakura shogun only.
- ^ Cranston, 1998:361.
- ^ Samurai Archives. "Early Japan" (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
- ^ Cranston, 1998:427.
- ^ Sansom, 1931:201.
- ^ أ ب Takekoshi, 2004:96.
- ^ Caiger, 1997:339.
- ^ Shively, 1999:xviii.
- ^ أ ب ت De Bary et al., 2001:266.
- ^ أ ب ت ث The history files. "Shoguns of Japan" (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 20 January 2009.
- ^ Shively et al., 1999:30.
- ^ Adolphson et al, 2007:334.
- ^ Turnbull, 2005:16.
- ^ أ ب ت Deal, 2007:100–101.
- ^ Perkins, 1998b:292.
- ^ أ ب Varley, 1994:243.
- ^ أ ب Perkins, 1998b:295.
- ^ أ ب ت Murdoch, 1996:791.
- ^ Deal, 2007:48.
- ^ 征夷大将軍―もう一つの国家主権 (in اليابانية). Books Kinokuniya. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ Andressen & Osborne, 2002:48.
- ^ Ramirez-faria, 283.
- ^ أ ب 【藤原道長はなぜ躍進?】摂関政治をわかりやすく説明する方法 (in اليابانية). Tomonokai. 19 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ أ ب 摂関政治で最盛期を築き上げた藤原氏とは、いかなる由緒を持つ氏族なのか (in اليابانية). Yahoo News. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ أ ب 摂関政治 (in اليابانية). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ أ ب ت 平将門の乱は何が原因? 平将門の生涯や、事件の背景、その後の影響を解説 (in اليابانية). Shogakukan. 8 November 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ 平将門 (in اليابانية). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ أ ب ت 平氏政権の登場 (PDF) (in اليابانية). NHK. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ 頼朝のライバル木曽義仲がた辿った生涯と人物像に迫る 源平合戦で活躍したその武略とは? (in اليابانية). Shogakukan. 3 April 2022. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ 鎌倉幕府は何年に成立?正解を言えますか (in اليابانية). Toyo keizai. 9 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kamakura-jidai" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 459.
- ^ "...not only was the Heian system of imperial-aristocratic rule still vigorous during the twelfth century, but also it remained the essential framework within which the bakufu, during its lifetime, was obliged to operate. In this sense, the Heian pattern of government survived into the fourteenth century – to be destroyed with the Kama-kura bakufu rather than by it." Warrior Rule in Japan, p. 1. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ "shogun | Japanese title". Encyclopedia Britannica (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ أ ب ت 北条時政 (in اليابانية). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. 9 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر 執権政治 (in اليابانية). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ أ ب 建武の新政 (in اليابانية). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ أ ب 得宗 (in اليابانية). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ أ ب 鎌倉幕府とは (in اليابانية). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ 内管領 (in اليابانية). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ Turnbull, 2006a:207.
- ^ Grossberg, Kenneth A. (1976). "From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch. The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (1): 29–49. doi:10.2307/2384184. JSTOR 2384184.
- ^ "Shogunate | History & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 15 September 2023.
- ^ Mitchelhill & Green, 2003:59.
- ^ Kuno, 2007:245.
- ^ Davis, 2001:205.
- ^ Roth, 2007:103.
- ^ Fiévé & Waley, 2003:235.
- ^ أ ب Turnbull, 2006a:41.
- ^ Turnbull, 2006a:43.
- ^ Fiévé & Waley, 2003:236.
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- ^ "Ichiro Ozawa: the shadow shogun". The Economist. September 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020.
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- Cranston, Edwin (1998). A Waka Anthology: Volume One: The Gem-Glistening Cup. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3157-8.
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- Shively, Donald; John Whitney Hall, William H. McCullough (1999). The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22353-9.
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- Deal, William (2007). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-533126-5.
- Perkins, Dorothy (1998). The Samurai of Japan: A Chronology from Their Origin in the Heian Era (794–1185) to the Modern Era. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7881-4525-8.
- Perkins, George. (1998). The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185–1333). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2953-0.
- Murdoch, James (1996). A History of Japan: 1652–1868. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15417-0.
- Hall, John Whitney (1 January 1977). Japan in the Muromachi Age. University of California Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-520-02888-3.
- Grossberg, Kenneth A. (1976). "From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch. The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (1): 34. doi:10.2307/2384184. ISSN 0027-0741.
- Roth, Andrew (March 15, 2007). Dilemma in Japan. Roth Press. ISBN 978-1-4067-6311-9.
- Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. Routledge. ISBN 0-4154-0581-5.
- Andressen, Curtis; Milton Osborne (2002). A Short History of Japan: From Samurai to Sony. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-516-2.
- Ramírez-Faria, Carlos. Concise Encyclopedia of World History. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 81-269-0775-4.
- Mitchelhill, Jennifer; David Green (2003). Castles of the Samurai: Power and Beauty. Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-2954-3.
- Kuno, Yoshi (2007). Japanese Expansion on the Asiatic Continent - Volume I. Read Books. ISBN 1-4067-2253-7.
- Davis, Paul (2001). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-514366-3.
قراءات اضافية
- Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868. London: Oxford University Press. [reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. 10-ISBN 0-197-13508-0; 13-ISBN 978-0-197-13508-2 (cloth)]
- Columbia University (2000). "Japan: History: Early History to the Ashikaga Shoguns". Factmonster. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
- Brazell, Karen (1972). "The Changing of the Shogun 1289: An Excerpt from Towazugatari". The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese. 8 (1): 58–65. doi:10.2307/489093.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Brock, Karen L. (1995). "The Shogun's 'Painting Match'". Monumenta Nipponica. 50 (4): 433–484. doi:10.2307/2385589.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Grossberg, Kenneth A. (1976). "Bakufu Bugyonin: The Size of the Lower Bureaucracy in Muromachi Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 35 (4): 651–654. doi:10.2307/2053677.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Grossberg, Kenneth A. (1976). "From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch. The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (1): 29–49. doi:10.2307/2384184.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - "Japan". The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book. 1992. pp. 34–59. ISBN 0-7166-0092-7.
- Mass, Jeffrey P. and William B. Hauser, eds. (1985). The Bakufu in Japanese History. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- McCune, George M. (1946). "The Exchange of Envoys between Korea and Japan During the Tokugawa Period". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 5 (3): 308–325. doi:10.2307/2049052.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Ravina, Mark (1995). "State-Building and Political Economy in Early-modern Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 54 (4): 997–1022. doi:10.2307/2059957.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Seigle, Cecilia Segawa (1999). "The Shogun's Consort: Konoe Hiroko and Tokugawa Ienobu". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 59 (2): 485–522. doi:10.2307/2652720.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Hurst, C. Cameron, III (1981). "Review of Learning from Shogun: Japanese History and Western Fantasy, by Henry Smith". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 158–159. doi:10.2307/2055644.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Sansom, George. 1961. A History of Japan, 1134-1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 10-ISBN 0-804-70525-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-804-70525-7
- "Shogun". The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book. 1992. pp. 432–433. ISBN 0-7166-0092-7.
- Sinsengumi, Bakumatuisin (2003). "仙台藩主". Bakusin (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-04-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Smith, Henry (ed.) (1980). Learning from Shogun: Japanese History and Western Fantasy (PDF). Santa Barbara: University of California Program in Asian Studies.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - Totman, Conrad (1966). "Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843-1845". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 102–124. doi:10.2307/2718461.
- Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991). "In Name Only: Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan". Journal of Japanese Studies. 17 (1): 25–57. doi:10.2307/132906.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)
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- شوگونات
- رتب عسكرية في اليابان
- حكومة اليابان الإقطاعية
- مناصب سلطة
- ألقاب زعامات قومية أو عرقية
- اليابان الإقطاعية
- تاريخ اليابان
