شوگون

(تم التحويل من شوغون)
ميناموتو نو يوريتومو، أول شوگون في شوگونية كاماكورا (1192-1199).

الشـُگون Shōgun (将軍, [شـُگون] Error: {{nihongo}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 3: ش) (help)) (باليابانية: 将軍) ("قائد الجيوش") هي رتبة عسكرية ولقب تاريخي في اليابان. الكلمة اليابانية لرتبة "لواء"، وهي مركبة من كلمتين بكتابة الكانجي: شو، وتعني قائد"، "لواء"، أو "أدميرال"، وكلمة گون وتعني حشود أو مقاتلين. الرتبة المعاصرة تناظر جنرالسيمو. وكلقب، فهي الصيغة القصيرة لكلمة سـِيـْئ تاي شـُگونSeii Taishōgun (征夷大将軍?)، الشخص الحاكم في أزمنة مختلفة في تاريخ اليابان، وانتهت عندما تخلى توكوگاوا يوشينوبو عن المنصب لصالح الامبراطور مـِيـْجي في 1867.[1] وكان ذلك نهاية فترة إيدو.

كان منصب الشوگون وراثياً في الواقع، على الرغم من أن عدة عشائر مختلفة شغلت هذا المنصب على مر تاريخ اليابان. في الأصل، كان هذا اللقب حكراً على القادة العسكريين خلال فترة هـِيْ‌آن في القرنين الثامن والتاسع. وعندما بلغ ميناموتو نو يوريتومو السلطة السياسية في اليابان عام 1185، أُعيد إحياء اللقب لتثبيت منصبه، ليصبح بذلك أول شوگون بالمعنى المتعارف عليه.

بينما حظيت سلالة ميناموتو بالاحترام باعتبارها أسرة جديرةً بمنصب الشوگون، كان الشوگونان الرابع والخامس من شوگونية كاماكورا ينتميان إلى سلالة فوجي‌وارا (على الرغم من أن أمهاتهم كنّ من سلالة ميناموتو)، أما الشوگونات من السادس إلى التاسع فكانوا من السلالة الإمبراطورية. وقد عُرض منصب الشوگون على أودا نوبوناگا، الذي ادّعى أنه من سلالة تايرا، قبل وفاته بشهر.[2][3][4]

كان يُشار إلى مسؤولي الشوگون مجتمعين باسم باكوفو (幕府, يابانية: [baꜜ.kɯ̥.ɸɯ, ba.kɯ̥.ɸɯ]) ('tent-government'). وكانوا هم من يقومون بالمهام الإدارية الفعلية، بينما احتفظ البلاط الإمبراطوري بسلطة اسمية فقط.[5] ترمز الخيمة إلى دور الشوگون كقائد ميداني للجيش لكنها تشير أيضاً إلى أن مثل هذا المنصب كان من المفترض أن يكون مؤقتاً. ومع ذلك، فإن المؤسسة، المعروفة باللغة الإنگليزية باسم الشوگونية (/ˈʃ.ɡən.t, -ət, -ɪt/ SHOH-gən-ayt, -ət, -it[6])، استمرت لما يقرب من 700 سنة، وانتهت عندما تخلى تكوگاوا يوشي‌نوبو عن منصبه للامبراطور مـِيْ‌جي عام 1867 كجزء من استعراش مـِيْ‌جي.[7] لم يبدأ استخدام مصطلح باكوفو بشكل فعلي إلا في القرن التاسع عشر للتأكيد على أن الإمبراطور هو الحاكم الشرعي للبلاد. خلال فترة شوگونية توكوگاوا، كانت الشوگونية تُسمى رسمياً كوگي (公儀).[8][9]

أصل الاسم

مقطع الكان‌جي الذي يشكل كلمة شوگون.

مصطلح شوگون (将軍, حرفياً 'قائد الجيش') هو اختصار للقب التاريخي سـِيـْئ تاي شـُگون (征夷大将軍):

  • 征 (سـِيـْئ ، せい) وتعني "الفاتح" أو "الخاضع"، و
  • (إي، い) تعني "البربري" أو "الهمجي" أي إمي‌شي وما إلى ذلك خارج النفوذ الإمبراطوري؛
  • 大 (داي، だい) تعني "العظيم"؛
  • (شو، しょう) تعني "القائد"،[10] و
  • 軍 (گون، ぐん) تعني "الجيش".[11]

وبالتالي، فإن الترجمة الحرفية لكلمة سـِيـْئ تاي شـُگون هي: "القائد الأعلى لقوة التجريدة ضد البرابرة".[12] يشير المصطلح في الأصل إلى الجنرال الذي يقود الجيش المُرسل لمحاربة قبائل شمال اليابان، لكن بعد القرن الثاني عشر، أُستخدم المصطلح ليُطلق على زعيم الساموراي.[13] عادة ما يُترجم المصطلح إلى جنراليسيمو ويستخدمه اليابانيون أيضاً لمثل هؤلاء القادة العسكريين للدول الأجنبية.

الألقاب


التاريخ

الشوگونات في تاريخ اليابان
S# الاسم وُلد/توفى الحكومة
الشوگونات الأوائل[17]
Tajihi no Agatamori 668–737[18] 720[19]
Ōtomo no Yakamochi 718?–785[20] 784–785[21] Ki no Kosami in the year 789[22]
كي نو كوسامي 733–797 789[22]
أوتومو نو أوتومارو 731–809[23] 794[24]
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 758–811[25] 797–811?[26]
Fun'ya no Watamaro 765–823[27] 813[26]
Fujiwara no Tadabumi 873–947[28] 940[26]
Minamoto no Yoshinaka 1154–1184[29] 1184[26]
شـوگونية كاماكورا[30]
1 ميناموتو نو يوريتومو 1147–1199 1192–1199
2 Minamoto no Yoriie 1182–1204 1202–1203
3 ميناموتو نو سانى‌تومو 1192–1219 1203–1219
4 Kujō Yoritsune 1218–1256 1226–1244
5 Kujō Yoritsugu 1239–1256 1244–1252
6 Prince Munetaka 1242–1274 1252–1266
7 Prince Koreyasu 1264–1326 1266–1289
8 Prince Hisaaki 1276–1328 1289–1308
9 Prince Morikuni 1301–1333 1308–1333
استعراش كـِمـّو
Prince Moriyoshi 1308–1335[31] عُين شوگون من قبل والده الإمبراطور گو-داي‌گو عام 1333[32] 1333–1335[32]
Prince Nariyoshi 1326–1344?[33] 1334–1338[33]
شوگونية أشيكاگا [30]
1 Ashikaga Takauji 1305–1358 1338–1358
2 Ashikaga Yoshiakira 1330–1367 1358–1367
3 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 1358–1408 1368–1394
4 Ashikaga Yoshimochi 1386–1428 1394–1423 / 1425–1429
5 Ashikaga Yoshikazu 1407–1425 1423–1425
6 Ashikaga Yoshinori 1394–1441 1429–1441
7 Ashikaga Yoshikatsu 1434–1443 1442–1443
8 Ashikaga Yoshimasa 1436–1490 1449–1473
9 آشي‌كاگا يوشي‌هيسا 1465–1489 1473–1489
10 Ashikaga Yoshitane 1466–1523 1490–1493
11 Ashikaga Yoshizumi 1480–1511 1494–1508
10 Ashikaga Yoshitane 1466–1523 1508–1521
12 Ashikaga Yoshiharu 1511–1550 1521–1546
13 Ashikaga Yoshiteru 1536–1565 1546–1565
14 أشي‌كاگا يوشي‌هيدى 1538–1568 1568
15 Ashikaga Yoshiaki 1537–1597 1568–1573
شوگونية توكوگاوا [30]
1 توكوگاوا إيـِى‌ياسو 1542–1616 1603–1605
2 Tokugawa Hidetada 1579–1632[34] 1605–1623
3 Tokugawa Iemitsu 1604–1651 1623–1651
4 Tokugawa Ietsuna 1641–1680 1651–1680
5 توكوگاوا تسونايوشي 1646–1709 1680–1709
6 Tokugawa Ienobu 1662–1712[34] 1709–1712
7 Tokugawa Ietsugu 1709–1716 1713–1716
8 توكوگاوا يوشي‌مونى 1684–1751 1716–1745
9 توكوگاوا إيى‌شيگى 1711–1761 1745–1760
10 Tokugawa Ieharu 1737–1786 1760–1786
11 Tokugawa Ienari 1773–1841[34] 1787–1837
12 Tokugawa Ieyoshi 1793–1853 1837–1853
13 Tokugawa Iesada 1824–1858 1853–1858
14 Tokugawa Iemochi 1846–1866 1858–1866
15 تكوگاوا يوشي‌نوبو 1837–1913 1867–1868[35]

الشـُگون الأول

لا يوجد إجماع بين المؤلفين إذ أن بعض المصادر تعتبر تاجيهي نو أگاتاموري هو أول شوگون، بينما يقول آخرون أن أوتومو نو أوتومارو كان الأول،[36] وتؤكد مصادر أخرى أن الأول كان ساكانوئى نو تامورامارو، بينما يتفادى آخرون المشكلة بيدء السرد من أول شـُگون في فترة كاماكورا وهو ميناموتو نو يوريتومو. في الأصل، كان اللقب سـِيْ-إ تاي‌شـُگون ("القائد الأعلى لقوة التجريدة على البرابرة")[12] قد أُعطِيَ للقادة العسكريين في مطلع فترة هـِيْ‌آن طيلة الحملات العسكرية على الإميشي، الذين قاوموا حكم البلاط الإمبراطوري في كيوتو.

فترة هـِيْ‌آن (794–1185)

ساكانوئى نو تامورامارو

Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811) was one of the first shoguns في مطلع فترة هـِيْ‌آن.

Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811)[25] was a Japanese general who fought against the Emishi tribes of northern Japan (settled in the territory that today integrates the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa). Tamarumaro was the first general to bend these tribes, integrating their territory to that of the Yamato State. For his military feats he was named sei-i taishōgun and probably because he was the first to win the victory against the northern tribes he is generally recognized as the first shogun in history.[25][37][38] (Note: according to historical sources Ōtomo no Otomaro also had the title of sei-i taishōgun).

The regency political system and cloistered rule

The shoguns of this period had no real political power, and the imperial court was in charge of politics. From the mid-9th century to the mid-11th century, the Fujiwara clan controlled political power. They excluded other clans from the political center and monopolized the highest positions in the court, such as sesshō (摂政?, Imperial Regent for Minor Emperors), kampaku (関白?, Imperial Regent fo Adult Emperors), and daijō-daijin (太政大臣?, Chancellor of the Realm), reaching their peak at the end of the 10th century under Fujiwara no Michinaga and Fujiwara no Yorimichi.[39][40][41]

Later, in the mid-11th century, Emperor Go-Sanjo weakened the power of the sesshō and kampaku by presiding over politics himself, and when the next emperor, Shirakawa, abdicated and became a cloistered emperor and began a cloistered rule, the sesshō and kampaku lost their real political authority and became nominal, effectively ending the Fujiwara regime.[39][40][41]

أول محاولة لتأسيس حكومة طبقة محاربين

Taira no Masakado's rebellion is historically significant as the first rebellion of the warrior class and the first attempt of the warrior class to establish a government.[42]

Taira no Masakado, who rose to prominence in the early 10th century, was the first of the local warrior class to revolt against the imperial court.[42] He had served Fujiwara no Tadahira as a young man, but eventually won a power struggle within the Taira clan and became a powerful figure in the Kanto region. In 939, Fujiwara no Haruaki, a powerful figure in the Hitachi province, fled to Masakado. He was wanted for tyranny by Fujiwara no Korechika, a Kokushi (国司?, imperial court official) who oversaw the province of Hitachi province, and Fujiwara no Korechika demanded that Masakado hand over Fujiwara no Haruaki. Masakado refused, and war broke out between Masakado and Fujiwara no Korechika, with Masakado becoming an enemy of the imperial court. Masakado proclaimed that the Kanto region under his rule was independent of the imperial court and called himself the Shinnō (新皇?, New Emperor). In response, the imperial court sent a large army led by Taira no Sadamori to kill Masakado. As a result, Masakado was killed in battle in February 940. He is still revered as one of the three great onryō (怨霊?, vengeful spirits) of Japan.[42][43]

مولد أول حكومة من طبقة المحاربين

Taira no Kiyomori was the first person born of the warrior class to rise to the highest rank of nobility and the first to establish a de facto samurai government.[44]

During the reigns of Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Toba, the Taira clan became Kokushi (国司?), or overseers of various regions, and accumulated wealth by taking samurai from various regions as their retainers. In the struggle to succeed Emperor Toba, former Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Go-Shirakawa, each with his samurai class on his side, fought the Hōgen rebellion, which was won by Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had Taira no Kiyomori and Minamoto no Yoshitomo on his side. Later, Taira no Kiyomori defeated Minamoto no Yoshitomo in the Heiji rebellion and became the first samurai-born aristocratic class, eventually becoming daijō-daijin (太政大臣?, Chancellor of the Realm), the highest position of the aristocratic class, and the Taira clan monopolized important positions at the imperial court and wielded power. The seizure of political power by Taira no Kiyomori was the first instance of the warrior class leading politics for the next 700 years.[44]

However, when Taira no Kiyomori used his power to have the child of his daughter Taira no Tokuko and Emperor Takakura installed as Emperor Antoku, there was widespread opposition. Prince Mochihito, no longer able to assume the imperial throne, called upon the Minamoto clan to raise an army لتهزم عشيرة تايرا، وبدأت حرب گن‌پـِيْ. وفي خضم حرب گن‌پـِيْ، قام Minamoto no Yoshinaka بطرد عشيرة تايرا من كيوتو، وبالرغم من الترحيب الأولي من الإمبراطور الناسك Go-Shirakawa, he became estranged and isolated due to the disorderly military discipline and lack of political power under his command. He staged a coup, overthrew the emperor's entourage, and became the first of the Minamoto clan to assume the office of Sei-i Taishōgun (shogun). In response, Minamoto no Yoritomo sent Minamoto no Noriyori and Minamoto no Yoshitsune to defeat Yoshinaka, who was killed within a year of becoming shogun. In 1185, the Taira clan was finally defeated in the Battle of Dan-no-ura, and the Minamoto clan came to power.[44][45]

شگونية كاماكورا (1192–1333)

Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun (1192–1199) of the شگونية كاماكورا

There are various theories as to the year in which the Kamakura period and Kamakura shogunate began. In the past, the most popular theory was that the year was 1192, when Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed sei-i taishōgun (征夷大将軍?). Later, the prevailing theory was that the year was 1185, when Yoritomo established the shugo (守護?), which controlled military and police power in various regions, and the jitō (地頭?), which was in charge of tax collection and land administration. Japanese history textbooks as of 2016 do not specify a specific year for the beginning of the Kamakura period, as there are various theories about the year the Kamakura shogunate was established.[46]

Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the central government and aristocracy and by 1192 established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military, the samurai, gained some political powers while the Emperor and the aristocracy remained the de jure rulers.[47][48]

In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of sei-i taishōgun by Emperor Go-Toba and the political system he developed with a succession of shoguns as the head became known as a shogunate. Hojo Masako's (Yoritomo's wife) family, the Hōjō, seized power from the Kamakura shoguns.[49]

In 1199, Yoritomo died suddenly at the age of 53, and the 18-year-old Minamoto no Yoriie took over as second shogun. To support the young Yoriie, the decisions of the shogunate were made by a 13-man council, including Hojo Tokimasa and his son Hojo Yoshitoki, but this was effectively dismantled shortly afterwards when one of the key members lost his political position and two others died of illness.[50][51]

Puppetization of the shogun by the shikken

Hōjō Tokimasa shifted the source of power in the shogunate from the shogun to the shogun's assistant, shikken, and established the rule of the Hōjō clan.

When Minamoto no Yoriie fell ill in 1203, a power struggle broke out between the Hojo clan and Hiki Yoshikazu, and Hojo Tokimasa destroyed the Hiki clan. Tokimasa then installed the 12-year-old Minamoto no Sanetomo as the third shogun, puppeting him while himself becoming the first shikken (執権?, Regent) and assuming actual control of the shogunate. Hojo Yoshitoki later assassinated Minamoto no Yoriie.[50][51]

However, Hojo Tokimasa lost influence in 1204 when he killed Hatakeyama Shigetada, believing false information that his son-in-law Shigetada was about to rebel, and lost his position in 1205 when he tried to install his son-in-law Hiraga Tomomasa as the fourth shogun. Hojo Yoshitoki became the second shikken, and the shogunate was administered under the leadership of Hojo Masako.[50][51]

In 1219, the third shogun, Minamoto no Sanetomo, was assassinated for unknown reasons.[51]

In 1221, war broke out for the first time in Japan between the warrior class government and the imperial court, and in this battle, known as the Jōkyū War, the shogunate defeated former Emperor Go-Toba.[51] The shogunate exiled former Emperor Go-Toba to Oki Island for waging war against the shogunate. The shogunate learned its lesson and set up an administrative body in Kyoto called the Rokuhara Tandai (六波羅探題?) to oversee the imperial court and western Japan.[52]

After the sudden death of Hojo Yoshitoki in 1224, Hojo Yasutoki became the third shikken, and after the death of Hojo Masako in 1225, the administration of the shogunate returned to a council system.[51]

In 1226, Hojo Yasutoki installed Kujo Yoritsune, a member of the sekkan family, as the fourth shogun.[51]

In 1232, the Goseibai Shikimoku was enacted, the first codified law by a warrior class government in Japan.[51]

Puppetization of the shogun by the tokusō

Hōjō Tokiyori shifted the source of power in the shogunate from the official position of shikken to the private title of tokusō of the Hojo clan.

In 1246, Hojo Tokiyori became the fifth shikken, and in 1252 he installed Prince Munetaka as the sixth shogun. The appointment of a member of the imperial family as shogun made the shogun more and more like a puppet. After retiring from the shikkens, he used his position as head of the Hojo clan's main family, tokusō (得宗?), to dominate politics, thus shifting the source of power in the shogunate from the shikken to tokusō.[51][53]

During the reign of Hojo Tokimune, the eighth shikken and seventh tokusō, the shogunate twice defeated the Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274 and 1281. The shogunate defeated the Mongols with the help of samurai called gokenin (御家人?), lords in the service of the shogunate. However, since the war was a war of national defense and no new territory was gained, the shogunate was unable to adequately reward the gokenin, and their dissatisfaction with the shogunate grew.[54]

In 1285, during the reign of Hojo Sadatoki, the ninth shikken and eighth tokusō, Adachi Yasumori and his clan, who had been the main vassals of the Kamakura shogunate, were destroyed by Taira no Yoritsuna, further strengthening the ruling system of the tokusō, which emphasized blood relations.[51] As tokusō's ruling system was strengthened, the power of the title of naikanrei (内管領?), tokusō's chief retainer, increased, and when tokusō was young or incapacitated, naikanrei took control of the shogunate. Taira no Yoritsuna during the reign of Hojo Sadatoki, and Nagasaki Takatsuna and Nagasaki Takasuke during the reign of Hojo Takatoki, the fourteenth shikken and ninth tokusō, were naikanrei who took control of the Kamakura shogunate.[53][55] In other words, Japanese politics was a multiple puppet structure: Emperor, shogun, shikken, tokusō, and naikanrei.

In response to gokenin's dissatisfaction with the shogunate, Emperor Go-Daigo planned to raise an army against the shogunate, but his plan was leaked and he was exiled to Oki Island in 1331. In 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo escaped from Oki Island and again called on gokenin and samurai to raise an army against the shogunate. Kusunoki Masashige was the first to respond to the call, sparking a series of rebellions against the shogunate in various places. Ashikaga Takauji, who had been ordered by the shogunate to suppress the forces of Emperor Go-Daigo, turned to the emperor's side and attacked Rokuhara Tandai. Then, in 1333, Nitta Yoshisada invaded Kamakura and the Kamakura shogunate fell, and the Hōjō clan was destroyed.[52][54]

استعراش كـِمـّو (1333–1336)

شوگونية أشيكاگا (1336–1573)


شوگونية تـُكوگاوا (1603–1867)

توكوگاوا إيـِى‌ياسو.


الشـُگونية

أصل الاسم

الشـُگون يستمع لتقاضي في فوكي‌آگى في قلعة إدو، بريشة Toyohara Chikanobu

From the 1800s, the shogunate's administration was known as the bakufu (幕府), literally meaning "government from the curtain (ja)".[8][9] In this context, "curtain" is a synecdoche for a type of semi-open tent called a maku, a temporary battlefield headquarters from which a samurai general would direct his forces, and whose sides would be decorated with his mon. The application of the term bakufu to the shogunate government was therefore heavy with symbolism, connoting both the explicitly military character of the shogunal regime and its (at least theoretically) ephemeral nature.[56]

The term bakufu (幕府, "tent government") originally meant the dwelling and household of a shogun, but in time, became a metonym for the system of government dominated by a feudal military monarchy, exercised in the name of the shogun or by the shogun himself.[57][58]

The term bakufu was not officially used at the time of the shogunate; the Tokugawa shogunate was called kōgi (公儀). It was not until the Bakumatsu era in the 1800s that the term bakufu began to be actively used in its current meaning of "shogunate". The late Mito school of the time preferred the term bakufu because they wanted to emphasize that Japan was an emperor-centered country, and that the shogunate was merely the administration of the shogun appointed by the emperor. The modern use of the term was then established when history textbooks at Imperial Universities in the 1890s defined that only the three regimes of Kamakura, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa were bakufu and that the appointment of a shogun was essential for the establishment of the bakufu.[8][9]

علاقته بالإمبراطور

الختم الياباني الإمبراطوري.

منذ أن حوّل ميناموتو نو يوريتومو منصب الشوگون إلى منصب دائم ووراثي، وحتى عصر استعراش مـِيْ‌جي، كانت هناك طبقتان حاكمتان في اليابان:

  • الإمبراطور أو تـِنو (天皇, lit. "السيد السماوي")،[59] الذي كان يشغل منصب "كبير الكهنة" للدين الرسمي للبلاد، الشنتو.
  • الشوگون، قائد الجيش الذي كان يتمتع أيضاً بسلطات مدنية وعسكرية ودبلوماسية وقضائية.[60] على الرغم من أن الشوگون كان نظرياً خادماً للإمبراطور، إلا أنه أصبح القوة الحقيقية وراء العرش.[61]

لم يحاول أي شوگون اغتصاب العرش، حتى عندما كانت تحت تصرفه القوات العسكرية للإقليم. وكان هناك سببان رئيسيان لذلك:[62]

  • من الناحية النظرية، كان الشوگون يتمتع بسلطة الإمبراطور، لذلك كان هذا رمزاً لسلطته.
  • كان هناك تقليد عاطفي أنشأه الكهنة ورجال الدين الذين تتبعوا الخط الإمبراطوري من "عصر الآلهة" إلى "الخط الأبدي الذي لم ينقطع بمرور الزمن". وفقاً للأساطير اليابانية، كان الإمبراطور سليلاً مباشراً لإلهة الشمس أماتـِراسو.

نظراً لعدم قدرتهم على اغتصاب العرش، سعى الشوگون عبر التاريخ إلى إبعاد الإمبراطور عن النشاط السياسي للبلاد، وإبعادهم عن دائرة النفوذ. إحدى السلطات القليلة التي يمكن أن يحتفظ بها البيت الإمبراطوري هي القدرة على "التحكم في الوقت" من خلال تعيين النـِن‌گو أو الفترات اليابانية، وإصدار التقويمات.[63]

حاول الأباطرة مرتين استعادة السلطة التي كانوا يتمتعون بها قبل تأسيس الشوگونية. عام 1219 اتهم الإمبراطور گو-توبا الهوجو بأنهم خارجون عن القانون. حشدت القوات الإمبراطورية، مما أدى إلى حرب جوكيو (1219–1221)، والتي بلغت ذروتها في معركة أوجي الثالثة (1221). خلال تلك الحرب، هُزمت القوات الإمبراطورية ونُفي الإمبراطور گو-توبا.[64] مع هزيمة گو-توبا، تأكد حكم الساموراي للبلاد.[64] في بداية القرن الرابع عشر قرر الإمبراطور گو-داي‌گو التمرد، لكن هوجو، الذين كانوا أوصياء على العرش آنذاك، أرسلوا جيشاً من كاماكورا. هرب الإمبراطور قبل وصول القوات وأخذ الشارة الإمبراطورية.[65] قام الشوگون بتسمية إمبراطوره بنفسه، مما أدى إلى ظهور فترة نان‌بوكو-تشو (南北朝, lit. "البلاطان الجنوبي والشمالي").

خلال ع. 1850 وع. 1860، تعرضت الشوگونية لضغوط شديدة من الخارج ومن قوى أجنبية. حينها، وجدت جماعات مختلفة، غاضبة من الشوگونية بسبب التنازلات التي قدمتها للبلدان الأوروپية، في الإمبراطور حليفاً يُمكنها من إزاحة شوگونية توكوگاوا عن السلطة. وكان شعار هذه الحركة هو سون‌نو جوي (尊王攘夷, "احترموا الإمبراطور، واطردوا البرابرة") ونجحوا أخيراً عام 1868، عندما استُعيدت السلطة الإمبراطورية بعد قرون من كونها في ظل الحياة السياسية للبلاد.[66]

الذكرى

اليوم، رئيس الحكومة اليابانية هو رئيس الوزراء. ومع ذلك، استمر استخدام مصطلح "شوگون" في اللغة العامية. يُطلق على رئيس الوزراء المتقاعد الذي لا يزال يتمتع بنفوذ وسلطة كبيرين من وراء الكواليس "شوگون الظل" (闇将軍, yami shōgun)،[67] نوع من التجسيد الحديث للقاعدة المنعزلة. من أمثلة "شوگون الظل" رئيس الوزراء السابق كاكوي تاناكا والسياسي إيش‌يرو أوزاوا.[68]

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

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  2. ^ 豊臣体制の解体へと家康が利用した「征夷大将軍」という権威 (in اليابانية). nippon.com. 19 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  3. ^ 5分でわかる征夷大将軍!主な将軍一覧、源氏しかなれない説などを簡単に紹介 (in اليابانية). Honcierge. 11 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
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  17. ^ There is no consensus among the various sources on this list, since some authors consider Tajihi no Agatamori to be the original shogun, whereas others regard Ōtomo no Otomaro or even Sakanoue no Tamuramaro as being the first, and still others avoid the problem entirely by starting from the first Kamakura shogun only.
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  • Hurst, C. Cameron, III (1981). "Review of Learning from Shogun: Japanese History and Western Fantasy, by Henry Smith". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 158–159. doi:10.2307/2055644. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  • Totman, Conrad (1966). "Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843-1845". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 102–124. doi:10.2307/2718461.
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