رودريغس
رودريگس (Rodrigues ؛ فرنسية: Île Rodrigues [il ʁɔdʁiɡ]؛ كريول: Rodrig) هي جزيرة نائية ذاتية الحكم تابعة لجمهورية موريشيوس في المحيط الهندي، تبلغ مساحتها 108 كم²،وتقع على بعد 560 كم شرق موريشيوس.[1] وهي جزء من جزر المسكارين التي تضم موريشيوس و ريونيون. وهي ذات أصل بركاني ويحيط بها شعاب مرجانية, and just off its coast lie some tiny uninhabited islands. وكانت الجزيرة تعتبر the tenth District of Mauritius; it gained autonomous status في 10 ديسمبر 2002، ويحكمها مجلس رودريگس الإقليمي. عاصمة الجزيرة هي پورت ماتورين.
Rodrigues
Rodrig (Morisyen) | |
|---|---|
جزيرة نائية ذاتية | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| الشعار: | |
| النشيد: Motherland | |
 موقع رودريگز في المحيط الهندي. | |
| الإحداثيات: 19°43′S 63°25′E / 19.717°S 63.417°ECoordinates: 19°43′S 63°25′E / 19.717°S 63.417°E | |
| البلد |  موريشيوس |
| العاصمة | پورت ماتورين |
| الحكومة | |
| • الكيان | مجلس إقليمي |
| • Chief Commissioner | Serge Clair |
| • Chief Executive | Davis Hee Hong Wye |
| • Minister for Rodrigues | Pravind Jugnauth |
| المساحة | |
| • الإجمالي | 108 كم² (42 ميل²) |
| التعداد (2014)[note 1] | |
| • الإجمالي | 41٬669 |
| • Estimate (2013) | 38٬379[2] |
| • الكثافة | 386/km2 (1٬000/sq mi) |
| صفة المواطن | Rodriguan |
| اللغات | |
| • Vernacular languages |
|
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+4 (MUT) |
| Calling code | +230 |
| العملة | روپية موريشيوس (MUR) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) |
| Drives on | left |
| Internet TLD | .mu |
سكانها مواطنون موريشيون. اعتبارا من 2014[تحديث], سكان الجزيرة بلغوا نحو 41,669، حسب إحصائيات موريشيوس.[4] فإن معظم السكان من أصول أفريقية وفرنسية مختلطة. ويعتمد اقتصادها بشكل أساسي على صيد الأسماك والزراعة والحرف اليدوية وتطوير قطاع السياحة.[5]
تشكل الجزيرة (مع أگاليگا و سانت براندون) جزءًا من الإقليم الأكبر لـ جمهورية موريشيوس مع الحاكم كرئيس للدولة و المفوض الرئيسي كرئيس للحكومة.
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أصل الكلمة والتاريخ
الجزيرة غير المأهولة سُميت على اسم المستكشف البرتگالي ديوگو رودريگس في فبراير 1528. كما أن العديد من الخرائط يصفونها بإسم دييگو رويس. من القرن العاشر، عـُرف أن العرب يزورون جزر المسكارين. وثمة خريطة من القرن الثاني عشر رسمها الجغرافي العربي الشريف الإدريسي[بحاجة لمصدر] التي من المفترض أنها تحتوي عليها، و خريطة كانتينو التي تعود إلي عام حوالي 1500 وبعض الخرائط المعاصرة الأخرى تبين بوضوح جزر المسكارين الثلاث بأسماء "" دينا أروبي "" (أو "حروبي") و " دينا مارگابين " و " دينا موراز ". يبدو أن هذه الترجمات تالفة أو نسخ مكتوبة للغة العربية ديڤا خراب ("الجزيرة الصحراوي")، ديڤا مغربين ("الجزيرة الغربية") و ديڤا مشرق ("الجزيرة الشرقية"). بينما يشير الثاني بوضوح إلى ريونيون، تختلف المصادر حول أي منهم هو موريشيوس وأي واحد هو رودريگز، وكلاهما يقع شرق ريونيون ومرتبا بطريقة منمقة إلى حد ما على هذه الخرائط. ومع ذلك، حتى في حالتها الأصلية، كان لدى رودريگز بعض الكارست، في حين أن موريشيوس حتى بعد معاناة 500 عام من إزالة الغابات لا يمكن بأي حال من الأحوال أن تسمى "صحراء" .[6]
The island was located again in February 1507. Part of the fleet of Afonso de Albuquerque and Tristão da Cunha, Diogo Fernandes Pereira's ship Cisne (Swan) spotted Réunion on 9 February after a cyclone had diverted their course forcing them to go around Madagascar, unlike the rest of the fleet. It has also been opined that this was due to a navigational error by Afonso de Albuquerque. The other two islands were subsequently rediscovered. The initial name was Diogo Fernandes; Domingo Froiz was given as a name some years later, and by 1528 it had been again renamed after the Portuguese navigator Dom Diogo Rodrigues and has remained so since. The orthography has been less stable at first, with the name being transcribed Diogo Rodríguez (Spanish maps), Diego Roiz, Diego Ruys (Dutch maps) (or even Diego Ruy's Island), Dygarroys or Bygarroys. Some early French sources called it Île Marianne.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Due to the island lying far off the beaten track of seafarers at that time, it received few visits. From 1601, the Dutch began visiting the island somewhat more regularly for fresh supplies of food. In 1691, the Huguenot François Leguat and seven companions landed on the island, intending to set up a farming colony of Protestant refugees. Farming was not successful, but there was an abundance of tortoises, turtles, birds, fish and other seafood.[بحاجة لمصدر]
During the 18th century, several attempts were made by the French to develop the island. African slaves (ancestors of the present population) were brought to Rodrigues to develop stock-breeding and farming. In 1735 a permanent French settlement was established, subordinated to Île Bourbon.[7]
In 1809, after a brief battle with the French, British troops took possession of Rodrigues.[8] After British occupation, slavery was eventually abolished in 1834. By 1843, the population had declined to a low of 250.[بحاجة لمصدر]
In 1883, the eruption of the Indonesian volcano Krakatoa was heard at Rodrigues Island and it remains the furthest point, at almost 4,800 km (3,000 mi), at which the explosion was heard.[9] The sound was described as "the roar of heavy guns". Naval ships were ordered to investigate as it was feared the sound was due to a ship in distress firing its guns. The noise remains the loudest sound in recorded history.[بحاجة لمصدر]
In September 1897, solo sailor Joshua Slocum spent eight days on the island. He would later write, "At Rodriguez one may now find every convenience for filling pure and wholesome water in any quantity. Governor Roberts having built a reservoir in the hills, above the village, and laid pipes to the jetty, where, at the time of my visit, there were five and a half feet at high tide. In former years well-water was used, and more or less sickness occurred from it. Beef may be had in any quantity on the island, and at a moderate price. Sweet potatoes were plentiful and cheap; the large sack of them that I bought there for about four shillings kept unusually well. I simply stored them in the sloop's dry hold. Of fruits, pomegranates were most plentiful; for two shillings I obtained a large sack of them, as many as a donkey could pack from the orchard, which, by the way, was planted by nature herself."[10]
Early in 1968, HMS Cambrian, which was part of the Beira Patrol following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia, was diverted to Rodrigues to quell a reported uprising by some of the populace. The uprising consisted of a number of individuals who had been arrested by the local authorities for breaking into a warehouse and appropriating a supply of sweet potatoes. Other locals went to the authorities and by violence released the arrested persons. At this point, it is believed that the authorities requested assistance which was provided by HMS Cambrian. On her early morning arrival, the ship's 4.5" guns were fired (with blanks, it is believed) and an armed landing party was provided. This resulted in the offenders being rounded up and imprisoned again.[11]
الجغرافيا
Rodrigues is a volcanic island rising from a ridge along the edge of the Mascarene Plateau. The tectonically active Rodrigues Triple Point lies on the sea-floor nearby. Rodrigues is only 1.5 million years old, even if the plateau under the lagoon surrounding Rodrigues may be much more ancient than the island.[12] Over time Rodrigues has developed a unique environment, including many endemic species.
Rodrigues is situated about 560 kilometres (350 mi) to the east of Mauritius. It is about 18 km (11 mi) long and 6.5 km (4.0 mi) wide with an area of 108 km2 (42 sq mi).[1][13] The shape is that of a whale back with a central ridge and deep cut valleys. The island is hilly with a central spine culminating in the highest peak, Mountain Limon at 398 m (1,306 ft). Rodrigues is the only Mascarene island with extensive limestone deposits and caves. A large fringing reef surrounds the island forming a lagoon within which lie eighteen small islets.[14][15]
The coral reef of Rodrigues is of particular interest as it is self-seeding – it receives no coral zooplankton from elsewhere. This has led to an overall species-poor but highly adapted ecosystem. A species of coral, two species of Pomacentrus damselfish and many species of crustaceans are found only on Rodrigues' reefs.[16]
المناخ
The isolation and location of the island give a microclimate specific to Rodrigues, with two seasons. Rodrigues enjoys a mild tropical maritime climate with persistent trade winds blowing throughout the year. Mean summer temperature is 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) and mean winter temperature is around 22.3 °C (72.1 °F). The temperature difference between summer and winter is 3.6 °C. January to March are the hottest months and August is the coolest month. The wettest month is February; September and October are the driest months. The climate is hotter and drier than in Mauritius. Cyclones may arise from November to April, and Rodrigues is more often hit than Mauritius.[17]
| بيانات مناخ رودريگس | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 33.9 (93) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.9 (93) |
33.0 (91.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34٫0 (93٫2) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 29.2 (84.6) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.5 (81.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.0 (77) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27٫3 (81٫1) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 23.6 (74.5) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.3 (66.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
22.8 (73) |
21٫4 (70٫5) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | 18.4 (65.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.2 (63) |
19.2 (66.6) |
14٫5 (58٫1) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 150.0 (5.906) |
184.7 (7.272) |
131.2 (5.165) |
117.0 (4.606) |
78.3 (3.083) |
77.6 (3.055) |
80.8 (3.181) |
59.4 (2.339) |
43.8 (1.724) |
40.7 (1.602) |
70.0 (2.756) |
71.0 (2.795) |
1٬104٫5 (43٫484) |
| % Humidity | 79 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 75 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 76 | 77 | 76 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 136 |
| Sunshine hours | 275.9 | 240.1 | 257.3 | 243.0 | 244.9 | 219.0 | 232.5 | 244.9 | 237.0 | 275.9 | 273.0 | 285.2 | 3٬028٫7 |
| Source: Mauritius Meteorological Services[17] | |||||||||||||
التنوع الحيوي
Rodrigues was characterised by endemic plant and animal species in abundance, but since the seventeenth century much of its biodiversity has been eradicated. The island was home to such now-extinct endemic species of birds as the Rodrigues solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria) and the Rodrigues night heron (Nycticorax megacephalus). An endemic species of bat, the Rodrigues flying fox, is currently listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. There are two remaining endemic bird species: the Rodrigues fody and the Rodrigues warbler, both are listed as near threatened.[بحاجة لمصدر]
To restore some forest areas, Grande Montagne, Anse Quitor (with neighbouring François Leguat Giant Tortoise Reserve) and two islets, Île aux Sables and Île aux Cocos have been declared nature reserves (under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983).[18] Endangered plants on the reserves include Zanthoxylum paniculatum, Polyscias rodriguesiana, Badula balfouriana, and Gouania leguatii.[19][20]
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التاريخ الطبيعي
في 1708، نشر المستكشف الفرنسي فرانسو ليگا في لندن وصفاً لمغامراته في جزيرة رودريگس، بما فيها ملاحظات التاريخ الطبيعي، تحت عنوان "Voyages et aventures de François Leguat et de ses compagnons en deux isles désertes des Indes orientales". كما ضم وصفاً لأنواع، مثل ناسك رودريگس، پاراكيت رودريگز والسحالي من جنس Phelsuma، وربما Phelsuma gigas و Phelsuma edwardnewtoni.
الحكومة والسياسة
جزيرة رودريغيس هي دائرة انتخابية لجمهورية موريشيوس وتعتمد على الأخيرة. ومع ذلك، في 20 نوفمبر 2001، تبنت الجمعية الوطنية لموريشيوس بالإجماع قانونين يمنحان رودريغس استقلاليتها الذاتية، مما أوجد نظامًا حكوميًا لامركزيًا.
المناطق
رودريگس مقسمة إلى 14 بلدية أو منطقة. مقسمة لأغراض إحصائية، يتم تقسيم المناطق إلى 182 منطقة. تحتوي المناطق على ما لا يقل عن ست مناطق محلية تدعي (لا فيرمي) و بحد أقصي 22 (العاصمة بورت ماتورين).[21]
| Zone Nr. | Municipality | Population[note 1] |
|---|---|---|
| Zone 5 | ميناء ماثورين | 5,929 |
| Zone 8 | لاتانييرس مونت لوبين | 3,806 |
| Zone 9 | بيتي جبرائيل | 3,658 |
| Zone 12 | ريفيير كوكوس | 2,893 |
| Zone 10 | Mangues-Quatre Vents | 2,870 |
| Zone 11 | بلين كوراي لا فوش كوراي | 2,832 |
| Zone 13 | بورت سود إست | 2,717 |
| Zone 4 | أويستر باي | 2,594 |
| Zone 7 | روش بون ديو تريفليس | 2,059 |
| Zone 14 | كورومانديل جرافيرس | 1,944 |
| Zone 1 | بيمينتس باي توباز | 1,445 |
| Zone 2 | لا فيرمي | 1,112 |
| Zone 3 | باي مالغاش | 1,076 |
| Zone 6 | Grand Baie-Montagne Goyaves | 844 |
| Rodrigues | 35,779 |
التركيبة السكانية
كان تقدير عدد السكان (اعتبارًا من 24 ديسمبر 2012) لجزيرة رودريگس 39,242 نسمة.[4] والديانة الرئيسية هي المسيحية، التي يهيمن عليها الرومان الكاثوليك مع أقليات صغيرة من الفروع المسيحية الأخرى مثل شهود يهوه، ولكن أيضًا ديانات مثل الهندوس و المسلمون و البوذيون . ينحدر معظم السكان من أصل أفريقي وهناك أقلية مختلطة الأعراق؛[مطلوب توضيح]أحفاد المستوطنين الأوروبيين الأوائل.
اقتصاد
يعتمد اقتصاد رودريگس في الغالب على موريشيوس. المصادر الرئيسية للدخل والنشاط الاقتصادي هي السياحة وصيد الأسماك والزراعة (خاصة البصل والثوم والفلفل الحار) وتربية الحيوانات. أثبتت صناعة الحرف اليدوية أنها مفيدة لاقتصاد الجزيرة. ومع ذلك، فإن الدخل الناتج عن تصدير المنتجات البحرية والماشية والمحاصيل الغذائية أقل من تكاليف المنتجات المستوردة، مما يؤدي إلى حدوث عجز.
انظر أيضا
ملاحظات
الهامش
- ^ أ ب ت "Geography − location". Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
- ^ Ministry of Finance & Economic Development (1 July 2014). "Population and Vital Statistics Jan-June 2014" (PDF). Government of Mauritius: n/a. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Article 49 of The Constitution". National Assembly of Mauritius. Archived from the original on 23 ديسمبر 2014. Retrieved 1 نوفمبر 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ أ ب Ministry of Finance & Economic Development (2012). "ANNUAL DIGEST OF STATISTICS 2012" (PDF). 31 December. Government of Mauritius: 19. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةinfo - ^ "The Arabs". Encyclopædia Mauritiana. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ "Mauritius". www.worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. British Battles and Medals. p. 30. Published Spink, London. 1988.ISBN 0907605257
- ^ "How Krakatoa made the biggest bang — Science — News". The Independent. 3 May 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ Slocum, Joshua (1901). Sailing Alone Around the World. New York: The Century Co. p. 225. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ "Cry Freedom: Rodrigues Island: Case for Self-Determination | Pambazuka News". www.pambazuka.org (in الإنجليزية). 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
- ^ "Geography − Overview". Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 10 March 2012.[dead link]
- ^ "Meteorological Services − Monthly Bulletin of Climatological Summaries" (PDF). May 2008. Mauritius Meteorological Services. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ "Overview of the Biodiversity of Rodrigues" (PDF). Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 10 March 2012.[dead link]
- ^ "Hydrology of Rodrigues and Agalega" (PDF). Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 10 March 2012.[dead link]
- ^ "Convention on Biological Diversity – Third National Report for the Republic of Mauritius, Section 5.2.1, p. 26" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit in collaboration with the UNEP/GEF. October 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
- ^ أ ب "Climate of Rodrigues & other outer islands". Mauritius Meteorological Services. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- ^ Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. "Fourth National Report on the Convention on Biological Diversity – Republic of Mauritius" (PDF). August 2010. Convention on Biological Diversity. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
- ^ "Welcome to the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) - In The Field - Rodrigues - Anse Quitor". www.mauritian-wildlife.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ "Welcome to the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) - In The Field - Rodrigues - Plant". www.mauritian-wildlife.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ "List of localities within each zone defined for Rodrigues". Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
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