المعرفة

برنامج الاعتقال والترحيل التابع للمخابرات المركزية الأمريكية

Extraordinary rendition, also called irregular rendition or forced rendition, is the government-sponsored abduction and extrajudicial transfer of a person from one country to another with the purpose of circumventing the former country's laws on interrogation, detention and torture. Such renditions have predominantly been carried out by the الولايات المتحدة government, with the consent of the other countries involved.[1][2][3]

في أعقاب أحداث 11 سبتمبر 2001 ، بدأت وكالة المخابرات المركزية الأمريكية (سي آي إيه) برنامجًا سريًا للاحتجاز، يُحتجز بموجبه مشتبهين في سجون تابعة لوكالة المخابرات المركزية ، المعروفة أيضًا باسم "المواقع السوداء" موجودة خارج الولايات المتحدة ، حيث تعرضوا لأساليب استجواب تشمل التعذيب وغيره من الإساءات. في نفس الوقت تقريباً ، اكتسبت وكالة المخابرات المركزية سلطة واسعة النطاق للانخراط في "التسليم الاستثنائي" ، الذي تم تعريفه هنا على أنه نقل للمعتقلين - دون إجراءات قانونية - إلى معتقلات حكومة أجنبية لأغراض الاحتجاز والاستجواب. وقد تم تصنيف برنامج الاحتجاز وبرنامج التسليم الاستثنائي بدرجة عالية خارج الولايات المتحدة ، وتم تصميم برنامج الإعتقال و الترحيل الإستثنائي لاستجواب المحتجزين خارج نطاق القانون. كان التعذيب علامة مميزة لكليهما. استلزم البرنامجان اختطاف واختفاء المعتقلين ونقلهم خارج نطاق القانون على متن رحلات جوية سرية إلى مواقع غير معلنة في جميع أنحاء العالم ، متبوعة باحتجازهم بمعزل عن العالم الخارجي والاستجواب والتعذيب وسوء المعاملة. احتضنت إدارة الرئيس جورج دبليو بوش ما يسمى ب "الجانب المظلم" ، وهو نموذج جديد لمكافحة الإرهاب مع القليل من الاهتمام بالقيود القانونية المفروضة محليا ودوليا . [4]


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Reported methodology

Media reports describe suspects as being arrested, blindfolded, shackled, and sedated, or otherwise kidnapped, and transported by private jet or other means to the destination country.[5] The reports also say that the rendering countries have provided interrogators with lists of questions.


Airline flights

للمزيد من المعلومات: Rendition aircraft
 
Boeing 737-700 of PETS in Frankfurt, Germany on 11 January 2003.

On 4 October 2001, a secret arrangement was made in Brussels by all members of NATO. Lord George Robertson, British defense secretary and later NATO's secretary-general, would later explain NATO members agreed to provide "blanket overflight clearances for the United States and other allies' aircraft for military flights related to operations against terrorism."[6]

"Black sites"

In 2005, The Washington Post and Human Rights Watch (HRW) published revelations concerning CIA flights and "black sites", covert prisons operated by the CIA and whose existence is denied by the US government. The European Parliament published a report in February 2007 concerning the use of such secret detention centers and extraordinary rendition (See below). These detention centers violate the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the UN Convention Against Torture, treaties that all EU member states are bound to follow.[7][8][9]


Example cases

Khaled Masri case

المقالة الرئيسية: Khaled El-Masri

Khalid El-Masri (also Khaled El-Masri[10] and Khaled Masri,[11] Levantine Arabic pronunciation: [ˈxaːlɪd elˈmɑsˤɾi, -ˈmɑsˤɾe], العربية: خالد المصري‎) (born 29 June 1963) is a German citizen who was mistakenly abducted by the Macedonian police, and handed over to the U.S. CIA. While in CIA custody, he was flown to Afghanistan, where he was allegedly held in a black site, interrogated, beaten, strip-searched, sodomized, and subjected to other inhuman and degrading treatment, which at times escalated to torture, though none of those claims can be verified.[12][13][14][15][16] After El-Masri held hunger strikes, and was detained for four months in the "Salt Pit", the CIA finally admitted his arrest and torture were a mistake and released him.[17] He is believed to be among an estimated 3,000 detainees whom the CIA has abducted from 2001–2005.[11]

Abu Omar case

المقالة الرئيسية: The Imam Rapito affair

Majid Mahmud Abdu Ahmad case

المقالة الرئيسية: Majid Mahmud Abdu Ahmad


Muhammad Bashmila case

Muhammad Bashmila, a former secret prisoner, now free in Yemen, gave an interview to the BBC Newsnight programme, where he spoke of being transferred from Afghanistan to a detention center where it was cold, where the food appeared European and where evening prayers were held. Somewhere in Eastern Europe is suspected. This claim cannot be confirmed.[18]

Maher Arar case

المقالة الرئيسية: Maher Arar

Mohamed et al. v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.

المقالة الرئيسية: Mohamed et al. v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.

Other cases

This is a non-exhaustive list of some alleged examples of extraordinary rendition. Most cannot be confirmed.


Other countries

CIA participating countries

According to a report by the Open Society Foundations, 54 countries participated at one point or another with the CIA's extraordinary rendition program:[19]

  1. Afghanistan
  2. Albania
  3. Algeria
  4. Australia
  5. Austria
  6. Azerbaijan
  7. Belgium
  8. Bosnia-Herzegovina
  9. Canada
  10. Croatia
  11. Cyprus
  12. Czech Republic
  13. Denmark
  14. Djibouti
  15. Egypt
  16. Ethiopia
  17. Finland
  18. Gambia
  19. Georgia
  20. Germany
  21. Greece
  22. Hong Kong
  23. Iceland
  24. Indonesia
  25. Iran
  26. Ireland
  27. Italy
  28. Jordan
  29. Kenya
  30. Libya
  31. Lithuania
  32. Macedonia
  33. Malawi
  34. Malaysia
  35. Mauritania
  36. Morocco
  37. Pakistan
  38. Poland
  39. Portugal
  40. Romania
  41. Saudi Arabia
  42. Somalia
  43. South Africa
  44. Spain
  45. Sri Lanka
  46. Sweden
  47. Syria
  48. تايلند
  49. إيطاليا
  50. United Arab Emirates
  51. United Kingdom
  52. Uzbekistan
  53. Yemen
  54. Zimbabwe


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Countries that conduct own rendition

Saudi Arabia

China

China abducts its citizens from e.g. Hong Kong or Australia, within its program of repatriating more than 3,000 people "who had escaped overseas"[20].

Czech Socialist Republic

See e.g. Bohumil Laušman

Turkey

انظر أيضاً

Bibliography

  • Grey, Stephen (2006). Ghost Plane: The True Story of the CIA Torture Program. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-36023-1.
  • Thompson, A. C., and Trevor Paglen (2006). Torture Taxi: On the Trail of the CIA's Rendition Flights. Hoboken, New Jersey: Melville House. ISBN 1-933633-09-3.
  • Paglen, Trevor (2010) Blank Spots on the Map: The Dark Geography of the Pentagon's Secret World. New York: Duton. ISBN 978-0-451-22916-8

Notes

  1. ^ Max Fisher (5 February 2013). "A staggering map of the 54 countries that reportedly participated in the CIA's rendition program". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  2. ^ Cobain, Ian; Ball, James (22 May 2013). "New light shed on US government's extraordinary rendition programme" – via The Guardian.
  3. ^ Ackerman, Spencer (28 March 2016). "CIA photographed detainees naked before sending them to be tortured" – via The Guardian.
  4. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130228101538/http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org:80/sites/default/files/globalizing-torture-20120205.pdf
  5. ^ Suspect's tale of travel and torture, Stephen Grey and Ian Cobain, The Guardian, 2 August 2005. "He says he was flown on what he believes was a US aircraft to Morocco, while shackled, blindfolded and wearing earphones"
  6. ^ Grey, Stephen (25 November 2007). "Flight logs reveal secret rendition". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
  7. ^ Whitlock, Craig (17 November 2005). "Europeans Probe Secret CIA Flights". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 December 2005.
  8. ^ "EU to look into 'secret US jails'". BBC News. 3 November 2005. Retrieved 18 December 2005.
  9. ^ Whitlock, Craig (4 November 2005). "U.S. Faces Scrutiny Over Secret Prisons". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 December 2005.
  10. ^ "Extraordinary Rendition – Khaled El-Masri – Statement", American Civil Liberties Union, 12 June 2005
  11. ^ أ ب Priest, Dana (4 December 2005). "Wrongful Imprisonment: Anatomy of a CIA Mistake". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  12. ^ – (para. 205) El Masri v. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
  13. ^ "Protokoll Befragung Bundesinnenminister a.D. Otto Schily zur Entfuehrung von Khaled El Masri durch den CIA, 2006".[dead link]
  14. ^ ACLU. "ACLU petition 2006" (PDF).
  15. ^ (para 151) El Masri v. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
  16. ^ "HUDOC – European Court of Human Rights". Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  17. ^ Markon, Jerry (19 May 2006). "Lawsuit Against CIA is Dismissed". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
  18. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة BBC_NOL_2006-06-07
  19. ^ "Globalizing Torture: CIA Secret Detention and Extraordinary Rendition".
  20. ^ "Intelligence officials fear China's global 'kidnapping' program has reached America". theweek.com. 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
خطأ استشهاد: الوسم <ref> ذو الاسم "NYT-17-Feb-2009" المُعرّف في <references> غير مستخدم في النص السابق.

External links

قالب:CIAPrisons

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