انتفاضة إليندن-پريوبراژنيه
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انتفاضة إليندن-پريوبراژنيه أو ببساطة انتفاضة إليندن في أغسطس 1903 (بالبلغارية: Илинденско-Преображенско въстание، Ilindensko-Preobražensko vǎstanie؛ مقدونية: Илинденско востание, Ilindensko vostanie؛ باليونانية: Εξέγερση του Ίλιντεν، Eksegersi tou Ilinden)، كانت ثورة منظمة ضد الدولة العثمانية، التي أعدت لها وقامت بها المنظمة الثورية المقدونية الداخلية.[4] اسم الانتفاضة يشير إلى إليندن (بالأبجدية السيريلية: Илинден)، الاسم البلغاري والمقدوني ل يوم إيليا و يشير أيضاً إلى Preobrazhenie (بالأبجدية السيريلية: Преображение)، والتي تعني التجلي.
التمرد في منطقة مقدونيا طال معظم الأجزاء الوسطى والجنوب غربية من ولاية مناستير ومعظم دعمه كان من الفلاحين البلغار المحليين[5][6] وإلى حدٍ ما من السكان الأرومان في المنطقة. وثمة حكومة مؤقتة تأسست في بلدة كروشيڤو (إلى الغرب من پريلپ)، حيث أعلن الثوار جمهورية كروشيڤو تحت رئاسة المعلم المدرسي نيكولا كاريڤ، الذي أطيح به بعد عشرة أيام، في 12 أغسطس.[7] وفي 19 أغسطس، اشتعلت انتفاضة ذات صلة نظمها الفلاحون البلغار في ولاية أدريانوپل والتي أدت إلى تحرير مساحة كبيرة في جبال سترانجا بالقرب من ساحل البحر الأسود، وخلق حكومة مؤقتة في ڤاسيليكو، جمهورية سترانجا. وقد بقيت تلك الحكومة على قيد الحياة لعشرين يوماً قبل أن يخمدها الأتراك.[7]
وبمجرد بدء التمرد، ألقى العثمانيون القبض على، أو قتلوا، معظم قادته البارزين المحتملين، ومنهم إيڤان گارڤانوڤ و گوتسى دلچيڤ، وبذلك سحقوا الجهد الثوري في أقل من شهرين. تمكن الناجون من إبقاء حرب عصابات ضد الأتراك لبضع سنين بعد ذلك، ولكن أثر الانتفاضة الأكبر كان في إستمالة القوى الأوروپية لمحاولة إقناع السلطان العثماني بوجوب اتخاذه موقفاً أكثر تصالحية تجاه رعاياه المسيحيين في أوروبا.
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انتفاضة إليندن
انتفاضة پريوبراژنيه
الأعقاب
التاريخ اللاحق
The Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 subsequently split up Macedonia and Thrace. Serbia took the major portion of Slavic Macedonia, in the north, which roughly corresponds to the Republic of Macedonia. Greece took Aegean Macedonia in the south, and Bulgaria was only able to obtain a small region in the northeast: Pirin Macedonia.[11] The Ottomans managed to keep the Edirne region, where the whole Thracian Bulgarian population was put to total ethnic cleansing by the Ottoman Empire.[12] The rest of Thrace was divided between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey following World War I and the Greco-Turkish War. Most of the local Bulgarian political and cultural figures were persecuted or expelled from Serbian and Greek parts of Macedonia and Thrace, where all structures of the Bulgarian Exarchate were abolished. Thousands of Macedonian Slavs left for Bulgaria, joining a still larger stream from devastated Aegean Macedonia, where the Greeks burned Kilkis, the center of Bulgarian politics and culture, as well as much of Serres and Drama, Greece. Bulgarian (including the Macedonian Slavic dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.[13] Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization supported the Bulgarian army during the Balkan Wars and World War I. After the post-World War I Treaty of Neuilly, the combined Macedonian-Adrianopolitan revolutionary movement separated into two detached organizations: Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation and Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation and continued its struggle against Serbian and Greek regimes in the following period to 1934.
الذكرى
جدل
التكريم
قمة إليندن في جزيرة گرينتش في جزر شتلاند الجنوبية، أنتارتيكا مسماة على اسم الانتفاضة.
انظر أيضاً
- Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
- Ohrid-Debar Uprising
- Tikvesh Uprising
- Kresna-Razlog Uprising
الهامش
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Македония и Одринско 1893–1903. Мемоар на Вътрешната организация. [Macedonia and Adrianople Region 1893–1903. A Memoir of the Internal Organization.] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization. 1904.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ أ ب ت ث Perry, Duncan (1988). The Politics of Terror. The Macedonian Revolutionary Movements, 1893–1903. Durham and London: Duke University Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-8223-0813-4.
- ^ أ ب Adanir, Fikret (1979). Die Makedonische Frage. Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis 1908 [The Macedonian Question. Its Genesis and Development Until 1908]. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-02914-1.
- ^ The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920, C. & B. Jelavich, 1977, pp 211–212
- ^ FIFTY YEARS IN CONSTANTINOPLEAND RECOLLECTIONS OF ROBERT COLLEGE. p. 286:
"... the revolution planned by the Macedonian committee, not only in Macedonia, but in the province of Adrianople. The insurgents were Macedonian Bulgarians, ..."
- ^ The Sydney Morning Herald. page 9.
... refugees from Krushevo to sign a declaration to the effect that the outrages committed at Krushevo were the work of Macedonians, whereas the evidence showed that tho Turks plundered the houses of the richer Greeks, but spared the Bulgarian quarter, fearing that its houses were undermined, and because the valuable property they had contained..
- ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةKhadziev1992 - ^ National military history museum of Bulgaria, fond 260
- ^ Who are the Macedonians by Hugh Poulton - p. 57. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Letter No. 534 from the General Staff of the Second Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Region to the Bulgarian Government on the position of the insurgent Bulgarian population, requesting military intervention from Bulgaria, September 9th, 1903, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History, Bulgarian Language Institute, "Macedonia. Documents and materials", Sofia, 1978, part III, No.92: "To the Esteemed Government of the Principality of Bulgaria. In view of the critical and terrible situation of the Bulgarian population of the Monastir Vilayet following the devastations and cruelties perpetrated by the Turkish troops and bashibazouks, in view of the fact that these devastations and cruelties continue systematically, and that one cannot foresee how far they will reach; in view, furthermore, of the fact that here everything Bulgarian is running the risk of perishing and being obliterated without a trace by violence, hunger and by approaching poverty, the General Staff considers it its duty to draw the attention of the Esteemed Bulgarian Government to the fatal consequences for the Bulgarian nation, if it fails to discharge its duty to its own brothers here in an impressive and energetic manner, made imperative by force of circumstances and by the danger threatening the common Bulgarian homeland at the present moment ..."
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةJelavich1977 - ^ Academician Lyubomir Miletich, "The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, State printing house, 1918. On-line publication of the phototype reprint of the first edition of the book in Bulgarian (in Bulgarian "Разорението на тракийските българи през 1913 година", Българска академия на науките, София, Държавна печатница, 1918 г.; II фототипно издание, Културно-просветен клуб "Тракия" - София, 1989 г., София).
- ^ "The immediate effect of the partition was the anti-Bulgarian campaign in areas under Serbian and Greek rule. The Serbians expelled Exarchist churchmen and teachers and closed Bulgarian schools and churches (affecting the standing of as many as 641 schools and 761 churches). Thousands of Macedonian Slavs left for Bulgaria, joining a still larger stream from devastated Aegean Macedonia, where the Greeks burned Kukush, the center of Bulgarian politics and culture, as well as much of Serres and Drama. Bulgarian (including the Macedonian Slavic dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.", Ivo Banac, in The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics, pp. 307–328, Cornell University Press, 1984, retrieved on September 6, 2007.
المصادر
- The English daily newspaper "Times", issues about the Ilinden uprising in August, 1903
- Twenty-four letters from Macedonia - 1903, John MacDonald[dead link]
- Durham, Edith. (1905). The Burden of the Balkans
- Brailsford, Henry Noel (1906) Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future. London: Methuen & Co (Brailsford's photographs)
- Pozzi, Henry. (1935). Black hand over Europe. F. Mott and Co., London (for online version of relevant pages, click here)
- Jelavich, Charles and Jelavich, Barbara (October 1977), The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920, History of Central Europe, Seattle: University of Washington Press, ISBN 0-295-95444-2
- MacDermott, Mercia. (1978). Freedom or Death — the life of Gotse Delchev. London: Journeyman Press
- Jelavich, Barbara (1983-07-29), History of the Balkans, Cambridge University Press
- Banac, Ivo (1984), The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-9493-2 (for online version of relevant pages, click here)
- Poulton, Hugh. (1995). Who are the Macedonians? C.Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London
- Gilbert, Martin (1997), "1903", A History of the Twentieth Century, Volume One: 1900–1933, New York: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-688-10064-3
- Prof. Dimitar Gotsev: Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 - Ideals and Heroism Dedicated to the 105th anniversary from the events