وليام طومسون، لورد كلڤن

هذا المقال هو عن Lord Kelvin. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر Kelvin (disambiguation).

وليام طومسون، لورد كلڤن (26 يناير 1824 - 17 ديسمبر 1907) هو فيزيائي ومهندس اسكتلندي ولد في إيرلندا الشمالية بإسم وليام طومسون وهو مؤسس الفيزياء الحديثة. ولقد أطلق اسمه على وحدة قياس الحرارة المعادلة لدرجة (1) مئوي وهي الكلفن. ولقد حسب كلفن أن هذه الدرجة هي أخفض درجة يمكن أن تصل إليها المادة وسميت هذه الدرجة بالصفر المطلق وسمي المقياس بالمقياس المطلق أو مقياس كلفن.

المبجل وليام طومسون، لورد كلڤن OM, GCVO, PC, PRS, PRSE
وُلِدَ	(1824-06-26)26 يونيو 1824 بلفاست، ايرلندا
توفي	17 ديسمبر 1907(1907-12-17) (aged 83) Largs, اسكتلندة
الجنسية	بريطاني
المدرسة الأم	Royal Belfast Academical Institution جامعة گلاسگو پيترهاوس، كمبردج
اللقب	Joule–Thomson effect Thomson effect (thermoelectric) Mirror galvanometer Siphon recorder Kelvin material Kelvin water dropper Kelvin wave Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism Kelvin–Helmholtz luminosity Kelvin transform Absolute Zero Kelvin's circulation theorem Stokes' Theorem Kelvin bridge Kelvin sensing Kelvin equation Kelvin-Varley divider Magnetoresistance Coining the term 'kinetic energy'
الجوائز	Smith's Prize Royal Medal وسام كوپلي
السيرة العلمية
الهيئات	جامعة گلاسگو
المشرفون الأكاديميون	William Hopkins
أبرز الطلاب	William Edward Ayrton William Murray Morrison
أثـَّر عليه	John Pringle Nichol همفري ديڤي يوليوس روبرت فون ماير Henri Victor Regnault
أثـّر على	Andrew Gray
التوقيع
ملاحظات
It is believed the "PNP" in his signature stands for "Professor of Natural Philosophy." Note that Kelvin also wrote under the pseudonym "P. Q. R."

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 حياته المبكرة وعمله

 عائلته

Thomson family tree: James Thomson (mathematician), James Thomson (engineer), and William Thomson, were all professors at Glasgow University; the later two, through their association with William Rankine, another Glasgow professor, worked to form one of the founding schools thermodynamics.

 كمبردج

Lord Kelvin by Hubert von Herkomer

 كابل عبر الأطلسي

 الحسابات على معدل البيانات

To understand the technical issues in which Thomson became involved, see Submarine communications cable: Bandwidth problems.

 البحرية

Thomson's tide-predicting machine

 عمر الأرض: الجيولوجيا واللاهوت

Statue of Lord Kelvin; Belfast Botanic Gardens.

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 أعمال أخرى

مجموعة متنوعة من الظواهر الفيزيائية والمفاهيم ترتبط بطومسون تحت اسم "كلڤن

• Kelvin material
• Kelvin water dropper
• Kelvin wave
• Kelvin–Helmholtz instability
• Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
• Kelvin–Helmholtz luminosity
• The SI unit of temperature, kelvin
• Kelvin transform in potential theory
• Kelvin's circulation theorem
• Kelvin bridge (also known as Thomson bridge)
• Kelvin–Stokes theorem
• Kelvin–Varley divider
• Kelvin sensing
• Kelvin functions

 التكريمات

نصب تذكاري لوليام طومسون، 1st Baron Kelvin in Kelvingrove Park بالقرب من جامعة گلاسگو

• زميل الجمعية الملكية في إدنبره، 1847.
• عضو أجنبي في أكاديمية العلوم السويدية الملكية، 1851
  • وسام كيث، 1864.
  • Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize, 1887.
  • رئيس، 1873–1878, 1886–1890, 1895–1907.
• زميل الجمعية الملكية، 1851.
  • وسام ملكي، 1856.
  • وسام كوپلي، 1883.
  • رئيس، 1890–1895.
• Hon. Member of the Royal College of Preceptors (College of Teachers), 1858.
• Knighted 1866.
• Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (البرازيل)، 1873.
• قائد جوقة الشرف (فرنسا)، 1881.
  • موظف كبير في وسام جوقة الشرف، 1889..
• Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, 1884.
• قائد Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1890.
• Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr, 1892. The title derives from the River Kelvin, which runs by the grounds of the University of Glasgow. His title died with him, as he was survived by neither heirs nor close relations.
• فارس الصليب الأكبر للرتبة الفيكتورية، 1896.
• واحد من أوائل أعضاءوسام الاستحقاق، 1902.
• مستشار الملكة، 1902.
• First international recipient of John Fritz Medal, 1905.
• Order of the First Class of the Sacred Treasure of Japan, 1901.
• دفن في كنيسة وستمنستر، لندن بجانب إسحق نيوتن.
• Lord Kelvin was commemorated on the £20 note issued by the Clydesdale Bank in 1971; in the current issue of banknotes, his image appears on the bank's £100 note. He is shown holding his adjustable compass and in the background is a map of the transatlantic cable.
• بلدة كلڤن أريزونا، سميت تكريما له، as he was reputedly a large investor in the mining operations there.
• In 2011 he was one of seven inaugural inductees to the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame.

 انظر أيضا

• Kelvin sensing
• Kelvin equation
• Weaire–Phelan structure for a solution to the Kelvin problem regarding partitioning space.

 المصادر

 أعمال كلڤن

• Thomson, W.; Tait, P.G. (1867). Treatise on Natural Philosophy. Oxford. 2nd edition, 1883. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-108-00537-1)
• Thomson, W.; Tait, P.G (1872). Elements of Natural Philosophy. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help) (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01448-9) 2nd edition, 1879.
• Thomson, W. (1882–1911). Mathematical and Physical Papers. (6 vols) Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05474-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Thomson, W. (1904). Baltimore Lectures on Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help) (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-00767-2)
• Thomson, W. (1912). Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering. Cambridge University Press. ISBN B0000EFOL8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Wilson, D.B. (ed.) (1990). The Correspondence Between Sir George Gabriel Stokes and Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. (2 vols), Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32831-4. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
• Hörz, H. (2000). Naturphilosophie als Heuristik?: Korrespondenz zwischen Hermann von Helmholtz und Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). Basilisken-Presse. ISBN 3-925347-56-9.

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 السيرة الذاتية، والتاريخ الفكري والنقد

• Buchwald, J.Z. (1977). "William Thomson and the mathematization of Faraday's electrostatics". Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. 8: 101–136.
• Burchfield, J.D. (1990). Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-08043-9.
• Cardoso Dias, D.M. (1996). "William Thomson and the Heritage of Caloric". Annals of Science. 53 (5): 511–520. doi:10.1080/00033799600200361.
• Chang, H. (2004). Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517127-6.
• Gooding, D. (1980). "Faraday, Thomson, and the concept of the magnetic field". British Journal of the History of Science. 13 (2): 91–120. doi:10.1017/S0007087400017726.
• Gossick, B.R. (1976). "Heaviside and Kelvin: a study in contrasts". Annals of Science. 33 (3): 275–287. doi:10.1080/00033797600200561.
• Gray, A. (1908). Lord Kelvin: An Account of His Scientific Life and Work. London: J. M. Dent & Co.
• Green, G. & Lloyd, J.T. (1970). Kelvin's instruments and the Kelvin Museum. Glasgow: University of Glasgow. ISBN 0-85261-016-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kargon, R.H. & Achinstein, P. (eds.) (1987). Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics; Historical and Philosophical Perspectives. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-11117-9. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• King, A.G. (1925). Kelvin the Man. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
• King, E.T. (1909). Lord Kelvin's Early Home. London: Macmillan.
• Knudsen, O. (1972). "From Lord Kelvin's notebook: aether speculations". Centaurus. 16: 41–53. Bibcode:1972Cent...16...41K. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1972.tb00164.x.
• Lindley, D. (2004). Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Genius, Invention and Tragedy. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-09073-3.
• McCartney, M. & Whitaker, A. (eds) (2002). Physicists of Ireland: Passion and Precision. Institute of Physics Publishing. ISBN 0-7503-0866-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• May, W.E. (1979). "Lord Kelvin and his compass". Journal of Navigation. 32: 122–134. doi:10.1017/S037346330003318X.
• Munro, J. (1891). Heroes of the Telegraph. London: Religious Tract Society.
• Murray, D. (1924). Lord Kelvin as Professor in the Old College of Glasgow. Glasgow: Maclehose & Jackson.
• Russell, A. (1908). Lord Kelvin. London: Blackie.
• Sharlin, H.I. (1979). Lord Kelvin: The Dynamic Victorian. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-00203-4.
• Smith, C. & Wise, M.N. (1989). Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26173-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Thompson, S.P. (1910). Life of William Thomson: Baron Kelvin of Largs. London: Macmillan.
• Tunbridge, P. (1992). Lord Kelvin: His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units. Peter Peregrinus: London. ISBN 0-86341-237-8.
• Wilson, D. (1910). William Thomson, Lord Kelvin: His Way of Teaching. Glasgow: John Smith & Son.
• Wilson, D.B. (1987). Kelvin and Stokes: A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics. Bristol: Hilger. ISBN 0-85274-526-5.

 وصلات خارجية

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

وليام طومسون، لورد كلڤن

• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "وليام طومسون، لورد كلڤن", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• Heroes of the Telegraph at Project Gutenberg
• "Horses on Mars", from Lord Kelvin
• William Thomson: king of Victorian physics at Institute of Physics website
• Measuring the Absolute: William Thomson and Temperature, Hasok Chang and Sang Wook Yi (PDF file)
• Mathematical and physical papers. Volume I (PDF copy from gallica.bnf.fr)
• Mathematical and physical papers. Volume II (gallica)
• Mathematical and physical papers. Volume III (gallica)
• Mathematical and physical papers. Volume V (Internet Archive)
• Reprint of papers on electrostatics and magnetism (gallica)
• Elements of natural philosophy: Part I (gallica)
• Treatise on natural philosophy (Volume 1) (Internet Archive)
• Treatise on natural philosophy (Volume 2) (Internet Archive)
• The molecular tactics of a crystal (Internet Archive)
• Baltimore lectures on molecular dynamics and the wave theory of light (Internet Archive)
• Quotations. This collection includes sources for many quotes.
• Kelvin Building Opening – The Leys School, Cambridge (1893)
• William Thomson

مناصب أكاديمية
سبقه The Earl of Stair	Chancellor of the University of Glasgow 1904–1907	تبعه The Earl of Rosebery
Peerage of the United Kingdom
منصب مستحدث	Baron Kelvin 1892–1907	{{{reason}}}