معمل أبحاث البحرية الأمريكية

Coordinates: 38°49′26″N 77°01′21″W / 38.82389°N 77.02250°W / 38.82389; -77.02250
(تم التحويل من United States Naval Research Laboratory)
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
Clockwise from the top: Aerial view of NRL, Pharos III laser, Payload Checkout Facility, Building 43, Starshine 3 Satellite
تأسست1923 (1923)
Research typeBasic and Applied Research
الميزانية$1.1 billion[1]
مجال البحث
DirectorDr. Bruce Danly
Staff2,538 civilian
86 military (2015)
الموقعWashington, D.C.، United States
38°49′21″N 77°01′30″W / 38.82250°N 77.02500°W / 38.82250; -77.02500
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
نشطة1923–present
البلد الولايات المتحدة
الفرع الولايات المتحدة
 الولايات المتحدة
النوعResearch
الموقع الإلكترونيnrl.navy.mil
القادة
Commanding Officer (CO)CAPT Randy C. Cruz
Director of ResearchDr. Bruce Danly
Executive Officer (XO)CAPT Sarah B. Rice
Naval Research Laboratory seal

معمل أبحاث البحرية الأمريكية (بالإنجليزية: United States Naval Research Laboratory ؛ NRL) هو مركز أبحاث القوات البحرية للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية لأغراض البحث العلمي والتطوير في مجال خدمة البحرية الأمريكية وقوات البحرية. افتتح المعمل عام 1923 بتأييد من توماس إديسون. ففي مايو عام 1915 نشرت صحيفة مجلة نيويرك تايمز ما كتبه إديسون، " أن على الحكومة إنشاء مركز كبير للأبحاث.. حيث فيه يمكن تطوير كل أنواع العتاد الحربي للجيش وللبحرية وتقدمها بدون تكلفة كبيرة." [2]

وفي عام 1946 وبعد إنشاء مؤسسة تسمى إدارة أبحاث البحرية وضعت تحت إدارة رئيس أبحاث البحرية. وحاليا بعد أن أنشأت عام 1992 وقامت البحرية الأمريكية بدعم أجهزة أبحاثها وقدرتها على التطوير أصبحت معملا متكامل. ووصلت ميزانية المعمل 1.2 مليار دولار عام 2008 .[3]

معمل أبحاث البحرية الأمريكية على نهر بوتوماك، واشنطن العاصمة.

الأبحاث

Part of the Naval Research Laboratory main campus in Washington, D.C. The prominent dish antenna is often used as a symbol of the laboratory.

The Naval Research Laboratory conducts a wide variety of basic research and applied research relevant to the US Navy. NRL scientists and engineers author[when?] over 1200 openly published research papers in a wide range of conferences, symposia, and journals each year.

It has a history of scientific breakthroughs and technological achievements dating back to its foundation in 1923.[4] In some instances the laboratory's contributions to military technology have been declassified decades after those technologies have become widely adopted.

In 2011, NRL researchers published 1,398 unclassified scientific and technical articles, book chapters and conference proceedings.[5] In 2008, the NRL was ranked No. 3 among all U.S. institutions holding nanotechnology-related patents, behind IBM and the University of California.[6]

Current areas of research at NRL include, for example:[5]

In 2014, the NRL was researching: armor for munitions in transport, high-powered lasers, remote explosives detection, spintronics, the dynamics of explosive gas mixtures, electromagnetic railgun technology, detection of hidden nuclear materials, graphene devices, high-power extremely high frequency (35–220 GHz) amplifiers, acoustic lensing, information-rich orbital coastline mapping, arctic weather forecasting, global aerosol analysis & prediction, high-density plasmas, millisecond pulsars, broadband laser data links, virtual mission operation centers, battery technology, photonic crystals, carbon nanotube electronics, electronic sensors, mechanical nano-resonators, solid-state chemical sensors, organic opto-electronics, neural-electronic interfaces and self-assembling nanostructures.[5][7]

The laboratory includes a range of R&D facilities. 2014 additions included the NRL Nanoscience Institute's 5،000 sq ft (460 m2) Class 100 nanofabrication cleanroom;[8][9] quiet and ultra-quiet measurement labs;[10] and the Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research (LASR).[11]

الإنجازات البارزة

16-foot thermal vacuum chamber in the Payload Checkout Facility at the Naval Research Laboratory.

علوم الفضاء

The Naval Research Laboratory has a long history of spacecraft development. This includes the second, fifth and seventh American satellites in Earth orbit, the first solar-powered satellite, the first surveillance satellite, the first meteorological satellite and the first GPS satellite. Project Vanguard, the first American satellite program, tasked NRL with the design, construction and launch of an artificial satellite, which was accomplished in 1958. اعتبارا من 2024, Vanguard I and its upper launch stage are still in orbit, making them the longest-lived man-made satellites. Vanguard II was the first satellite to observe the Earth's cloud cover and therefore the first meteorological satellite. NRL's Galactic Radiation and Background I (GRAB I) was the first U.S. intelligence satellite, mapping out Soviet radar networks from space. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was invented at NRL and tested by NRL's Timation series of satellites. The first operational GPS satellite, Timation IV (NTS-II) was designed and constructed at NRL.[12]

NRL pioneered the study of the sun Ultraviolet and X-Ray spectrum and continues to contribute to the field with satellites like Coriolis launched in 2003. NRL is also responsible for the Tactical Satellite Program with spacecraft launched in 2006, 2009 and 2011.

The NRL designed the first satellite tracking system, Minitrack, which became the prototype for future satellite tracking networks. Prior to the success of surveillance satellites, the iconic parabolic antenna atop NRL's main headquarters in Washington, D.C. was part of Communication Moon Relay, a project that utilized signals bounced off the Moon both for long-distance communications research and surveillance of internal Soviet transmissions during the Cold War.

NRL's spacecraft development program continues today with the TacSat-4 experimental tactical reconnaissance and communication satellite. In addition to spacecraft design, NRL designs and operates spaceborne research instruments and experiments, such as the Strontium Iodide Radiation Instrumentation (SIRI) and RAM Angle and Magnetic field sensor (RAMS) aboard STPSat-5,[13] the Wide-field Imager for Solar PRobe (WISPR) aboard the Parker Solar Probe, and the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment (LASCO)[14] aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (FGST) [formerly called Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)] was tested at NRL spacecraft testing facilities, and NRL built its calorimeter, a major subsystem.[15] NRL scientists have most recently contributed leading research to the study of novas[16][17] and gamma ray bursts.[18][19][20][21]

الأرصاد الجوية

NRL satellite image of hurricane Harvey just prior to landfall on the Texas coast, 2017.

The Marine Meteorology Division (Naval Research Lab–Monterey, NRL–MRY), located in Monterey, California, contributes to weather forecasting in the United States and around the world by publishing imagery from 18 weather satellites. Satellite images of severe weather (e.g. hurricanes and cyclones) that are used for advanced warning often originate from NRL–MRY, as seen in 2017 during Hurricane Harvey.[22] NRL is also involved in weather forecasting models such as the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model released in 2007.[23]

علم المواد

NRL has a long history of contributions to materials science, dating back to the use of Industrial radiography with gamma rays for the nondestructive inspection of metal casings and welds on Navy vessels beginning in the 1920s. Modern mechanical fracture mechanics were pioneered at NRL and were subsequently applied to solve fracture problems in Navy vessels, commercial aircraft and Polaris missiles. That knowledge is in widespread use today in applications ranging from design of nuclear reactors to aircraft, submarines and toxic material storage tanks.[4]

NRL developed the synthesis of high-purity GaAs crystals used in a myriad of modern high frequency transceivers including cellular phones, satellite communication systems, commercial and military radar systems including those aboard all US combat aircraft and ARM, Phoenix, AIM-9L and AMRAAM missiles. NRL's GaAs inventions were licensed by Rockwell, Westinghouse, Texas Instruments and Hughes Research.[24] High-purity GaAs is also used for high-efficiency solar cells like those aboard NASA's Spirit and Opportunity rovers currently on Mars.[25]

NRL discovered solar-wind hydrogen in Apollo lunar soil samples provided by a NASA-funded research mission.[26]

Fundamental aspects of stealth technology were developed at NRL, including the radar absorption mechanisms in ferrite-containing materials.[24] Metal bearing surface treatments using Cr ion implantation researched at NRL nearly tripled the service life of Navy turbine engine parts and was adopted for Army helicopter parts as well.[24] Fluorinated polyurethane coatings developed at NRL are used to line fuel storage tanks throughout the US Navy, reducing leakage and environmental and fuel contamination. The same polymer films are used in Los Angeles-class submarine radomes to repel water and enable radar operation soon after surfacing.[24]

Scientists at NRL frequently contribute theoretical and experimental research on novel materials,[27][28][29] particularly magnetic materials[30][31][32][33][34][35] and nanomaterials[36][37][38][39] and thermoplastic.[40]

الرادار

This building on NRL's main campus features prominent radomes on its roof

The first modern U.S. radar was invented and developed at NRL in Washington, DC in 1922. By 1939, NRL installed the first operational radar aboard the USS New York, in time for radar to contribute to naval victories of the Coral Sea, Midway and Guadalcanal. NRL then further developed over-the-horizon radar as well as radar data displays.[4] NRL's Radar Division[41] continues important research & development contributing to US Navy and US Department of Defense capabilities.

القتال الإلكتروني التكتيكي

NRL's Tactical Electronic Warfare (TEW) Division[42] is responsible for research and development in support of the Navy's tactical electronic warfare requirements and missions. These include electronic warfare support measures, electronic countermeasures, and supporting counter-countermeasures, as well as studies, analyses, and simulations for determining and improving the performance of Electronic Warfare systems. NRL TEW includes aerial, surface, and ground EW within its scope. NRL is responsible for the identification, friend or foe (IFF) system and a number of other advances.

أمن المعلومات

The Information Technology Division[43] features an information security R&D group, which is where the IETF's IP Security (IPsec) protocols were originally developed. The Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) protocol developed at NRL is widely used for virtual private network (VPN) connections worldwide. The projects developed by the laboratory often become mainstream applications without public awareness of the developer; an example in computer science is onion routing, the core principle of the anonymizing Tor software.

البحث النووي

Nuclear power research was initiated at NRL as early as 1939,[4] six years before the first atomic bomb, for the purpose of powering submarines. Uranium enrichment methods sponsored by NRL over the course of World War II were adopted by the Manhattan Project[44] and guided the design of Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Uranium enrichment plant. NRL is currently developing laser focusing techniques aimed at inertial confinement fusion technology.[45]

A technician at the NRL working on one of the three beam lines in the Pharos III laser facility.

العلوم الفيزيائية

The static discharger seen on trailing edges of virtually all modern aircraft was originally developed by NRL scientists during World War II. After the war, the laboratory developed modern synthetic lubricants[46][47] initially for use in the Navy's jet aircraft but subsequently adopted by the commercial jet industry.[4]

In the late 1960s, NRL researched low-temperature physics, achieving for the first time a temperature within one millionth of a degree of absolute zero in 1967. In 1985 two scientists at the laboratory, Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle, won the Nobel Prize for devising direct methods employing X-ray diffraction analysis in the determination of crystal structures.[48] Their methods form the basis for the computer packages used in pharmaceutical labs and research institutions worldwide for the analysis of more than 10,000 new substances each year.[49]

NRL has most recently published research on quantum computing,[50][51] quantum dots,[52] plasma shockwaves,[53] thermodynamics of liquids,[54] modeling of oil spills[55] and other topics.

NRL operates a small squadron of research aircraft termed Scientific Development Squadron (VXS) 1. Its missions include, for example, Rampant Lion, which used sophisticated airborne instrumentation (gravimeters, magnetometers and hyperspectral cameras) to collect precise 3D topography of two-thirds of Afghanistan and locate natural resources (underground gas and mineral deposits, vegetation types, etc.) there[56] and in Iraq and Colombia.[57]

علم الپلازما

The Division of Plasma Physics conducts research and development into ionized matter. NRL currently holds the world record for most energetic rail gun projectile (33 MJ، 9.2 kWh)[58] and fastest man-made projectile (2.24 million mph، 3.60 million km/h).[59]

الذكاء الاصطناعي

NRL established the Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence in 1981,[60] which conducts basic and applied research in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, autonomy, and human-centered computing. Among its achievements are advances in cognitive architectures, human-robot interaction, and machine learning.

التاريخ

مهماته أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية

وصل عدد العاملين في المعمل نحو 4400 بين عام 1941 و1946 وزادت ميزانيته من 7و1 مليون دولار إلى 7و13 مليون دولار أمريكي، كما زاد عدد المنشآت من 23 مبنى إلى67 وزاد عدد المشروعات في البحث العلمي من 200 إلى نحو 900. وأثناء الحرب كانت المجهودات العلمية موجهة إلى البحث التطبيقي. فابتكرت أجهزة إلكترونية مثل الراديو والرادار والسونار (قياس صدى الصوت في الماء). كما ابتكرت أجهزة مضادة لها . وابتكرت أنواع من الطلاء ،و شرائط موميضية وعلامات وميضية للإنقاذ في البحر. كما اختبرت طريقة التخلل الحراري لفصل النظائر، وقدمت بعض مستخرجاته من اليورانيوم-235 لبناء واحدة من القنابل الذرية الأولى. كما قام المعمل باختبارات على أجهزة تستعملها البحرية الأمريكية وقامت بتقييم جودتها.

أبحاث علمية أخرى

اهتم المعمل بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية بالبحث في مجال الأشعة السينية واشعة جاما. ونال أثنان من المعهد وهما هربرت هاوپتمان ويروم كارلي جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء عام 1985 عن انجازاتهما في دراسة تركيب الجزيئات.

وكثير من تطبيقات مشروعات هذا المعمل تستخدم مدة طويلة بدون العلم بانها من إنتاجة. ومثال على ذلك مايسمى أونيون روتينج Onion Routing.

المسبار كلمنتين إلى القمر عام 1993، قم معمل البحرية الأمريكية ببنائه.

كما يشترك المعمل في تهيئة نظام التموضع العالمي ويقوم ببناء أقمار صناعية مثل مسبار كلمنتين إلى القمر.

ويعمل المعمل حاليا من بين مايقوم به من أبحاث تطبيقية في فيزياء البلازما وخواص المواد والحرب الإلكترونية.

وصلات خارجية

اقرأ أيضا

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