تورستن ڤيزل

(تم التحويل من Torsten Wiesel)
Torsten Wiesel
Wiesel in 2010
7th President of Rockefeller University
في المنصب
1991–1998
سبقهDavid Baltimore
خلـَفهArnold J. Levine
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
Torsten Nils Wiesel

3 يونيو 1924 (العمر 102 سنة)
Uppsala, Sweden
الزوج
  • Teeri Stenhammar
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1956; div. 1970)​
  • Ann Yee
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1973; div. 1981)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1995; div. 2007)​
  • Lizette Mususa Reyes
    ​
    ​
    (m. 2008)​
الأنجال1
المدرسة الأمKarolinska Institute
عـُرِف بـVisual system
الجوائز
السيرة العلمية
الهيئات

تورستن نيلس ڤيزل Torsten Wiesel (و. 3 يونيو 1924) فسيولوجي سويدي حصل مع ديفيد هوبل في 1981 على جائزة نوبل في الفسيولوجيا أو الطب، لرسمهما خريطة لمسار النبضات العصبية من العين إلى مختلف المراكز في المخ. الجائزة تقاسماها مع روجر سپري لبحثه المستقل في نصفي كرة المخ.

في 1958، التحق هيوبل بڤيزل في جامعة جونز هوپكنز، ثم انتقلا معاً إلى جامعة هارڤرد في 1959. ولم يكن عملهما ليصبح ممكناً بدون عدد من الإنجازات التقنية. فمنذ مطلع الخمسينات أصبح ممكناً استخدام أقطاب كهربائية متناهية الصغر لمراقبة نشاط عصبون مفرد. دراساتهما كانت في مجال الإدراك البصري، وبتركيز خاص على النبضات العصبية التي تتوسط بين الشبكية والمخ. وقد لاحظا أن الخلايا العصبية المختلفة مسئولة عن أنواع مختلفة من المنبهات البصرية visual stimuli.

وفي 1978، حصل هيوبل وڤيزل على جائزة لويزا گروس هوريتس من جامعة كلومبيا.

البحث

The Hubel and Wiesel experiments greatly expanded the scientific knowledge of sensory processing. In one experiment, done in 1959, they inserted a microelectrode into the primary visual cortex of an anesthetized cat. They then projected patterns of light and dark on a screen in front of the cat. They found that some neurons fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle. They called these neurons "simple cells." Still other neurons, which they termed "complex cells," responded best to lines of a certain angle moving in one direction. These studies showed how the visual system builds an image from simple stimuli into more complex representations.[5]

Hubel and Wiesel were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981 for their work on ocular dominance columns in the 1960s and 1970s. By depriving kittens from using one eye, they showed that columns in the primary visual cortex receiving inputs from the other eye took over the areas that would normally receive input from the deprived eye. These kittens also did not develop areas receiving input from both eyes, a feature needed for binocular vision and stereopsis. Hubel and Wiesel's experiments showed that the ocular dominance develops irreversibly[التحقق مطلوب] early in childhood development. These studies opened the door for the understanding and treatment of childhood cataracts and strabismus. They were also important in the study of cortical plasticity.[5]

قائمة مختارة من الأوسمة والجوائز

Wiesel is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts,[6] and a foreign fellow of the Indian National Science Academy.[citation needed] He also holds the following awards and honors:

In 2001, Wiesel was nominated for a position on an advisory panel in the National Institutes of Health to advise on assisting research in developing countries. Republican Tommy Thompson, who at the time was Secretary of Health and Human Services, rejected Wiesel. In addition to Wiesel, Thompson's office rejected another 18 (out of 26) nominations and in return recommended other scientists that whistleblower Gerald Keusch described in an interview as "lightweights" with "no scientific credibility". When Wiesel's name was rejected, an official in Thompson's office told Keusch that Wiesel had "signed too many full-page letters in The New York Times critical of President Bush." This incident was cited by the advocacy group Union of Concerned Scientists as part of a report detailing their allegations of abuse of science under President George W. Bush's administration.[14][15]

Wiesel was among the eight 2005 recipients of the National Medal of Science.[13] In 2006, he was awarded the Ramon Y Cajal Gold Medal from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas). In 2007, both Wiesel and Hubel were awarded the Marshall M. Parks, MD Medal from The Children's Eye Foundation.

الحياة الشخصية

Wiesel is married to Lizette Mususa Reyes (m. 2008).[4] Wiesel was married to Teeri Stenhammar from 1956 to 1970, Ann Yee from 1973 to 1981,[4] and author and editor Jean Stein from 1995 to 2007.[4] His daughter Sara Elisabeth was born in 1975.[4]

Wiesel turned 100 on 3 June 2024.[16]

حقوق الإنسان

Wiesel has done much work as a global human rights advocate. He served for 10 years (1994–2004) as chair of the Committee of Human Rights of the National Academies of Science in the US, as well as the International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies.[17] He was awarded the David Rall Medal from the Institute of Medicine in 2005, in recognition of this important work.[citation needed] In 2009, Wiesel was awarded the Grand Cordon Order of the Rising Sun Medal in Japan.

He is a founding member of the Israeli-Palestinian Science Organization, a nongovernmental nonprofit established in 2004 to support collaborative research between scientists in Israel and Palestine.[17]

انظر أيضا

ملاحظات

  1. ^ أ ب Hubel, David; Wiesel, Torsten (2012). "David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel". Neuron. 75 (2): 182–184. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.002. ISSN 0896-6273. PMID 22841302.
  2. ^ أ ب "Professor Torsten Wiesel ForMemRS". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2015-11-11.
  3. ^ أ ب "Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660-2015". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2015-10-15.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص "Torsten N. Wiesel - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2015-07-09. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
  5. ^ أ ب Goldstein, B. (2001). Sensation and Perception (6th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. [بحاجة لمُعرِّف الكتاب]
  6. ^ "The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: Torsten Wiesel". Retrieved 2009-05-01. [dead link]
  7. ^ Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "2009 Autumn Conferment of Decorations on Foreign Nationals," p. 1.
  8. ^ "University of Cambodia". Retrieved 7 May 2018.[dead link]
  9. ^ "Torsten Nils Wiesel".
  10. ^ "Torsten N. Wiesel".
  11. ^ "APS Member History".
  12. ^ "David Rall Award Recipients". iom.nationalacademies.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  13. ^ أ ب National Eye Institute: "NEI Grantees Receive National Medals of Science," Archived 2009-09-24 at the Wayback Machine 2007.
  14. ^ Emma Marris (14 July 2004). "Bush accused of trying to foist favourites on health agency". Nature. 430 (281): 281. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..281M. doi:10.1038/430281a. PMID 15254502.
  15. ^ Seth Shulman (2007). Undermining Science: Suppression and Distortion in the Bush Administration. University of California Press.
  16. ^ "Torsten Wiesel, 100 år av höjdpunkter". Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien (in السويدية). 2024-06-03. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  17. ^ أ ب "Torsten N. Wiesel - Facts". nobelprize.org.

المصادر

  • Berlucchi, Giovanni (2006), "Revisiting the 1981 Nobel Prize to Roger Sperry, David Hubel, and Torsten Wiesel on the occasion of the centennial of the Prize to Golgi and Cajal.", Journal of the history of the neurosciences 15 (4): 369–75, 2006 Dec, doi:10.1080/09647040600639013, PMID 16997764 
  • Shampo, M A; Kyle, R A (1994), "Torsten Wiesel--Swedish neurobiologist wins Nobel Prize.", Mayo Clin. Proc. 69 (11): 1026, 1994 Nov, PMID 7967753 
  • Korczyn, A (1981), "[Nobel prize winners in medicine--1981 (Torsten Wiesel, David Hubel)]", Harefuah 101 (12): 378–9, 1981 Dec 15, PMID 7042494 

وصلات خارجية

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=تورستن_ڤيزل&oldid=4337984"