سڤيرودڤنسك
سڤيرودڤنسك (روسية: Северодвинск; النطق الروسي: [sʲɪvʲɪrɐdˈvʲinsk]؛ إنگليزية: Severodvinsk) هي مدينة في شمال أوبلاست أرخانگلسك، روسيا، تقع في دلتا نهر دڤينا الشمالي، على بعد 35 كم غرب أرخانگلسك، المركز الاداري للأوبلاست. وحسب تعداد 2010، فتعداد سكان المدينة كان 192,353.[8] وبسبب وجود أحواض بحرية عسكرية هامة (متخصصة في الغواصات منذ العهد السوڤيتي)، فإن الوصول إلى سڤيرودڤنسك مقيد للأجانب، ويتطلب تصريح خاص.[15]
سڤيرودڤنسك
Северодвинск Severodvinsk | |
|---|---|
      من أعلى لأسفل، من اليسار لليمين: مجلس المدينة، Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway, White sea coast on Yagry island, The "City of Labor Valor and Glory" monument, Sevmash factory, David Pashaev square | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| النشيد: Anthem of Severodvinsk[2] | |
Location of سڤيرودڤنسك  | |
  سڤيرودڤنسك Location of سڤيرودڤنسك .svg) سڤيرودڤنسك سڤيرودڤنسك (روسيا الأوروپية)  سڤيرودڤنسك سڤيرودڤنسك (أوروپا) | |
| الإحداثيات: 64°34′N 39°52′E / 64.567°N 39.867°ECoordinates: 64°34′N 39°52′E / 64.567°N 39.867°E | |
| البلد | روسيا |
| الكيان الاتحادي | Arkhangelsk Oblast[3] |
| Founded | 1936[4] |
| الحكومة | |
| • الكيان | City Council of Deputies[5] |
| • Mayor[7] | ru (Igor Skubenko) (since 2017)[6] |
| المنسوب | 7 m (23 ft) |
| التعداد | |
| • الإجمالي | 192٬353 |
| • Estimate (2018) | 183٬255 (−4٫7%) |
| • الترتيب | 95th in 2010 |
| • Subordinated to | city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk[9] |
| • Capital of | city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk[9] |
| • Urban okrug | Severodvinsk Urban Okrug[10] |
| • Capital of | Severodvinsk Urban Okrug[10] |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+ ([11]) |
| Postal code(s)[12] | 164500–164502, 164504, 164505, 164507, 164509, 164510, 164512, 164514, 164515, 164518, 164520–164524, 164529 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 81842[13] |
| OKTMO ID | 11730000001 |
| مدينة Day | Last Sunday of July[14] |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | www |
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التاريخ
قبل القرن العشرين
Vikings explored the territories around the North Dvina River - part of Bjarmaland - at the start of the second millennium. British and Norman[4][need quotation to verify] ships came to these places for mining, fur and fishing before the 13th century, but later the climate became colder and access to the northern seas became closed.[بحاجة لمصدر]
The historical records first mention the settlement on the site of modern Severodvinsk in 1419, when the Swedes sailed into the bay and burnt down the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery that stood by the shore during the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars. Tradition states that Saint Euphemius, an Orthodox missionary in Karelia, founded this monastery. The abbey stood in ruins until 1471, when two sons of Marfa Boretskaya died in a vicious storm; their bodies were recovered on the beach near the monastery twelve days later. At the urging of Boretskaya, the monastery was restored and her sons were buried there.
On August 24, 1553, a ship of Richard Chancellor reached the salt-mining settlement of Nyonoksa, which is still famous for its traditional wooden architecture. The British sailors visited the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery, where they were surprised to find a community of "sailors in soutanes (cassocks)" and a pier large enough to accommodate several ships.[بحاجة لمصدر] The main church of this extraordinary establishment was dedicated to Saint Nicholas, the holy patron of sailors; hence, the whole White Sea became known in 16th-century English maps as "St. Nicholas Bay". In late 1613, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, Polish-Lithuanian vagabonds, the Lisowczycy, captured and looted Severodvinsk with the monastery.
The Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery flourished after the establishment of the Muscovy Company, as the bulk of their trade passed through the local harbor. In August 1618 the harbour was visited by John Tradescant the elder, who conducted a survey of an island situated opposite the monastery. This island became known to the British as "Rose Island", because it was there that Tradescant found an exceedingly rare plant which he named "Rosa moscovita" (which is now known as the Arctic rose) and brought back to London.[16]
The surviving buildings of the monastery were constructed at the close of the Muscovite period. The five-domed cathedral of St. Nicholas was built between 1670 and 1674, preceded by the Assumption church (1664–1667), to which it is joined by a gallery. Several decades later, the walls and towers were built of timber; the Soviets transported the best-preserved of these towers to Kolomenskoye, Moscow, where it still remains.
المدينة الحديثة
Severodvinsk is the second-largest city in Arkhangelsk Oblast. Its main industry remains defense-related — the construction and repair of submarines at the huge Northern Machine-building Enterprise SEVMASH (Северное Машиностроительное Предприятие-СЕВМАШ). The Soviet Union's first nuclear submarine Leninsky Komsomol was built here in 1957. At the beginning of the 1980s the world's largest submarine, a Typhoon class, was also built here, later recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records.
The modern city of Severodvinsk developed in the Soviet period. As it began to be built it was called Sudostroy (Судострой - "Boat-build").[4] It received town status in 1938 and until 1957 was named Molotovsk (Молотовск), after Vyacheslav Molotov.[4] On September 12, 1957 it was renamed Severodvinsk (meaning "Northern Dvina town").
During World War II a significant portion of the materials delivered by the Arctic Convoys to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk for the Soviet Union were unloaded in Severodvinsk. For example, the Empire Elgar, a British heavy lift ship that arrived in Arkhangelsk with convoy PQ 16 and subsequently spent eight weeks unloading ships from the ill-fated convoy PQ 17.
A Russian naval-base supports the sea trials of nuclear submarines from the major submarine construction- (64.5817 N, 39.8307 E) and repair-facilities located in the area. In Soviet times the 17th-century buildings of the Nikolo-Korelsky monastery, located on the territory of the shipyard, were adapted and used for shipbuilding purposes.[17] In recent years the monastery buildings, specifically the main church, have been restored and re-consecrated. Church-goers attending services have to be shipyard workers or able to obtain a pass to enter the church portion of the shipyard.
Severodvinsk is an access-restricted town for foreign citizens. A special pass is required.[18]
On 8 August 2019 a nuclear accident took place on Russian Navy's Central Missile Range in Nyonoksa, 30 km to the west from Severodvinsk.[19]
الوضع الإداري والبلدي
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with eleven rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[9] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk is incorporated as Severodvinsk Urban Okrug.[10]
السكان
Population: 192,353 (تعداد 2010);[8] 201,551 (تعداد 2002);[20] 248,670 (تعداد 1989).[21]
| 1939 | 1944 | 1959 | 1962 | 1967 | 1970 | 1973 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21,000 | 28,900 ▲ | 78,657 ▲ | 97,000 ▲ | 121,000 ▲ | 144,672 ▲ | 160,000 ▲ |
| 1975 | 1976 | 1979 | 1982 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 |
| 177,000 ▲ | 177,000 
|
197,232 ▲ | 214,000 ▲ | 238,000 ▲ | 233,000 
|
239,000 ▲ |
| 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 |
| 248,670 ▲ | 255,000 ▲ | 252,000
|
250,000
|
245,000
|
243,000
|
246,000 ▲ |
| 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 |
| 244,000
|
237,000
|
239,000 ▲ | 231,800
|
229,300
|
232,800 ▲ | 201,551
|
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| 201,600 ▲ | 199,300
|
197,400
|
195,200
|
193,200
|
191,400
|
188,855
|
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
| 192,353 ▲ | 191,794
|
190,083
|
188,539
|
187,284
|
186,172
|
185,075
|
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| 183,996
|
183,255
|
182,291
|
181,990
|
180,806
|
| الجماعة العرقية | التعداد | Percentage of those who
indicated their ethnicity, % |
|---|---|---|
| روس | 176,397 | 95.50 |
| أوكران | 3,135 | 1.70 |
| بلاروس | 1,149 | 0.62 |
| Tatars | 406 | 0.22 |
| آذريون | 255 | 0.14 |
| چواش | 237 | 0.13 |
| الهنود | 181 | 0.10 |
| أرمن | 140 | 0.08 |
| Mordvins | 134 | 0.07 |
| كومي | 109 | 0.06 |
| Moldovans | 108 | 0.06 |
| يهود | 107 | 0.06 |
| أودمورت | 104 | 0.05 |
| ماري | 91 | 0.05 |
| ألمان | 62 | 0.03 |
| بشكير | 58 | 0.03 |
| Lezgins | 54 | 0.03 |
| Lithuanians | 52 | 0.03 |
| آخرون | 1,930 | 1.04 |
| إجمالي من
حددوا أعراقهم |
184,709 | 100,00 |
| مواطنون
لم يحددوا أعراقهم |
8898 |
From 1950 until 1990, high-tech industries generated demand for a considerable quantity of suitably qualified experts and workers which prompted growth in population. Since 1992, the population has declined due to economic crises and unemployment that has provoked significant migration from the city.
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الجغرافيا
الموقع
The city is located near the Nikolsky mouth of the Northern Dvina at its confluence with the White Sea, 35 km northwest of Arkhangelsk, administrative centre of the region.
The area of Severodvinsk Urban Okrug, which includes the city of Severodvinsk and nearby rural settlements, is 1,193.49 square kilometres (460.81 sq mi), which is more than the area of Moscow within the MKAD. It is due to the fact that in addition to the city of Severodvinsk a large forest area with its settlements (villages and dachas) to the south and west of the city is included in the boundaries of Severodvinsk Urban Okrug itself. The area of the city within the city limits is 120.5 square kilometres (46.5 sq mi).
The city is located at a latitude of 64°34′N, which means that it is possible to observe the northern lights.
المناخ
Climate in Severodvinsk is subarctic according to the Köppen climate classification. Summers are cool and winters are very cold. The average winter temperature is lower than in the central, southern and even some northern (such as Saint-Petersburg) regions of the European part of Russia. In december the Sun rises after 9 am and sets before 4 pm. But from May 17 to July 27 white nights are observed in the city.
| بيانات مناخ Severodvinsk (2010-2019) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 3.5 (38.3) |
5 (41) |
10.4 (50.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.9 (87.6) |
35.9 (96.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
24 (75) |
15.8 (60.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
35٫9 (96٫6) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | -9.4 (15.1) |
-7.3 (18.9) |
-4.1 (24.6) |
1.4 (34.5) |
8 (46) |
11.8 (53.2) |
15 (59) |
13.3 (55.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
3 (37) |
-1.5 (29.3) |
-4.5 (23.9) |
3 (37) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -36.3 (-33.3) |
-34 (-29) |
-29.6 (-21.3) |
-16.6 (2.1) |
-3.9 (25) |
1.3 (34.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
3.7 (38.7) |
-1.4 (29.5) |
-12.1 (10.2) |
-20.6 (-5.1) |
-28.8 (-19.8) |
−36٫6 (−33٫9) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 32 (1.26) |
26 (1.02) |
22 (0.87) |
29 (1.14) |
28 (1.1) |
70 (2.76) |
71 (2.8) |
93 (3.66) |
57 (2.24) |
57 (2.24) |
41 (1.61) |
41 (1.61) |
566 (22٫28) |
| % Humidity | 85 | 83 | 78 | 73 | 65 | 70 | 73 | 77 | 82 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 79 |
| Source: http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/summary/22546.htm | |||||||||||||
الاقتصاد
الصناعة
The main role of the city has been, and remains, the production and repair of submarines and military ships. During the Cold War, the city prospered, but with the decline and break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War the city has declined. The city's large military enterprises have survived the economic crises of the 1990s and have adjusted to new economic conditions. Severodvinsk now has the largest shipbuilding yard in Russia for large ships (tankers, cargo ships).
المصانع الكبيرة والعسكرية
- "SevMash"(СевМаш) or Northern Machine-building Enterprise (Северное машиностроительное предприятие)
- core line of business is the construction and repair of submarines and other naval ships, as well as civilian vessels and oil platforms
- "Zvezdochka" (Звёздочка ("Star"))
- Repair of submarines, military and civil ships, construction of oil platforms and faceting of diamonds.
- "Severny Reyd" (Северный рейд("Northern Raid"))
- Manufacture of marine equipment.
- "Arktika" (Арктика ("Arctic"))
- Manufacture of automated equipment.
النقل
Severodvinsk is the terminal station of a railway line which splits of at Isakogorka station from the line connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk.
The Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway in 2010 has appeared in Forbes ranking, of 10 most beautiful railway routes of the world.
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البلدات التوأم والمدن الشقيقة
سڤيرودڤنسك متوأمة مع:
المناخ
| بيانات مناخ سڤيرودڤنسك | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | −9.6 (14.7) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
3.9 (39) |
−2.2 (28) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
4٫8 (40٫6) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | −14.5 (5.9) |
−12.2 (10) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
7.8 (46) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
0٫8 (33٫4) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | −16.6 (2.1) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
1.9 (35.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−7.2 (19) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−2٫7 (27٫1) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 21 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 21 | 22 | 24 | 217 |
| Source: pogoda.ru[22] | |||||||||||||
الهامش
- ^ قالب:OKATO reference
- ^ Decision #123
- ^ Law #65-5-OZ, Article 15.1.1
- ^ أ ب ت ث Severodvinsk—test of strength (Russian), "Pravda Severa" publishing house, 1998
- ^ Charter of Severodvinsk, Article 33.1.1
- ^ Official website of the Administration of Severodvinsk. Mikhail Arkadyevich Gmyrin, Mayor of Severodvinsk (in روسية)
- ^ Charter of Severodvinsk, Article 33.1.2
- ^ أ ب ت Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ أ ب ت Oblast Law #65-5-OZ
- ^ أ ب ت Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
- ^ Телефонный код города Северодвинск (in الروسية). Коды городов. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Charter of Severodvinsk, Article 1.3
- ^ http://www.pomorland.travel/en/kak_dobratsya/kuda_ne_dobratsya/
- ^ Hamel, Joseph (January 1999). England and Russia: Comprising the Voyages of John Tradescant, the Elder... Adamant Media Corporation. p. 282. ISBN 1-4021-8427-1.
- ^ "XX век" (in الروسية). Управление образования Северодвинска. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةpomorland.travel - ^ "New Russian government data on August 8 explosion reveals that a nuclear reactor was definitely involved". meduza.io. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
{{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Historical Weather for Severodvinsk". Retrieved August 25, 2011.
المصادر
- قالب:RussiaBasicLawRef/ark/severodvinsk
- قالب:RussiaAdmMunRef/ark/admlaw
- قالب:RussiaAdmMunRef/ark/munlist
- Муниципальный Совет Северодвинска. Решение №123 от 28 октября 2004 г. «Об утверждении Положения "О гимне города Северодвинска"». (Municipal Council of Severodvinsk. Decision #123 of October 28, 2004 On the Adoption of the Provision "On the Anthem of the City of Severodvinsk").
وصلات خارجية
- (بالروسية) Official website of Severodvinsk
- (بالروسية) Unofficial website of Severodvinsk
- (بالروسية) History of the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery