كارلسروه
كارلسروه ( /ˈkɑːrlzruːə/, also الأمريكي /ˈkɑːrlsʔ/,[1][2][3] ألمانية: [ˈkaʁlsˌʁuːə] (
listen); formerly spelled Carlsruhe)[1] هي مدينة تقع ببادن-ڤورتمبرگ Baden-Württemberg في جنوب ألمانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي its 313,092 inhabitants make it the 21st largest city of Germany. On the right bank of the Rhine, the city lies near the French-German border, between the Mannheim/Ludwigshafen conurbation to the north, and the Strasbourg/Kehl conurbation to the south. It is the largest city of Baden, a historic region named after Hohenbaden Castle in the city of Baden-Baden. Karlsruhe is also the largest city in the South Franconian dialect area (transitional dialects between Central and Upper German), the only other larger city in that area being Heilbronn. The city is the seat of the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht), as well as of the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) and the Public Prosecutor General of the Federal Court of Justice (Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof).
Karlsruhe | |
|---|---|
    .JPG) Karlsruhe Palace, view over Karlsruhe, Schlossplatz, Konzerthaus, Crown of Baden | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
موقع Karlsruhe  | |
  Karlsruhe  Karlsruhe | |
| الإحداثيات: 49°00′33″N 8°24′14″E / 49.00920970°N 8.40395140°ECoordinates: 49°00′33″N 8°24′14″E / 49.00920970°N 8.40395140°E | |
| البلد | ألمانيا |
| الولاية | بادن-ڤورتمبرگ |
| Admin. region | Karlsruhe |
| District | Urban district |
| تأسس | 1715 |
| التقسيمات | 27 quarters |
| الحكومة | |
| • Lord mayor | Frank Mentrup (SPD) |
| المساحة | |
| • الإجمالي | 173٫46 كم² (66٫97 ميل²) |
| المنسوب | 115 m (377 ft) |
| منطقة التوقيت | CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) |
| Postal codes | 76131–76229 |
| Dialling codes | 0721 |
| لوحة السيارة | KA |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | www.karlsruhe.de |
Karlsruhe was the capital of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach (Durlach: 1565–1718; Karlsruhe: 1718–1771), the Margraviate of Baden (1771–1803), the Electorate of Baden (1803–1806), the Grand Duchy of Baden (1806–1918), and the Republic of Baden (1918–1945). Its most remarkable building is Karlsruhe Palace, which was built in 1715. There are nine institutions of higher education in the city, most notably the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie). Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport (Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden) is the second-busiest airport of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart Airport, and the 17th-busiest airport of Germany.
In 2019 the UNESCO announced that Karlsruhe will join its network of "Creative Cities" as "City of Media Arts".[4][5]
بها مقر جامعة، أكاديمية للفنون التشكيلية، معهد عالي للموسيقى و التمثيل و معاهد تقنية عدة.
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الجغرافيا
 خط العرض 49 شمالاً في حديقة الدولة بكارلسروه |
Karlsruhe lies completely to the east of the Rhine, and almost completely on the Upper Rhine Plain. It contains the Turmberg in the east, and also lies on the borders of the Kraichgau leading to the Northern Black Forest.
The Rhine, one of the world's most important shipping routes, forms the western limits of the city, beyond which lie the towns of Maximiliansau and Wörth am Rhein in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The city centre is about 7.5 km (4.7 mi) from the river, as measured from the Marktplatz (Market Square). Two tributaries of the Rhine, the Alb and the Pfinz, flow through the city from the Kraichgau to eventually join the Rhine.
The city lies at an altitude between 100 and 322 m (near the communications tower in the suburb of Grünwettersbach). Its geographical coordinates are 49°00′N 8°24′E / 49.000°N 8.400°E; the 49th parallel runs through the city centre, which puts it at the same latitude as much of the Canada–United States border, the cities Vancouver (Canada), Paris (France), Regensburg (Germany), and Hulunbuir (China). Its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the Stadtgarten (municipal park). The total area of the city is 173.46 km2 (66.97 sq mi), hence it is the 30th largest city in Germany measured by land area. The longest north-south distance is 16.8 km (10.4 mi) and 19.3 km (12.0 mi) in the east-west direction.
Karlsruhe is part of the urban area of Karlsruhe/Pforzheim, to which certain other towns in the district of Karlsruhe such as Bruchsal, Ettlingen, Stutensee, and Rheinstetten, as well as the city of Pforzheim, belong.
الطقس
Karlsruhe experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) and its winter climate is milder, compared to most other German cities, except for the Rhine-Ruhr area. Summers are hot with several days between 35°C (95°F) and 40°C (104°F) maximum temperature. With an average of more than 2000 sunshine hours a year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Germany, like the Rhine-Palatinate area.
| بيانات مناخ كارلسروه، العادية 1991-10/2008, Rheinstetten normals 11/2008-2020, extremes 1948–2020 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 17.5 (63.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.7 (80.1) |
30.4 (86.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
37.3 (99.1) |
39.2 (102.6) |
40.2 (104.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
29.5 (85.1) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
40٫2 (104٫4) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 5.3 (41.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
16٫22 (61٫19) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 2.5 (36.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.9 (66) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
11.1 (52) |
6.3 (43.3) |
3.3 (37.9) |
11٫35 (52٫43) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -0.3 (31.5) |
-0.0 (32) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.0 (59) |
14.6 (58.3) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.2 (37.8) |
0.6 (33.1) |
6٫76 (44٫17) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -20.0 (-4) |
-15.9 (3.4) |
-14.6 (5.7) |
-5.3 (22.5) |
-0.9 (30.4) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.9 (44.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
1.4 (34.5) |
-4.1 (24.6) |
-9.3 (15.3) |
-18.7 (-1.7) |
−20 (−4) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 57.0 (2.244) |
52.6 (2.071) |
52.4 (2.063) |
45.2 (1.78) |
75.7 (2.98) |
70.2 (2.764) |
77.2 (3.039) |
62.0 (2.441) |
54.8 (2.157) |
66.5 (2.618) |
64.4 (2.535) |
72.0 (2.835) |
750 (29٫528) |
| Sunshine hours | 57.4 | 85.1 | 143.7 | 196.8 | 223.7 | 239.7 | 257.0 | 239.9 | 180.8 | 111.8 | 60.9 | 43.0 | 1٬839٫8 |
| Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[6] | |||||||||||||
التاريخ
According to legend, the name Karlsruhe, which translates as "Charles' repose" or "Charles' peace", was given to the new city after a hunting trip when Margrave Charles III William of Baden-Durlach woke from a dream in which he dreamt of founding his new city. A variation of this story claims that he built the new palace to find peace from his wife.
Charles William founded the city on June 17, 1715, after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital, Durlach. The founding of the city is closely linked to the construction of the palace. Karlsruhe became the capital of Baden-Durlach, and, in 1771, of the united Baden until 1945. Built in 1822, the Ständehaus was the first parliament building in a German state. In the aftermath of the democratic revolution of 1848, a republican government was elected there.
Karlsruhe was visited by Thomas Jefferson during his time as the American envoy to France; when Pierre Charles L'Enfant was planning the layout of Washington, D.C., Jefferson passed to him maps of 12 European towns to consult, one of which was a sketch he had made of Karlsruhe during his visit.[7]
In 1860, the first-ever international professional convention of chemists, the Karlsruhe Congress, was held in the city.[8]
In 1907 the town was site of the Hau Riot where large crowds caused disturbance during the trial of murderer Carl Hau.
On Kristallnacht in 1938, the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, and the city's Jews were later sent to the Dachau concentration camp, Gurs concentration camp, Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz during the Holocaust, with 1,421 of Karlsruhe's Jews being killed.[9] During World War II, it was the location of a forced labour camp for men,[10] and a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp, whose prisoners were mainly Poles and Russians.[11]
Much of the central area, including the palace, was reduced to rubble by Allied bombing during World War II, but was rebuilt after the war. Located in the American zone of the postwar Allied occupation, Karlsruhe was home to an American military base, established in 1945. After the war, the city was part of West Germany until 1990. In 1995, the bases closed, and their facilities were turned over to the city of Karlsruhe.[12]
السكان
The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners residing in the city of Karlsruhe by country.
| الترتيب | الجنسية | Population (31 December 2018)[13] |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |  رومانيا |
6,169 |
| 2 |  تركيا |
5,618 |
| 3 |  إيطاليا |
4,558 |
| 4 |  كرواتيا |
3,333 |
| 5 |  پولندا |
3,089 |
| 6 |  الصين |
2,962 |
| 7 |  فرنسا |
1,852 |
| 8 |  صربيا |
1,746 |
| 9 |  روسيا |
1,712 |
| 10 |  إسپانيا |
1,502 |
| 11 |  بلغاريا |
1,384 |
| 12 |  اليونان |
1,204 |
| 13 |  الهند |
1,190 |
| 14 |  المجر |
1,171 |
| 15 |  البوسنة والهرسك |
1,166 |
| 16 |  سوريا |
1,160 |
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تطور تعداد السكان
| Year | Inhabitants |
|---|---|
| 1790 | 4,500 |
| 1820 | 16,200 |
| 1850 | 25,400 |
| 1880 | 49,300 |
| 1900 | 97,400 |
| 1925 | 145,700 |
| 2003 | 282,595 |
| 2007 | 282,700 (approx.) |
(source unknown, figures unconfirmed)
الثقافة
المدن الشقيقة
The town is twinned with:
المصادر
- ^ أ ب قالب:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
- ^ "Karlsruhe" (US) and قالب:Cite Oxford Dictionaries
- ^ قالب:Cite Merriam-Webster
- ^ "Karlsruhe | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-01-08.
- ^ "Zwei deutsche Städte ins Netzwerk der UNESCO-Creative Cities aufgenommen | Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission". unesco.de (in الألمانية). Retrieved 2020-01-08.
- ^ "Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – CDC (Climate Data Center)". www.dwd.de.
- ^ Volker C. Ihle (2011). Karlsruhe and the United States. Sonstige. pp. 35–37. ISBN 9783881903233.
- ^ Ihde, Aaron J. (February 1961). "The Karlsruhe Congress: A centennial retrospective". Journal of Chemical Education. 38 (2): 83–86. Bibcode:1961JChEd..38...83I. doi:10.1021/ed038p83.
- ^ "Yad Vashem – Request Rejected". db.yadvashem.org.
- ^ "Arbeitserziehungslager Karlsruhe". Bundesarchiv.de (in الألمانية). Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ "SS Bauzug". Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Elkins, Walter. "U.S. Army Installations – Karlsruhe". U.S. Army in Germany. Retrieved 2012-07-21.
- ^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2020.
وصلات خارجية
| Karlsruhe
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