كانگ‌چن‌جونگا

Coordinates: 27°42′09″N 88°08′48″E / 27.70250°N 88.14667°E / 27.70250; 88.14667
(تم التحويل من Kanchenjunga)
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا
Kangchenjunga
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا كما يبدو من Tiger Hill, Darjeeling، الهند
أعلى نقطة
الارتفاع8،586 m (28،169 ft)[1]
بترتيب الثالث
البروز3،922 m (12،867 ft)[2]
Ranked 29th
الإدراج
الإحداثيات27°42′09″N 88°08′48″E / 27.70250°N 88.14667°E / 27.70250; 88.14667[2]
التسمية
Kangchenjunga Error {{native name checker}}: parameter value is malformed (help)
الجغرافيا
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا is located in سيكيم
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا
موقع كانگ‌چن‌جونگا
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا is located in المقاطعة رقم 1
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا (المقاطعة رقم 1)
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا is located in آسيا
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا
كانگ‌چن‌جونگا (آسيا)
خطأ: الوظيفة "autocaption" غير موجودة.
LocationTaplejung District، نـِپال؛
سكم، الهند[2]
السلسلة الأمالهمالايا
التسلق
أول صعود25 مايو 1955 by
جو براون و جورج باند
(أول تسلق شتوي 11 يناير 1986 Jerzy Kukuczka و Krzysztof Wielicki)
أسهل السبلglacier/snow/ice climb

كانگ‌چن‌جونگا (إنگليزية: Kangchenjunga؛ نـِپالي: कञ्चनजङ्घा; هندي: कंचनजंघा; سكيمية: ཁང་ཅེན་ཛོཾག་)، وتـُكتب أيضاً Kanchenjunga، هو ثالث أعلى جبل في العالم. يبلغ ارتفاعه 8,598 م وهو جزء من سلسلة جبال الهملايا، ويقع على مسافة 160 كم تقريبًا شرقي إڤرست، بين نـِپال وولاية سيكيم الهندية. وهو ثاني أعلى قمة في النيبال. يعني اسم الجبل كانگ‌چن‌جونگا "الكنوز الخمس الثلجية" وذلك لوجود خمس قمم، أربع منها تعلو لأكثر من 8450 متراً.

يقع الجبل في 27° 42' شمالاً، و 88° 08' شرقاً، في منطقة تابلجنگ بالنيبال، على حدود النيبال - سيكيم (ولاية هندية). وهو جزء من سلسلة الهيمالايا الجبلية. أول من تسلق الجبل كانت حملة بريطانية في عام 1955. منطقة الجبل العظمى تغطي 2035 كم² حول الجبال من الجانب النيبالي.

Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the highest mountain in the world. However, precise calculations and meticulous measurements by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in 1849 showed that Mount Everest, known as Peak XV at the time, is higher. After allowing for further verification of all calculations, it was officially announced in 1856 that Kangchenjunga is the third-highest mountain in the world.

Kangchenjunga is considered a sacred mountain in Nepal and Sikkim. It was first climbed on 25 May 1955 by Joe Brown and George Band, who were part of the 1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition. They stopped just short of the true summit, keeping a promise given to Tashi Namgyal, the Chogyal of the Kingdom of Sikkim, that the top of the mountain would remain inviolate. The Indian side of the mountain is off limits to climbers. In 2016, the adjoining Khangchendzonga National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

أصل الاسم

The brothers Hermann, Adolf and Robert Schlagintweit explained the local name 'Kanchinjínga', meaning "the five treasures of the high snow", as originating from the Tibetan words "gangs" تـُنطق [kaŋ], meaning snow and ice; "chen", تـُنطق [tɕen] meaning great; "mdzod", meaning treasure; and "lnga", meaning five.[3] The local Lhopo people believe that the treasures are hidden but reveal themselves to the devout when the world is in peril; the treasures comprise salt, gold, turquoise and precious stones, sacred scriptures, invincible armour or ammunition, grain and medicine.[4]

Map of the Indian protected areas of the Khangchendzongsa Biosphere Reserve and National Park


Kangchenjunga is the official spelling used by the Indian Government since the late 19th century; Douglas Freshfield, Alexander Mitchell Kellas and the Royal Geographical Society adopted this spelling, which provides the most accurate English rendition of the Tibetan pronunciation.[5] Alternative spellings include Kanchenjunga, Khangchendzonga and Kangchendzönga.[6][7][8]

الجغرافيا

Panorama of the Kangchenjunga massif from Tiger Hill, Darjeeling

The Kangchenjunga Himal section of the Himalayas lies both in Nepal and India and encompasses 16 peaks over 7،000 m (23،000 ft). In the north, it is limited by the Lhonak Chu, Goma Chu and Jongsang La, and in the east by the Teesta River. The western limit runs from the Jongsang La down the Gingsang and Kangchenjunga glaciers and the rivers of Ghunsa and Tamur.[5][1] It lies in the border region between Koshi Province of Nepal and Sikkim state of India, with the peaks West and Kangbachen in Nepal's Taplejung District,[9] and three of the five peaks, namely Main, Central and South, directly on the border.[10]

Kanchenjunga rises about 20 km (12 mi) south of the general alignment of the Great Himalayan range, about 125 km (78 mi) east-southeast of Mount Everest in a straight line. South of the southern face of Kanchenjunga runs the 3،000–3،500 m (9،800–11،500 ft) high Singalila Ridge that separates Sikkim from Nepal and northern West Bengal.[11] Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the highest mountain in the world, but calculations and measurements by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in 1849 showed that Mount Everest, known as Peak XV at the time, is actually higher. After allowing for further verification of all calculations, it was officially announced in 1856 that Kangchenjunga was the third-highest mountain[12] after Everest and K2 of Karakoram.[13]

Kangchenjunga and its satellite peaks form a huge mountain massif.[14] The massif's five highest peaks are listed in the table at the end of this section.

The main ridge of the massif runs from north-northeast to south-southwest and forms a watershed to several rivers.[14] The main ridge intersects with other ridges running roughly from east to west to form a giant cross.[5] These ridges contain a host of peaks between 6،000 و 8،586 m (19،685 و 28،169 ft). The northern section includes Yalung Kang, Kangchenjunga Central and South, Kangbachen, Kirat Chuli and Gimmigela Chuli, and runs up to the Jongsang La. The eastern ridge in Sikkim includes Siniolchu. The southern section runs along the Nepal–Sikkim border and includes Kabru I to III.[1] This ridge extends southwards to the Singalila Ridge.[15] The western ridge culminates in the Kumbhakarna, also known as Jannu.[1]

Four main glaciers radiate from the peak, pointing roughly to the northeast, southeast, northwest and southwest. The Zemu glacier in the northeast and the Talung glacier in the southeast drain to the Teesta River; the Yalung glacier in the southwest and the Kangchen glacier in the northwest drain to the Arun River and Kosi River.[16] The glaciers spread over the area above approximately 5،000 m (16،000 ft), and the glacialized area covers about 314 km2 (121 sq mi) in total.[17] There are 120 glaciers in the Kanchenjunga Himal, of which 17 are debris-covered. Between 1958 and 1992, more than half of 57 examined glaciers had retreated, possibly due to global warming.[18]

Kangchenjunga Main is the highest elevation of the Brahmaputra River basin, which forms part of the southeast Asian monsoon regime and is among the globally largest river basins.[19] Kangchenjunga is one of six peaks above 8،000 m (26،000 ft) located in the basin of the Kosi River, which is among the largest tributaries of the Ganges.[20] The Kangchenjunga massif forms also part of the Ganges Basin.[21]

Although it is the third highest peak in the world, Kangchenjunga is only ranked 29th by topographic prominence, a measure of a mountain's independent stature. The key col for Kangchenjunga lies at a height of 4،664 m (15،302 ft), along the watershed boundary between Arun and Brahmaputra rivers in Tibet.[22] It is, however, the fourth-most-prominent peak in the Himalayas, after Everest, and the western and eastern anchors of the Himalaya, Nanga Parbat and Namcha Barwa, respectively.[23]

The five peaks of Kangchenjunga are as follows: قالب:Row hover highlight

Name of peak Height Coordinates Prominence Nearest Higher Neighbour Location
meters feet meters feet
Kangchenjunga Main[2] 8,586 28,169 27°42′10.8″N 88°08′53.52″E / 27.703000°N 88.1482000°E / 27.703000; 88.1482000 3,922 12,867 Mount Everest – South Summit Mangan district, Sikkim, India / Taplejung, Koshi Province, Nepal
Yalung Kang (Kangchenjunga West)[24] 8,505 27,904 27°42′18″N 88°08′12″E / 27.70500°N 88.13667°E / 27.70500; 88.13667 135 443 Kangchenjunga Taplejung, Koshi Province, Nepal
Kangchenjunga Central[25] 8,482 27,828 27°41′46″N 88°09′04″E / 27.69611°N 88.15111°E / 27.69611; 88.15111 32 105 Kangchenjunga South Mangan district, Sikkim, India / Taplejung, Koshi Province, Nepal
Kangchenjunga South[26] 8,494 27,867 27°41′30″N 88°09′15″E / 27.69167°N 88.15417°E / 27.69167; 88.15417 119 390 Kangchenjunga Mangan district, Sikkim, India / Taplejung, Koshi Province, Nepal
Kangbachen[27] 7,903 25,928 27°42′42″N 88°06′30″E / 27.71167°N 88.10833°E / 27.71167; 88.10833 103 337 Kangchenjunga West Taplejung, Koshi Province, Nepal

المناطق المحمية

The Kangchenjunga landscape is a complex of three distinct ecoregions: the eastern Himalayan broad-leaved and coniferous forests, the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands.[28] The Kangchenjunga transboundary landscape is shared by Nepal, India, Bhutan and China, and comprises 14 protected areas with a total of 6،032 km2 (2،329 sq mi):[29]

These protected areas are habitats for many globally significant plant species such as rhododendrons and orchids and many endangered flagship species such as snow leopard (Panthera uncia), Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), red panda (Ailurus fulgens), white-bellied musk deer (Moschus leucogaster), blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus) and chestnut-breasted partridge (Arborophila mandellii).[29]

دروب التسلق

Kanchenjunga-north from base camp in Nepal

There are four climbing routes to reach the summit of Kangchenjunga, three of which are in Nepal from the southwest, northwest, and northeast, and one from northeastern Sikkim in India. To date, the northeastern route from Sikkim has been successfully used only three times. The Indian government has banned expeditions to Kangchenjunga; therefore, this route has been closed since 2000.[30]

تاريخ التسلق

پانوراما كتلة كانگ‌چن‌جونگا من ربوة النمر، دارجيلنگ.


قمة كانگ‌چن‌جونگا من سيكيم، ح. 1857
Kangchenjunga from Goechala La, 4,940 m.

في الأدب

East face of Kangchenjunga, from near the Zemu Glacier, Sikkim
  • In The Epic of Mount Everest, first published in 1926, Sir Francis Younghusband: "For natural beauty Darjiling (Darjeeling) is surely unsurpassed in the world. From all countries travellers come there to see the famous view of Kangchenjunga, 28،150 أقدام (8،580 m) in height, and only 40 ميل (64 km) distant. Darjiling (Darjeeling) itself is 7،000 أقدام (2،100 m) above sea-level and is set in a forest of oaks, magnolia, rhododendrons, laurels and sycamores. And through these forests, the observer looks down the steep mountain-sides to the Rangeet River only 1،000 أقدام (300 m) above sea-level, and then up and up through tier after tier of forest-clad ranges, each bathed in a haze of deeper and deeper purple, till the line of snow is reached; and then still up to the summit of Kangchenjunga, now so pure and ethereal we can scarcely believe it is part of the solid earth on which we stand; and so high it seems part of the very sky itself."
  • In 1999, official James Bond author Raymond Benson published High Time to Kill. In this story, a microdot containing a secret formula for aviation technology is stolen by a society called the Union. During their escape, their plane crashes on the slopes of Kangchenjunga. James Bond becomes part of a climbing expedition in order to retrieve the formula.
  • The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai, which won the 2006 Man Booker Prize, is set partly in Kalimpong, a hill station situated near Kangchenjunga.
  • In Legend of the Galactic Heroes by Yoshiki Tanaka, which won the Seiun Award for Best Novel of the Year in 1988 and was adapted into an anime series by Kitty Films, the capital and holiest temple of the Terraist Cult is on Earth beneath the rubble of Kangchenjunga.
  • Michelle Paver's 2016 ghost story novel Thin Air concerns a fictional expedition to climb Kangchenjunga in 1935, and an earlier (also fictional) expedition in 1906.
  • The book Round Kangchenjunga: A Narrative of Mountain Travel and Exploration by Douglas Freshfield gives a complete account of his travel around Kangchenjunga.
  • Susan Jagannath's book Chasing Himalayan Dreams: A trek in the Shadow of Kanchenjunga and Everest details her 61 km, six-day trek up and around Kangchenjunga.
  • Kate Bush's song "Wild Man": "Well, the first verse of the song is just quickly going through some of the terms that the Yeti is known by and one of those names is the Kangchenjunga Demon. He's also known as Wild Man and Abominable Snowman. (...) I don't refer to the Yeti as a man in the song. But it is meant to be an empathetic view of a creature of great mystery really. And I suppose it's the idea really that mankind wants to grab hold of something [like the Yeti] and stick it in a cage or a box and make money out of it. And to go back to your question, I think we're very arrogant in our separation from the animal kingdom and generally as a species we are enormously arrogant and aggressive. Look at the way we treat the planet and animals and it's pretty terrible isn't it?" (John Doran, "A Demon in the Drift: Kate Bush Interviewed". The Quietus, 2011.)[31]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث Carter, H. A. (1985). "Classification of the Himalaya" (PDF). American Alpine Journal. 27 (59): 109–141.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث Jurgalski, E.; de Ferranti, J.; Maizlish, A. (2000–2005). "High Asia II – Himalaya of Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and adjoining region of Tibet". Peaklist.org. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "peaklist" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  3. ^ De Schlagintweit, H.; de Schlagintweit, A.; de Schlagintweit, R. (1863). "IV. Names explained". Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia, undertaken between the years MDCCCLIV and MDCCCLVIII by order of the court of Directors of the Honourable East India Company. Vol. III. London: Brockhaus, Leipzig and Trübner & Co. p. 207.
  4. ^ Scheid, C. S. (2014). "Hidden land and changing landscape: Narratives about Mount Khangchendzonga among the Lepcha and the Lhopo". Journal of the Irish Society for the Academic Study of Religions. 1 (1): 66–89.
  5. ^ أ ب ت Freshfield, D. W. (1903). Round Kangchenjunga: a narrative of mountain travel and exploration. London: Edward Arnold.
  6. ^ Band, G. (1955). "Kanchenjunga Climbed". The Geographical Magazine. Vol. 28. pp. 422–438.
  7. ^ Nirash, N. (1982). "The Lepchas of Sikkim" (PDF). Bulletin of Tibetology. 18 (2): 18–23.
  8. ^ Denjongpa, A. B. (2002). "Kangchendzönga: Secular and Buddhist perceptions of the mountain deity of Sikkim among the Lhopos" (PDF). Bulletin of Tibetology. 38: 5–37.
  9. ^ Bhuju, U. R.; Shakya, P. R.; Basnet, T. B.; Shrestha, S. (2007). Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites (PDF). Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. ISBN 978-92-9115-033-5.
  10. ^ Gurung, H. & Shrestha, R. K. (1994). Nepal Himalaya Inventory. Kathmandu: Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation.
  11. ^ Dhar, O. N.; Nandargi, S. (2000). "An appraisal of precipitation distribution around the Everest and Kanchenjunga peaks in the Himalayas". Weather. 55 (7): 223–234. Bibcode:2000Wthr...55..223D. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2000.tb04065.x. S2CID 121273656.
  12. ^ Gillman, P. (1993). Everest: The Best Writing and Pictures from Seventy Years of Human Endeavour. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-316-90489-6.
  13. ^ Searle, M.P. (2013). Colliding Continents: A Geological Exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet. EBL ebooks online. OUP Oxford. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-965300-3.
  14. ^ أ ب Smythe, F. S. (1930). The Kangchenjunga adventure. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.
  15. ^ Mason, K. (1932). "The Recent Assaults on Kangchenjunga: Review". The Geographical Journal. 80 (5): 439–445. doi:10.2307/1784231. JSTOR 1784231.
  16. ^ Freshfield, D. W. (1902). "The Glaciers of Kangchenjunga". The Geographical Journal. 19 (4): 453–475. Bibcode:1902GeogJ..19..453F. doi:10.2307/1775242. JSTOR 1775242.
  17. ^ Asahi, K. (1999). 'Data on inventoried glaciers and its distribution in eastern part of Nepal Himalaya. Data Report 2, Basic studies for assessing the impacts of the global warming on the Himalayan cryosphere, 1994–1998'. Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences, Nagoya University and Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, HMG/Nepal. 
  18. ^ Ashahi, K.; Watanabe, T. (2000). "Past and recent glacier fluctuations in Kanchenjunga Himal, Nepal". Journal of Nepal Geological Society. 22: 481–490.
  19. ^ Bajracharya, S. R.; Palash, W.; Shrestha, M. S.; Khadgi, V. R.; Duo, C.; Das, P. J.; Dorji, C. (2015). "Systematic Evaluation of Satellite-Based Rainfall Products over the Brahmaputra Basin for Hydrological Applications". Advances in Meteorology (1) 398687. Bibcode:2015AdMet201598687B. doi:10.1155/2015/398687.
  20. ^ Shijin, W.; Tao, Z. (2014). "Spatial change detection of glacial lakes in the Koshi River Basin, the Central Himalayas". Environmental Earth Sciences. 72 (11): 4381–4391. Bibcode:2014EES....72.4381S. doi:10.1007/s12665-014-3338-y.
  21. ^ Peakbagger.com (1987–2015). "Kangchenjunga, India/Nepal". Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  22. ^ "Key Col for Kangchenjunga". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  23. ^ "World Top 100 by Prominence". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  24. ^ Peakbagger.com (1987–2012). Yalung Kang
  25. ^ Peakbagger.com (1987–2012). Kanchenjunga Central
  26. ^ Peakbagger.com (1987–2012). Kanchenjunga South
  27. ^ Peakbagger.com (1987–2012). Kangbachen
  28. ^ Wikramanayake, E. D., ed. (2001). Ecoregion-based Conservation in the Eastern Himalaya: Identifying Important Areas for Biodiversity Conservation. Kathmandu: World Wildlife Fund and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. ISBN 978-99933-940-0-6.
  29. ^ أ ب Chettri, N.; Bajracharya, B. & Thapa, R. (2008). "Feasibility Assessment for Developing Conservation Corridors in the Kangchenjunga Landscape" (PDF). In Chettri, N.; Shakya, B. & Sharma, E. (eds.). Biodiversity Conservation in the Kangchenjunga Landscape. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. pp. 21–30.
  30. ^ Harding, L. (2000). "Climbers banned from sacred peak". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  31. ^ Doran, John (2011). "A Demon In The Drift: Kate Bush Interviewed". The Quietus.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Seven Third Summits

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