خروننگن

(تم التحويل من Groningen)
هذا المقال هو عن المدينة والبلدية الهولندية. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر خروننگن (توضيح).
خروننگن
مدينة وبلدية
Martini Tower
Martini Tower
Grote Markt Square
Grote Markt Square
Groningen City Theater
Groningen City Theater
Aa Church/Korenbeurs
Aa Church/Korenbeurs
Gasunie building
Gasunie building
Goudkantoor
Goudkantoor
Groninger Museum
Groninger Museum
White flag with a horizontal green band in the middle
Flag
Two black eagles holding a crowned yellow shield
Coat of arms
Highlighted position of Groningen in a municipal map of Groningen
الموقع في خروننگن
الإحداثيات: 53°13′N 6°34′E / 53.217°N 6.567°E / 53.217; 6.567
البلدهولندا
المقاطعةخروننگن
الحكومة
[1]
 • الكيانالمجلس البلدي
 • MayorPeter den Oudsten (PvdA)
المساحة
[2]
 • البلدية83٫75 كم² (32٫34 ميل²)
 • البر78٫05 كم² (30٫14 ميل²)
 • الماء5٫70 كم² (2٫20 ميل²)
المنسوب
[3]
7 m (23 ft)
التعداد
 (2017)[4][5]
 • البلدية200٬733
 • الكثافة2٬572/km2 (6٬660/sq mi)
 • Urban
216٬655
 • العمرانية
360٬748
صفة المواطنGroninger
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postcode
9700–9747
Area code050
الموقع الإلكترونيgemeente.groningen.nl

خروننگن (Groningen؛ النطق الهولندي: [ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)]  ( استمع)؛ Gronings: Grunnen؛ الفريزية الغربية: Grins) هي البلدية الرئسية وكذلك عاصمة مقاطعة تحمل نفس الاسم في هولندا. وبتعداد 200٬733 (في 2017)، فقد كانت أكبر مدينة في شمال هولندا. ولكونها مدينة قديمة، فقد كانت خروننگن قوة إقليمية في هولندا الشمالية، ومدينة-دولة شبه مستقلة وعضو في الرابطة الهانزية الألمانية. خروننگن مدينة جامعية: فهي تضم جامعة خروننگن (نحو 28,000 طالب) وجامعة هانزه للعلوم التطبيقية (نحو 25,000 طالب). as of January 2025, it had 244,807 inhabitants,[6] making it the sixth largest city/municipality in the Netherlands and the second largest outside the Randstad. The Groningen metropolitan area has a population of about half a million inhabitants.

Groningen was established more than 980 years ago but never gained city rights. Due to its relatively isolated location from the successive Dutch centres of power (Utrecht, The Hague, Brussels), Groningen was historically reliant on itself and nearby regions. As a Hanseatic city, it was part of the North German trade network, but later it mainly became a regional market centre. At the height of its power in the 15th century, Groningen could be considered an independent city-state and it remained autonomous until the late 18th century, when it was incorporated into the Napoleonic Batavian Republic.[7]

Today Groningen is a university city, home to some of the country's leading higher education institutes; University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), which is the Netherlands's second oldest university, and Hanze University of Applied Sciences (Hanzehogeschool Groningen).[8] Students comprise an estimated 25% of its total population, making it the country's demographically youngest city[9] (although Urk is the youngest municipality overall).[10]

أصل الاسم

The origin and meaning of 'Groningen' and its older variant, 'Groeningen', are uncertain. A folk origin story relates the idea that, in 453 BC, exiles from Troy who were guided by a mythical figure called Gruno (or Grunius, Gryns or Grunus), along with a group of Phrygians from Germany, founded a settlement in what is now Groningen, and built a castle on the bank of the Hunze, which they called 'Grunoburg', and which was later destroyed by the Vikings.[11][12]

One modern theory is that 'Groningen' meant 'among the people of Groni' ('Groningi' and 'Groninga' in the 11th century), derived from Gronesbeke, which was the old name for a small lake near the Hunze (on the northern border of Zuidlaarderveen).[13] As the name Grone (variant Groene) is an old Frisian personal name, the origin may very well be in a settlement originally founded by the family of Grone and their followers, which in Frisian would be called Groninga. Another theory is that the name was derived from the word groenighe, meaning 'green fields'.[12]

In Frisian, it is called Grins.[14] In Groningen province, it is called Groot Loug (nl). Regionally, it is often simply referred to as Stad (the "city"),[15][16] and its inhabitants are referred to as Stadjers or Stadjeder.[17] The Dutch sometimes refer to it as "the Metropolis of the North",[18] or Martinistad (after the Martinitoren tower).[18]

التاريخ

The city was founded at the northernmost point of the Hondsrug area.[19] While the oldest document referring to Groningen's existence dates from 1040, the area was occupied by Saxons centuries prior.[20] The oldest archaeological evidence of a settlement in the region stems from around 3950–3650 BC,[21] and the first major settlement in Groningen trace back to the year 3 AD.[22]

خريطة خروننگن، 1925.
أحياء خروننگن، التي ليس لها أهمية سياسية أو طبيعية
Main building of the جامعة خروننگن (2004)
متحف خروننگر (2006)
Martini Tower
The Aa Church (2004)
The Aa Church by night (2009)
'De Herestraat', the main shopping street (2004)
تذخر خروننگن بالعديد من مباني طراز مدرسة أمستردام
View of the مبنى البلدية من برج مارتيني


Geography

There is a town named after Groningen in Saramacca District, Suriname, a former Dutch colony. It was named after the hometown of Dutch governor-general of Suriname Jan Wichers, who established the town as a fort in 1790.

Canals

Numerous canals (grachten) surround the city, locally called diep. The major canals that travel from the city are the Van Starkenborgh Canal, Eems Canal, and Winschoterdiep. Groningen's canals, no longer used for commercial goods transport, were once vital hubs in trade and transport. The rivers crossing close to the Binnenstad have been used for trade for at least a thousand years (nl). The Dutch West India Company and foreign investors established their Groningen headquarters in Reitemakersrijge. Additional warehouses were strategically built along the canals at Noorderhaven to store colonial produce.[23] These warehouses often held goods obtained from plantations in the Dutch colonies.

Climate

Groningen has an oceanic temperate climate, like all of the Netherlands, although slightly colder in winter than other major cities in the Netherlands due to its northeasterly position.[24] Weather is influenced by the North Sea to the north-west and its prevailing north-western winds and gales.[25]

Summers are somewhat warm and humid.[26] Temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) or higher occur sporadically; the average daytime high is around 22 °C (72 °F). Very rainy periods are common, especially in spring and summer. Average annual precipitation is about 800 mm (31 in). Annual sunshine hours vary, but are usually below 1600 hours, giving much cloud cover similar to most of the Netherlands. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[27]

Winters are cool; on average above freezing, although frosts are common during spells of easterly winds.[28] Night-time temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F) or lower are not uncommon during cold winter periods. The lowest temperature ever recorded is −26.8 °C (−16.2 °F) on 16 February 1956. Snow often falls, but rarely stays long due to warmer daytime temperatures, although white snowy days happen every winter.[29]

بيانات المناخ لـ Groningen (Groningen Airport Eelde), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1906–present
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) 14.5
(58.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		28.8
(83.8) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.8
(92.8) 		36.9
(98.4) 		36.3
(97.3) 		32.6
(90.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		36.9
(98.4)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 5.2
(41.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		5.9
(42.6) 		13.9
(57.0)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 2.8
(37.0) 		3.0
(37.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.3
(63.1) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.5
(38.3) 		9.8
(49.6)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) 0.1
(32.2) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		1.4
(34.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.5
(41.9)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) −22.0
(−7.6) 		−22.9
(−9.2) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		0.1
(32.2) 		2.5
(36.5) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−22.9
(−9.2)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 72.7
(2.86) 		54.7
(2.15) 		54.1
(2.13) 		41.3
(1.63) 		57.9
(2.28) 		65.0
(2.56) 		85.0
(3.35) 		77.8
(3.06) 		75.4
(2.97) 		71.4
(2.81) 		70.0
(2.76) 		79.4
(3.13) 		804.7
(31.68)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 13.3 10.6 10.3 8.5 9.5 10.3 11.7 11.5 11.1 12.1 13.2 14.0 136.1
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) 90 88 85 79 79 81 82 83 86 89 91 92 85
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس 60.7 86.1 139.0 188.7 218.0 198.6 212.3 196.3 150.7 112.9 63.4 56.1 1٬682٫8
Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[30][31]

Economy

Hotel and catering industries constitute a significant part of the economy in Groningen.[32] Focus on business services has increased over time and areas such as IT, life sciences, tourism, energy, and environment have developed.[33]

Until 2008 there were two major beet sugar factories within the city. The Suiker Unie plant was constructed in the outskirts of Groningen, but became a part of the city due to expansion. The factory had 98 employees before it was closed in 2008 due to a reduction in demand.[34] As of 2017, Vierverlaten sugar factory in Hoogkerk remains the only beet sugar production plant in the city.[35] Other notable companies from Groningen include publishing company Noordhoff Uitgevers,[36] tobacco company Niemeyer,[37] cooperative health insurance company Menzis (nl),[38] distillery Hooghoudt,[39] and natural gas companies GasUnie and GasTerra.[40]

Demographics

Immigration

City of Groningen population by country of origin (2020)[41]
Country/territory Population
هولندا Netherlands 175,249
ألمانيا Germany 6,427
إندونيسيا Indonesia 5,847
هولندا Dutch Caribbean 3,959
سورينام Suriname 3,401
Soviet Union Former Soviet Union 2,321
الصين China 2,172
تركيا Turkey 1,774
المملكة المتحدة United Kingdom 1,768
إيطاليا Italy 1,401
يوغوسلاڤيا Yugoslavia 1,391
المغرب Morocco 1,266
إيران Iran 1,157
العراق Iraq 1,050
Other 11,992

As of 2020, Groningen had a total population of 232,874 people.

2020[42] Numbers %
Dutch natives 175,249 75.2%
Western migration background 29,365 12.6%
Non-Western migration background 28,260 12.1%
Indonesia 5,847 2.51%
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba 3,959 1.7%
Suriname 3,401 1.46%
Turkey 1,774 0.76%
Morocco 1,266 0.54%
Total 232,874 100%

Religion

The majority of people in Groningen, slightly more than 70%, are non-religious.[43] With 25.1%, the largest religion in Groningen is Christianity.

Religions in Groningen (2013)[44]

  No affiliation (71.7%)
  Protestant Church in the Netherlands (14.1%)
  Roman Catholic (6.3%)
  Other Christian denominations (4.7%)
  Islam (2.1%)
  Hinduism (0.6%)
  Buddhism (0.3%)
  Judaism (0.2%)

Population growth

Historical population
السنةتعداد±% p.a.
1400 5٬000—    
1560 12٬500+0.57%
1600 16٬600+0.71%
1721 20٬680+0.18%
1770 23٬296+0.24%
1787 22٬000−0.34%
1795 23٬770+0.97%
Source: Lourens & Lucassen 1997, pp. 30–31
التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±%
1950160٬709—    
1960171٬318+6.6%
1970190٬983+11.5%
1980187٬342−1.9%
1990192٬896+3.0%
2000198٬955+3.1%
2010213٬241+7.2%
2020232٬874+9.2%
Source: Statistics Netherlands[45]

The municipality of Groningen has grown rapidly. In 1968 it expanded by mergers with Hoogkerk and Noorddijk,[46] and in 2019 it merged with Haren and Ten Boer.[33]

All historical data are for the original city limits, excluding Hoogkerk, Noorddijk, Haren and Ten Boer.

It has a land area of 168.93 km2 (65.22 sq mi), and a total area, including water, of 180.21 km2 (69.58 sq mi). Its population density is 1,367 residents per km2 (3,540 per square mile). On 1 January 2019, it was merged with the municipalities of Ten Boer and Haren. The Groningen-Assen metropolitan area has about half a million inhabitants.

Culture

Groningen is nationally known as the "Metropolis of the North".[47] The city is regarded as the main urban centre of the Northern part of the country, particularly in the fields of education, business,[48] music and other arts.[49] It is also known as "Martinistad", referring to the tower of the Martinitoren,[18] which is named after Groningen's patron saint Martin of Tours.[50] The large student population also contributes to the very diverse cultural scene for a city of its size.[18]

Since 2016 Groningen has been host of the International Cycling Film Festival, an annual film festival for bicycle related films. It takes place in the art house cinema of the old Roman Catholic Hospital.[51]

The first major international chess tournament after World War II was held in Groningen in 1946. The tournament, won by Mikhail Botvinnik of the USSR, was the first time the Soviet Union had sent a team to a foreign event. An international chess "Schaakfestival Groningen tournament" has been held in the city in most years since 1946.[52]

Museums

Groninger Museum (2006)
Forum Groningen

Groningen is home to the Groninger Museum.[53] Its new building designed by Alessandro Mendini in 1994 echoes the Italian post-modern concepts and is notable for its futuristic and colourful style.[54][55] The city has a maritime museum, a university museum, a comics museum and a graphics museum.[56] Groningen is also the home of Noorderlicht, an international photographic platform that runs a photo gallery and organizes an international photo festival.[57] The Forum Groningen that opened in 2019 is a cultural center consisting of a museum, art cinema, library, bars, rooftop terrace and tourist information office.[58]

Theatre and music

Theatre building Groningen

Groningen has a city theatre called the Stadsschouwburg, located on the Turfsingel,[59] a theatre and concert venue called Martini Plaza,[60] and a cultural venue on the Trompsingel, called the Oosterpoort.[61] Vera is located on the Oosterstraat,[62] the Grand Theatre on the Grote Markt,[63] and Simplon on the Boterdiep.[64] Several cafés feature live music, a few of which specialize in jazz music, including the Jazzcafe De Spieghel on the Peperstraat.[65] Groningen is the host city for Eurosonic Noorderslag, an annual music showcase event for bands from across Europe.[66]

Nightlife

Groningen's active nightlife depends largely on its student population, with the Grote Markt, Vismarkt, Poelestraat and Peperstraat crowded nightly, most bars not closing until five in the morning.[67] From 2005 to 2007, Groningen was named "best city centre" of the Netherlands.[68] Groningen has a red-light district, called Nieuwstad.[69]

Sports

The Euroborg football stadium
A Donar basketball game in MartiniPlaza

FC Groningen, founded in 1971, is the local football club, as of 2026 they play in the Eredivisie, the highest football league of the Netherlands.[70] Winners of the KNVB Cup in the 2014–15 season,[71] their best Eredivisie result was in the 1990–91 season when they finished third.[72] Their current stadium which opened in January 2006 has 22,525 seats.[73][74] It is called the Hitachi Capital Mobility Stadion; it was known as the "Euroborg stadium" before 2016, and "Noordlease Stadion" from 2016 to 2018.[75]

American sports are fairly popular in Groningen; it has American football, baseball, and basketball clubs. Groningen's professional basketball club Donar play in the highest professional league, the Dutch Basketball League, and have won the national championship seven times.[76] The Groningen Giants are the American football team of the city who play in the premier league of the AFBN and are nicknamed as the "Kings of the North".[77]

The running event called 4 Miles of Groningen takes place in the city on the second Sunday of October every year with over 23,000 participants.[78] The 2002 Giro d'Italia began in Groningen, including the prologue and the start of the first stage.[79] The city hosted the start and finish of the fifth stage of the 2013 Energiewacht Tour.[80]

للمزيد من المعلومات: Groninger Studenten Rugby Club

Education

ملف:Gymmnasium school Groningen at 23 April 2014 - panoramio.jpg
Praedinius Gymnasium in Groningen is one of the two gymnasium schools in the city.
Academy Building of the University of Groningen in 2019

As of 2020, around 25% of the 230,000 inhabitants in Groningen are students. The city has the highest density of students and the lowest mean age in the Netherlands.[81]

There are also Middle Schools, such as H.N. Werkman College

The University of Groningen (in Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), established in 1614 is the second oldest university in the Netherlands (after the University of Leiden).[82] The university educated the country's first female student, Aletta Jacobs,[83] the first Dutch national astronaut, Wubbo Ockels,[84] the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg,[36] and two Nobel laureates; Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (in Physics) and Ben Feringa (in Chemistry).[85][86] The university has about 31,000 students 22% of whom are international.[87]

The Hanze University of Applied Sciences (in Dutch: Hanzehogeschool Groningen) was founded in 1986 and is more focused on the practical application of knowledge, offering bachelor and master courses in fields like Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Communication and Multimedia Design, and Renewable Energy.[88][89] With around 8.1% international students, Hanze hosts more than 28,000 students and is one of the largest universities of applied sciences by enrollment in the Netherlands.[90]

Politics

The Groningen municipal council has 45 members which, after the 2022 local elections, was made up as follows:[91]

Groningen municipal council[92]
Party name Seats
GroenLinks 9
PvdA 6
D66 5
Party for the Animals 4
Stadspartij 100% voor Groningen 4
Socialist Party 4
VVD 3
Student en Stad 3
Christian Union 2
Christian Democratic Appeal 2
Party for the North 2
Party for Freedom 1

From 2022, the ruling municipal coalition consisted of GroenLinks, PvdA, Party for the Animals, the Socialist Party and ChristenUnie.[93]

جامعة خروننگن

جامعة خروننگن (بالهولندية: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) has a rich academic tradition which dates back to 1614. بعد جامعة لايدن، فهي أقدم جامعة في هولندا.

العلاقات الدولية

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands

خروننگن twinned with the following cities:[94]

المناخ

بيانات المناخ لـ مطار خروننگن إيلده
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) 14.5
(58.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		27.7
(81.9) 		31.5
(88.7) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.1
(91.6) 		34.7
(94.5) 		30.5
(86.9) 		24.8
(76.6) 		17.4
(63.3) 		15.4
(59.7) 		34.7
(94.5)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 4.7
(40.5) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.4
(63.3) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.6
(65.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		13.4
(56.1)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 2.4
(36.3) 		2.4
(36.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		16.9
(62.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		2.9
(37.2) 		9.3
(48.7)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) −0.4
(31.3) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		2.9
(37.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		5.2
(41.4)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) −22.0
(−7.6) 		−16.5
(2.3) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		0.1
(32.2) 		4.1
(39.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−22.0
(−7.6)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 74.2
(2.92) 		51.4
(2.02) 		64.3
(2.53) 		42.1
(1.66) 		58.0
(2.28) 		71.2
(2.80) 		79.4
(3.13) 		70.9
(2.79) 		78.3
(3.08) 		74.0
(2.91) 		75.0
(2.95) 		73.4
(2.89) 		812.1
(31.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 13 10 12 8 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 136
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) 90 88 85 79 79 81 82 83 86 89 91 92 85
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس 54.2 78.7 117.2 171.6 210.0 187.0 199.1 183.9 137.0 107.2 56.5 47.5 1٬550
Source 1: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1981−2010 normals, snowy days normals for 1971−2000)[97]
Source 2: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1971−2000 extremes)[98]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ "Burgemeester" (in Dutch). Gemeente Groningen. Retrieved 22 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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