دومنيون سيلان
دومنيون سيلان | |||||||||
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| 1948–1972 | |||||||||
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 Coat of arms
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| النشيد: سيرلانكا الأم النشيد الملكي فليحفظ الله الملكة | |||||||||
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| Capital | كولومبو | ||||||||
| اللغات المشتركة | السينهالية • التاميلية • الإنگليزية | ||||||||
| الدين | البوذية • الهندوسية • المسيحية • الإسلام | ||||||||
| الحكومة | ديمقراطية برلمانية | ||||||||
| الملك | |||||||||
• 1948–1952 | جورج السادس | ||||||||
• 1952–1972 | إليزابث الثانية | ||||||||
| الحاكم العام | |||||||||
• 1948–1949 | هنري مونك-ميسون مور | ||||||||
• 1949–1954 | اللورد سولبري | ||||||||
• 1954–1962 | اوليڤر إرنست گونتيلك | ||||||||
• 1962–1972 | وليام گوپالاوا | ||||||||
| رئيس الوزراء | |||||||||
• 1948–1952 | دون سناناياك | ||||||||
• 1952–1953 | ددلي شلتون سناناياك | ||||||||
• 1953–1956 | جون ليونل كوتلاولا | ||||||||
• 1956–1959 | س. و. ر. د. باندرانايكا | ||||||||
• 1970–1972 | سيريماڤو باندرانايكا | ||||||||
| التشريع | برلمان سيلان | ||||||||
• المجلس الأعلى | مجلس الشيوخ | ||||||||
• المجلس الأدنى | مجلس النواب | ||||||||
| الحقبة التاريخية | القرن 20 | ||||||||
| 4 فبراير 1948 | |||||||||
• تمرد JVP | 1971 | ||||||||
| 22 مايو 1972 | |||||||||
| المساحة | |||||||||
| 1948 | 65،610 km2 (25،330 sq mi) | ||||||||
| 1956 | 65،610 km2 (25،330 sq mi) | ||||||||
| 1962 | 65،610 km2 (25،330 sq mi) | ||||||||
| 1971 | 65،610 km2 (25،330 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1948 | 7٬060٬000 | ||||||||
• 1956 | 8٬100٬000 | ||||||||
• 1962 | 11٬000٬000 | ||||||||
• 1971 | 12٬800٬000 | ||||||||
| العملة | الروپية السيلانية | ||||||||
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Ashley Havinden, Michael; David Meredith. Colonialism and development: Britain and its tropical colonies, 1850–1960. p. 12. "Sri Lanka". Retrieved 30 March 2010. "Ceylon Independent, 1948–1956". World History at KMLA. Retrieved 30 March 2010. | |||||||||
| دول سابقة (في سريلانكا المعاصرة |
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| تاريخ سريلانكا |
سيلان (بالسينهالية: ලංකා ඩොමීනියන් රාජ්යය Lanka Dominian Rajyaya)[4][5]، كانت دومنيون في كومنولث الأمم بين 1948 و1972. عام 1948، مُنحت سيلان البريطانية الاستقلال باسم سيلان. عام 1972، أصبحت سيلان جمهورية داخل الكومنولث، وتغير إسمها إلى سريلانكا. وهي عبارة عن بلد جزيرة في جنوب آسيا، وتقع على بعد 31 كم من الساحل الجنوبي للهند.
كانت البلاد أيضاً مركزاً للديانة والثقافة البوذية منذ العصور القديمة فضلاً عن الحضور القوي للهندوسية بها.[6] شكلت الجالية السهنالية غالبية السكان؛ التاميل السريلانكيون، الذين تمركزوا في شمال وشرق الجزيرة، شكلوا أكبر الأقليات العرقية. الجاليات الأخرة تشمل العرب، البورگر، الكافير، المالايز وشعب الڤدا الأصلي.
كان التصدير هو الدعامة الرئيسية للاقتصاد والذي كان قائماً على تصدير الشاي، البن، جوز الهند، المطاط، القرفة، حيث كانت النباتات الأصلية في البلاد.[7] بعد ألفي عام من حكم الممالك المحلية، استعمرت أجزاء من سريلانكا من قبل الپرتغال وهولندا بدءاً من القرن 16، قبل أن تنتقل ادارة البلاد بالكامل للامبراطورية البريطانية عام 1815.[citation needed]
أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية، كانت سيلان قاعدة لقوات الحلفاء في قتالهم ضد الامبراطورية اليابانية.[8] ظظهرة حركة سياسية وطنية في البلاد في أوائل القرن 20 بهدف الحصول على الاستقلال السياسي، والذي نالته البلاد في النهاية عام 1947 في أعقاب مفاوضات سلمية مع بريطانية.
التاريخ
الاستقلال والنمو
Following the Second World War, public pressure for independence increased. The British-ruled Colony of Ceylon achieved independence on 4 February 1948, with an amended constitution taking effect on the same date. Independence was granted under the Ceylon Independence Act 1947. Military treaties with the United Kingdom preserved intact British air and sea bases in the country; British officers also continued to fill most of the upper ranks of the Ceylon Army. Don Stephen Senanayake became the first prime minister of Ceylon. Later in 1948, when Ceylon applied for United Nations membership, the Soviet Union vetoed the application. This was partly because the Soviet Union believed that Ceylon was only nominally independent, and the British still exercised control over it because the white, educated elite had control of the government.[9] In 1949, with the concurrence of the leaders of the Sri Lankan Tamils, the UNP government disenfranchised the Indian Tamil plantation workers.[10][11]
D. S. Senanayake died in 1952 after a stroke and he was succeeded by his son Dudley. However, in 1953 – following a massive general strike or 'Hartal' by the leftist parties against the UNP – Dudley Senanayake resigned. He was followed by General Sir John L. Kotelawala, a senior politician and military commander and an uncle of Dudley. Kotelawala did not have the personal prestige or the political acumen of D. S. Senanayake.[12] He brought to the fore the issue of national languages that D. S. Senanayake had suspended. Elizabeth II, Queen of Ceylon, toured the island in 1954 from 10 to 21 April (she also visited in 1981 from 21 to 25 October after the country became a republic.[13]).
In 1957 British bases were removed and Ceylon officially became a "non-aligned" country. The Paddy Lands Act, the brainchild of Philip Gunawardena, was passed, giving those working the land greater rights vis-à-vis absentee landlords.[14]
الإصلاح
In 1962, under the SLFP government, many Western business assets were nationalised. This caused disputes with the United States and the United Kingdom over compensation for seized assets. Such policies led to a temporary decline in SLFP power, and the UNP gained seats in Congress. However, by 1970, the SLFP were once again the dominant power.[15]
A Marxist People's Liberation Front rebellion was put down with the help of British, Soviet, and Indian aid in 1972. That same year, the country officially became a republic within the Commonwealth and was renamed Sri Lanka, with William Gopallawa serving as its first president.[15]
الحكومة والسياسة
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الحاكم العام
المشكلات
الاقتصاد
The economy of Ceylon was mainly agriculture-based, with key exports consisting of tea, rubber, and coconuts. These did well in the foreign markets, accounting for 90% of the export share by value.[16] In 1965, Ceylon became the world's leading exporter of tea, with 200,000 tonnes of tea being shipped internationally annually.[17] The exports sold well initially, but falling tea and rubber prices decreased the earnings, with a rapidly increasing population cutting further into those profits. In the early 1970s, the Ceylon government nationalised many privately held assets as part of the newly elected government's socialist policies.[18]
The Land Reform Law of 1972 imposed a maximum of twenty hectares of land that could be owned privately, and sought to reallocate excess land for the benefit of the landless workers. Because land owned by public companies under that was less than ten hectares in size was exempted from the law, a considerable amount of land that would otherwise have been available for redistribution was not subject to the legislation. Between 1972 and 1974, the Land Reform Commission set up by the new laws took over nearly 228,000 hectares, one-third of which was forest and most of the rest planted with tea, rubber, or coconut. Few rice paddies were affected because nearly 95 percent of them were below the ceiling limit. Very little of the land acquired by the government was transferred to individuals. Most were turned over to various government agencies or to cooperative organisations, such as the Up-Country Co-operative Estates Development Board. The Land Reform Law of 1972 applied only to holdings of individuals. It left untouched the plantations owned by joint-stock companies, many of them British. In 1975 the Land Reform (Amendment) Law brought these estates under state control. Over 169,000 hectares comprising 395 estates were taken over under this legislation. Most of this land was planted with tea and rubber. As a result, about two-thirds of land cultivated with tea was placed in the state sector. The respective proportions for rubber and coconut were 32 and 10 percent. The government paid some compensation to the owners of land taken over under both the 1972 and 1975 laws. In early 1988, the state-owned plantations were managed by one of two types of entities, the Janatha Estates Development Board, or the Sri Lanka State Plantation Corporation.[19]
العملة
The official currency of Ceylon was the Ceylon Rupee. The Rupee evolved from the Indian Rupee, when in 1929 a new Ceylon Rupee was formed when it was separated from the Indian Rupee.[20] In 1950, the Currency Board, set up in 1872 as a part of the Indian monetary system, was replaced by the Central Bank of Ceylon, granting the country greater control over the currency. In 1951, the Central Bank of Ceylon took over the issuance of paper money, introducing 1 and 10 rupees notes. These were followed in 1952 by 2, 5, 50 and 100 rupees notes. The 1 rupee notes were replaced by coins in 1963. In 1963, a new coinage was introduced which omitted the monarch's portrait. Coins issued were aluminium 1 and 2 cents, nickel brass 5 and 10 cents and cupro-nickel 25 and 50 cents and 1 rupee. The obverse of the coins issued since 1963 carries the coat of arms. However, until 1966, the Ceylon Rupee remained pegged to the Indian Rupee at a value of 1:1. In 1966, the Ceylon Rupee was pegged to the US Dollar at 4.76 rupees per US Dollar.[21]
العسكرية
الجيش
البحرية
القوات الجوية
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ Chander, Prakash (1 Jan 2003). India 2003: Past and Present (1st ed.). APH Publishing Corporation. p. 112. ISBN 978-8176484558. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ Ravana - The Great King of Lanka - M.S. Purnalingam Pillai - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
- ^ Wilson, H. H. (1839). "Account of the Foe Kue Hi". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Ulan Press: 135. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ The Sri Lanka Independence Act 1947 uses the name "Ceylon" for the new dominion; nowhere does that Act use the term "Dominion of Ceylon", which although sometimes used was not the official name)
- ^ International treaties also referred to the state as "Ceylon", not the "Dominion of Ceylon"; "Ceylon" was also the name used by the UN for the state.
- ^ "Theravada Buddhism". BBC. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
- ^ "Cinnamon". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2008.
(species Cinnamomum zeylanicum), bushy evergreen tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae) native to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), the neighboring Malabar Coast of India, and Myanmar (Burma), and also cultivated in South America and the West Indies for the spice consisting of its dried inner bark. The bark was widely used as a spice due to its distinct odor.
- ^ British Prime Minister Winston Churchill described the moment a Japanese fleet prepared to invade Sri Lanka as "the most dangerous and distressing moment of the entire conflict." – Commonwealth Air Training Program Museum, The Saviour of Ceylon
- ^ Jennings, W. Ivor. Ceylon. JSTOR 2752358.
- ^ Jane Russell, Communal Politics under the Donoughmore constitution. Tsiisara Prakasakyo, Dehivala, 1982
- ^ "Welcome to UTHR, Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ "Sri Lanka – United National Party "Majority" Rule, 1948–56". Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ Kelegama, Saman (2004). Economic policy in Sri Lanka: Issues and Debates. SAGE. pp. 207, 208.
- ^ أ ب "Dominion of Ceylon definition of Dominion of Ceylon in the Free Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةbritannica.com - ^ "History of Ceylon Tea" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ^ "Features". Priu.gov.lk. Archived from the original on 19 January 2004. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ "Sri Lanka – Land Tenure". Country-data.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ "Ceylon (Coins)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
- ^ "No Ceylon Devaluation". The New York Times. 8 June 1966. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
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- دول وأراضي تأسست في 1948
- Former Commonwealth realms
- تاريخ سريلانكا (1948–الآن)
- سريلانكا وكومنولث الأمم
- الملكية في سيلان
- القرن 20 في سيلان
- كيانات سياسية سابقة في الحرب البارقة
- انحلالات 1972 في سريلانكا
- انحلالات 1948 في الامبراطورية البريطانية