المعرفة

مدينة وستمنستر

(تم التحويل من City of Westminster)
لمعلومات عن المنطقة في لندن، انظر وستمنستر.

مدينة وستمنستر City of Westminster هي inner London city and borough. It has been the capital city, de facto, of multiple British governments. Historically in Middlesex, it is immediately to the west of the older City of London. The city and borough's southern boundary is the Thames. It occupies a large area of central Greater London, including most of the West End. To its west is the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and to its north is Holborn in the London Borough of Camden.

وستمنستر
Westminster
مدينة و حي
مدينة وستمنستر
ميدان الطرف الأغر، تقاطع رئيسي في المدينة
ميدان الطرف الأغر، تقاطع رئيسي في المدينة
الشعار الرسمي لـ وستمنستر
شعار المجلس
Westminster shown within Greater London
Westminster shown within Greater London
الدولة السيدةالمملكة المتحدة
البلدإنگلترة
المنطقةلندن
المقاطعة التشريفيةلندن الكبرى
أنشئت1 أبريل 1965
مقر القيادةCity Hall, Victoria Street
الحكومة
 • النوعمجلس حي بلندن
 • الكيانمجلس مدينة وستمنستر
 • القيادةLeader & Cabinet (المحافظون)
 • العمدة اللوردRuth Bush
 • مجلس لندنTony Devenish (Con) AM for West Central
 • MPsKaren Buck (Lab), Nickie Aiken (Con)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي21٫48 كم² (8٫29 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة318th (of 326)
التعداد
 (تقدير منتصف 2019)
 • الإجمالي219٬600
 • الترتيب72nd (of 326)
 • الكثافة10٬000/km2 (26٬000/sq mi)
 • Ethnicity[1]
35٫2% White British
2٫3% White Irish
0% White Gypsy or Irish Traveller
24٫1% Other White
0٫9% White & Black Caribbean
0٫9% White & Black African
1٫6% White & Asian
1٫8% Other Mixed
3٫3% Indian
1٫1% Pakistani
2٫9% Bangladeshi
2٫7% Chinese
4٫6% Other Asian
4٫2% Black African
2% Black Caribbean
1٫3% Other Black
7٫2% Arab
3٫9% Other
منطقة التوقيتUTC (GMT)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcodes
EC, NW, SW, W, WC
مفتاح الهاتف020
ONS code00BK
GSS codeE09000033
PoliceMetropolitan Police
الموقع الإلكترونيwestminster.gov.uk

The London Westminster borough was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London. Upon the creation, it inherited the city status previously held by the then Metropolitan Borough of Westminster from 1900, which was first awarded to Westminster in 1540.

Aside from numerous large parks and open spaces, including Hyde Park and most of Regent's Park, the population density of the district is high. Many sites commonly associated with London are in the borough, including Buckingham Palace, the Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament), Westminster Abbey, Whitehall, 10 Downing Street, and Trafalgar Square. The borough is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster; the shopping areas around Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Bond Street; and the night-time entertainment district of Soho. Much of the borough is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local government body is Westminster City Council.

A study in 2017 by Trust for London and The New Policy Institute found that Westminster has the third-highest pay inequality of the 32 London boroughs. It also has the second-least affordable private rent for low earners in London, behind only Kensington and Chelsea. The borough performs more positively on education, with 82% of adults and 69% of 19-year-olds having Level 3 qualifications.[2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الدرع

 
درع مدينة وستمنستر في مبنى مدينة وستمنستر
 
الدرع التاريخي لوستمنستر، في شارع بوند القديم

The current Westminster coat of arms was given to the city by an official grant on 2 September 1964.[3]

Westminster had other arms before, which had a chief identical to the chief in the present arms. The symbols in the lower two thirds of the shield stand for former municipalities now merged with the city, Paddington and St. Marylebone. The original arms had a portcullis as the main charge, which now forms the crest.[3]


التاريخ

After the depopulation of Roman London in the 5th century, an Anglo Saxon agricultural and trade settlement likely developed to its west, associated with the Middle Saxons, sometimes called Lundenwic ('London village' or London port'). Over time, Lundenburh ('London fort'), the former Roman city with its still-existing Roman walls, was repopulated and Lundenwic declined, becoming pastoral and partly known as Aldwych (Aldwic - 'old village'), the name of which lives on for a section of Westminster.[4]

The origins of the City of Westminster pre-date the Norman Conquest of England. In the mid-11th century, King Edward the Confessor began the construction of an abbey at Westminster, only the foundations of which survive today. Between the abbey and the river he built a palace, thereby guaranteeing that the seat of Government would be fixed at Westminster, and inevitably drawing power and wealth west out of the old City of London.[5]

For centuries Westminster and the City of London were geographically quite distinct. It was not until the sixteenth century that houses began to be built over the adjoining fields, eventually absorbing nearby villages such as Marylebone and Kensington, and gradually creating the vast Greater London that exists today.

Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries abolished the abbey at Westminster, although the former abbey church is still called Westminster Abbey. The church was briefly the cathedral of the Diocese of Westminster created from part of the Diocese of London in 1540, by letters patent which also granted city status to Westminster, a status retained after the diocese was abolished in 1550.[6] The Westminster Court of Burgesses was formed in 1585 to govern the Westminster area, previously under the Abbey's control. The City and Liberties of Westminster were further defined by Letters Patent in 1604, and the court of burgesses and liberty continued in existence until 1900, and the creation of the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster.[7][8]

The present-day City of Westminster as an administrative entity with its present boundaries dates from 1965, when the City of Westminster was created from the former area of three metropolitan boroughs: St Marylebone, Paddington, and the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster, which included Soho, Mayfair, St. James's, Strand, Westminster, Pimlico, Belgravia, and Hyde Park. This restructuring took place under the London Government Act 1963, which significantly reduced the number of local government districts in London, resulting in local authorities responsible for larger geographical areas and greater populations.

The Westminster Metropolitan Borough was itself the result of an administrative amalgamation which took place in 1900. Sir John Hunt O.B.E was the First Town Clerk of the City of Westminster, 1900–1928.

In addition to the City and Liberty of Westminster, prior to 1900, the area occupied by what would become the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster had been administered by five separate local bodies: the Vestry of St George Hanover Square, the Vestry of St Martin in the Fields, Strand District Board of Works, Westminster District Board of Works and the Vestry of Westminster St James.

The boundaries of the City of Westminster today, as well as those of the other London boroughs, have remained more or less unchanged since the Act of 1963.

الديمغرافيا

التعداد
السنةتعداد±%
1801 220٬188—    
1811 245٬254+11.4%
1821 288٬851+17.8%
1831 344٬200+19.2%
1841 368٬910+7.2%
1851 422٬850+14.6%
1861 446٬263+5.5%
1871 469٬677+5.2%
1881 493٬090+5.0%
1891 462٬837−6.1%
1901 441٬857−4.5%
1911 421٬865−4.5%
1921 396٬406−6.0%
1931 372٬566−6.0%
1941 334٬448−10.2%
1951 300٬461−10.2%
1961 267٬126−11.1%
1971 237٬614−11.0%
1981 163٬893−31.0%
1991 187٬526+14.4%
2001 181٬279−3.3%
2011 219٬396+21.0%
المصدر: A Vision of Britain through time, citing Census population

الأعراق

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in the 2001 and 2011 census in Westminster.

الجماعة العرقية 2001[9] 2011[10]
العدد % العدد %
White: British 87,938 48.51% 77,334 35.25%
White: Irish 6,574 3.63% 4,960 2.26%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller 76 0.03%
White: Other 38,203 21.07% 52,960 24.14%
White: Total 132,715 73.12% 135,330 61.68%
Asian or Asian British: Indian 5,665 3.12% 7,213 3.29%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 1,828 1.01% 2,328 1.06%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 5,000 2.76% 6,299 2.87%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese 4,077 2.25% 5,917 2.70%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 3,614 1.99% 10,105 4.61%
Asian or Asian British: Total 20,184 11.13% 31,862 14.52%
Black or Black British: Caribbean 5,613 3.10% 4,449 2.03%
Black or Black British: African 6,678 3.68% 9,141 4.17%
Black or Black British: Other Black 1,190 0.66% 2,882 1.31%
Black or Black British: Total 13,481 7.44% 16,472 7.51%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean 1,382 0.76% 1,869 0.85%
Mixed: White and Black African 1,204 0.66% 1,927 0.89%
Mixed: White and Asian 2,436 1.34% 3,584 1.63%
Mixed: Other Mixed 2,458 1.36% 4,015 1.83%
Mixed: Total 7,480 4.13% 11,395 5.19%
Other: Arab 15,724 7.17%
Other: Any other ethnic group 8,613 3.93%
Other: Total 7,426 4.10% 24,337 11.09%
Black, Asian, and minority ethnic: Total 48,571 26.79% 84,066 38.32%
الإجمالي 181,286 100.00% 219,396 100.00%

الدين

الدين 2001[11] 2011[12]
العدد % العدد %
مسيحي 99,797 55.05% 97,877 44.61%
لا دين 29,300 16.16% 44,542 20.30%
مسلم 21,346 11.77% 40,073 18.27%
Religion not stated 15,877 8.76% 20,519 9.35%
Jewish 7,732 4.27% 7,237 3.30%
Hindu 3,497 1.93% 4,178 1.90%
Buddhist 2,392 1.32% 3,194 1.46%
Other religion 945 0.52% 1,280 0.58%
Sikh 400 0.22% 496 0.23%
الإجمالي 181,286 100.00% 219,396 100.00%

الحوكمة

 
Westminster City Hall, completed in 1965

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الحكم المحلي

 
A map showing the wards of Westminster since 2002

The city is divided into 20 wards, each electing three councillors. Westminster City Council is currently composed of 41 Conservative Party members and 19 Labour Party members.[13]

A lord mayor is elected annually to serve as the official representative of the city for one year. See List of mayors of Westminster for a list of former mayors (1900–1965) and lord mayors (1965 to date).

برلمان المملكة المتحدة

Evolution of Parliamentary representation
1918 1950 1974 1983 1997 2010
St Marylebone Westminster North Regent's Park and Kensington North Westminster North
Paddington North Paddington
Paddington South Cities of London and Westminster
Westminster St George's Cities of London and Westminster Cities of London and Westminster
Westminster Abbey
City of London

المناطق

المقالة الرئيسية: List of districts in the City of Westminster

The City of Westminster covers all or part of the following areas of London:

الاقتصاد

The City of Westminster is home to a large number of companies. Many leading global corporations have chosen to establish their global or European headquarters in the City of Westminster. Mayfair and St. James's within the City of Westminster also have a large concentration of hedge fund and private equity funds. The West End is known as the Theatre District and is home to many of the leading performing arts businesses. Soho and its adjoining areas house a concentration of media and creative companies. Oxford Street is one of the leading shopping destinations in the world.[بحاجة لمصدر] The list of companies includes

 
BP head office in St. James's, City of Westminster
 
The Economist Building, St James's Street

The Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office, London is in Westminster.[20][43]

Companies that previously had their head offices in the City of Westminster include Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), British Aircraft Corporation,[20][44] British Midland (Portland House),[45] British United Airways,[46] British Mediterranean Airways,[47] Cadbury,[48] Diageo,[49] BAA Limited,[20][50][51] Lloyd International Airways,[52] and P&O Princess Cruises.[53] In addition, Iran Air previously had its Piccadilly main sales office in the city.[54][55]

المعالم

المقالة الرئيسية: List of tourist attractions in the City of Westminster
 
Piccadilly Circus
 
Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster and is usually referred to both the clock and the clock tower (Elizabeth Tower)

The City of Westminster contains the some of the most famous sites in London, including Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, the Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) and Big Ben.

المنتزهات والمناطق المفتوحة

المقالة الرئيسية: Westminster parks and open spaces

These include Green Park, Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park and St. James's Park. In addition to parks and open spaces within the borough, the City owns and maintains East Finchley Cemetery and crematorium in the London Borough of Barnet.

النقل

 
Marylebone station


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

محطات القطارات الوطنية

Four National Rail stations serve the City of Westminster:

محطات السكك الحديدية في مدينة وستمنستر[56]
المحطة الصورة الخط الوجهات
London Charing Cross 
     
  South Eastern Main Line South East London and Kent including London Bridge, Lewisham, Dartford, Orpington, Sevenoaks and Tunbridge Wells. Services operated by Southeastern.[57]
London Marylebone

   

  Chiltern Main Line North West London, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire and Midlands including Wembley Stadium, Harrow, Aylesbury, Oxford and Birmingham Moor Street. Services operated by Chiltern Railways.[58]
London Paddington

        ()  

  Great Western Main Line West London, South West England and South Wales including Ealing Broadway, Reading, Bristol, Cardiff, Exeter, Oxford, Plymouth and Worcester. Services operated by Great Western Railway and TfL Rail ().

مطار هيثرو  

Services operated by Heathrow Express and TfL Rail ().[59][60]

لندن ڤيكتوريا

       

  Brighton and Chatham Main Lines South East London and Kent including Peckham Rye, Dartford, Gravesend, Dover Priory and Ashford International. Services operated by Southeastern.[57]

South London, Sussex and the South Coast including Clapham Junction, Sutton, Brighton, Eastbourne, Gatwick Airport ( ), Guildford, Portsmouth, and Southampton. Services operated by'Southern.

مطار گاتويك  

Services operated by Gatwick Express.[61]

مترو لندن

The City of Westminster is served by 27 London Underground stations and 10 lines.

نقاط الشحن الكهربائي

By 2009 Westminster City Council had electric vehicle charging points in 15 locations through the city (13 car parks and two on-street points). Users pay an annual fee to cover administration costs to register and use the points.[62] By 2018 there were 60 electric vehicle charging locations.[63]

الانتقال إلى العمل

In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: underground, metro, light rail, tram, 21.0% of all residents aged 16–74; on foot, 9.3%; bus, minibus or coach, 9.3%; driving a car or van, 6.0%; work mainly at or from home, 5.5%; bicycle, 3.1%; train, 3.0%.[64]

للمزيد من المعلومات: List of roads in the City of Westminster

التعليم

 
The main entrance to the London School of Economics
المقالة الرئيسية: List of schools in the City of Westminster

Westminster Children's Services administers many primary and secondary schools. In addition, there are several state-funded faith schools, primarily Church of England (CE), and Roman Catholic (RC), but Christian non-denominational (ND) schools are also in the borough,[65] and there are several non-profit-making junior and senior independent schools.

الجامعات والكليات

المكتبات العامة

 
Charing Cross Library

The London Library, an independent lending library, is at 14 St. James Square.[66][67]

The city operates two reference libraries; Westminster Reference Library and Marylebone Information Service.[68] Westminster Reference Library holds several special collections: of which the Sherlock Holmes, Arts and Business collections are the most comprehensive.[69] In addition to the collections in Westminster Reference Library the city has two specialist libraries: the Westminster Music Library, the largest music library in the UK[70] and the Westminster Chinese Library in the Charing Cross Library.[71]

Free City of Westminster operated public lending libraries in Westminster include:

  • Charing Cross Library[72]
  • Church Street Library[73]
  • The Maida Vale Library[74]
  • Marylebone Library[75]
  • Mayfair Library[76]
  • Paddington Library[77]
  • Pimlico Library[78]
  • Queen's Park Library[79]
  • St. John's Wood Library[80]
  • Victoria Library[81]

ملكية المنازل

In terms of tenure, the borough ranks highest on one standard criteria in analysing housing supply and demand, the proportion of private rented accommodation relative to other types of housing in England. This is indicative of a high density of development and higher investment demand relative to other districts in England and most of the 15 highest-ranking local authorities are boroughs of Greater London. Tourism also increases the proportion of willing third-party landlords, as the two authorities which are outside London in the list are England's largest south coast holiday resorts.

Highest-ranked local authorities by proportion of Social Housing (2011 Census)[82]
السلطة المحلية مؤجرة بشكل خاص مؤجرة اجتماعياً ملكية مقسومة
City of Westminster London Borough 37.6 11.9 0.8
Kensington and Chelsea London Borough 34 9.2 0.9
City of London London Borough 33.1 10.4 0.3
Newham London Borough 32.6 18.3 1.8
Tower Hamlets London Borough 30.8 17.3 2.4
Camden London Borough 30.5 23 0.7
Haringey London Borough 30.3 17 1.5
Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough 30 15.7 1.6
Wandsworth London Borough 30 12.8 1.5
Brent London Borough 28.8 9.7 1.5
Bournemouth Unitary Authority 28.2 5.9 0.7
Brighton and Hove Unitary Authority 28 9.8 0.9
Lambeth London Borough 27.7 19.6 1.5
Hackney London Borough 27.6 23.8 2.3

المندوبون السامون

أشخاص بارزون

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة أشخاص من مدينة وستمنستر

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Westminster.

هذه القائمة غير مكتملة؛ بإمكانك المساعدة بتنميتها.

الأفراد

الوحدات العسكرية

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  • Gray, Robert, A History of London, Hutchinson & Co, London, 1978, ISBN 0-09-133140-4

الهامش

  1. ^ 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales, Office for National Statistics (2012). See Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom for the full descriptions used in the 2011 Census.
  2. ^ "London's Poverty Profile". Trust for London. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  3. ^ أ ب "Westminster (London)". Heraldry of the world. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  4. ^ Cowie, Robert; Whitehead, Robert (1989). "Lundenwic: The archaeological evidence for middle Saxon London". Antiquity. 63 (241): 706–18. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00076845.
  5. ^ Gray, p. 68
  6. ^ Coke, Edward; Hale, Matthew; Nottingham, Heneage Finch, Earl of; Francis Hargrave, Charles Butler (1853). "109b, Note (3) [124]". A commentary upon Littleton. The Institutes of the laws of England. Vol. 1 (1st American, from 19th London ed.). Philadelphia: R. H. Small. Vol. 1 p.164. Retrieved 17 May 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); "December 1540; Grants, No.30". Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII (in الإنجليزية). Vol. Volume 16: 1540–1541. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1898. pp. 174–175. Retrieved 5 June 2018. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Description of the City and Liberties of Westminster in 1819
  8. ^ Lewis, Samuel, Topgraphical Dictionary of England, Vol. III, London, 1831
  9. ^ "KS006 - Ethnic group". NOMIS. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  10. ^ "Ethnic Group by measures". NOMIS. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  11. ^ "KS007 - Religion". Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  12. ^ "2011 census – theme tables". Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  13. ^ Councillors by political party at westminster.gov.uk
  14. ^ "Company Info." BAE Systems. Retrieved on 31 August 2011. "Registered office 6 Carlton Gardens, London, SW1Y 5AD, United Kingdom"
  15. ^ " London > BAE Systems plc." BAE Systems. Retrieved on 31 August 2011. "BAE Systems plc Address London – Stirling Square Carlton Gardens London SW1Y 5AD United Kingdom "
  16. ^ "Head Office." BAE Systems. Retrieved on 31 August 2011. "As you might expect, our London Head Office is the base for our Executive Board and for other senior group managers in strategic roles." and "Head Office is located in Central London but also has a number of support functions and functional specialists based in Farnborough, Hampshire."
  17. ^ "[1]."Anglo American Plc. Retrieved on 1 January 2017. "Registered office 20 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y 5AN."
  18. ^ "Terms and Conditions." BBC. Retrieved on 6 January 2010. "British Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting House, Portland Place, London, W1A 1AA."
  19. ^ "Contact BP in the United Kingdom Archived 25 مايو 2009 at the Wayback Machine." BP. Retrieved on 18 August 2009.
  20. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "Maps." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 March 2016.
  21. ^ "[2] Archived 31 مايو 2012 at the Wayback Machine." BP. Retrieved on 22 December 2011.
  22. ^ "Investor Contacts Archived 16 مارس 2009 at the Wayback Machine." Pearson PLC. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.
  23. ^ "26. What is Penguin Books Limited's company registration number? Archived 11 يوليو 2009 at the Wayback Machine." Penguin Books. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.
  24. ^ "Contact Us Archived 28 مارس 2010 at the Wayback Machine." Rio Tinto Group. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. "Rio Tinto plc head office 2 Eastbourne Terrace London W2 6LG UK"
  25. ^ "Locations." Economist Group. Retrieved on 12 September 2009. "The Economist Group 25 St James's Street London, SW1A 1HG United Kingdom"
  26. ^ "Kingfisher Group Archived 7 مارس 2011 at the Wayback Machine." Kingfisher plc. Retrieved on 2 February 2011. "Corporate Responsibility Kingfisher plc 3 Sheldon Square Paddington London W2 6PX."
  27. ^ "United Kingdom Archived 7 مايو 2014 at the Wayback Machine." SABMiller. Retrieved on 20 October 2009. "SABMiller plc Head office One Stanhope Gate London W1K 1AF England"
  28. ^ "Contact us." British American Tobacco. Retrieved on 15 December 2009.
  29. ^ "Company > Contacts." Marks & Spencer. Retrieved on 21 June 2010.
  30. ^ "Contact Information JOHN SWIRE & SONS OFFICES." Swire Group. Retrieved on 12 September 2011. "John Swire & Sons Ltd. Swire House 59 Buckingham Gate London SW1E 6AJ England"
  31. ^ "Welcome to Pret." Pret a Manger. Retrieved on 27 February 2010.
  32. ^ "Rolls-Royce headquarters". Rolls-Royce Group plc. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  33. ^ "Contact Us Archived 18 فبراير 2010 at the Wayback Machine." Global Infrastructure Partners. Retrieved on 27 February 2010.
  34. ^ "Inside Google's London Belgrave House office". Daily Telegraph (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 4 February 2015. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  35. ^ "About Us." EasyGroup. Retrieved on 10 March 2010.
  36. ^ "Privacy Policy Archived 29 يوليو 2010 at the Wayback Machine." Gulf Oil International. Retrieved on 10 March 2010.
  37. ^ "Legal Notice." AstraZeneca. Retrieved on 12 March 2010.
  38. ^ "United Kingdom." AstraZeneca. Retrieved on 12 March 2010.
  39. ^ "Global Contacts." Informa. Retrieved on 4 February 2011. "Head Office Gubelstrasse 11 CH-6300 Zug Switzerland"
  40. ^ "Company Locations." Northrop Grumman. Retrieved on 6 September 2011. "Northrop Grumman Corporation United Kingdom Headquarters Clareville House Oxendon Street London SW1Y 4EL UK"
  41. ^ "Company Info / Contact Info." Korean Air. Retrieved on 30 August 2011. "Europe Headquarters 66/68 Piccadilly, London, W1J 0HJ, U.K"
  42. ^ "London Office." Iraqi Airways. Retrieved on 30 August 2011. "Sales Office in London Address: IKB House 230 Edgware Road London , W2 1DW"
  43. ^ "Contact Us." Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office, London. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  44. ^ Gardner, Charles. British Aircraft Corporation: A History. Batsford, 1981. 40. Retrieved from Google Books on 1 September 2011. "The London headquarters chosen for bac were at 100 Pall Mall – on the top floors of a new concrete box which had sprung up on the site of the old, historic (and bombed) Carlton Club. It was the view of bac that small London headquarters[...]"
  45. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 28 September 1967. 530. "Head Office: 78 Buckingham Gate, London SW1"
  46. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 28 September 1967. 530. "Head Office: Portland House, Stag Place, London SW1"
  47. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 29 March-4 April 1995. 62. "53 Mount Street, London W1Y 5RE, UK"
  48. ^ Muspratt, Caroline. "Cadbury swaps Mayfair for Uxbridge." The Daily Telegraph. 1 June 2007. Retrieved on 27 April 2010.
  49. ^ "Contact us." Diageo. Retrieved on 15 December 2009. "main content Diageo plc 8 Henrietta Place LONDON W1G ONB"
  50. ^ "BAA plc Head Office, Victoria, London." BAA Limited. Retrieved on 2 October 2010. "BAA plc 130 Wilton Road London SW1V 1LQ:"
  51. ^ "BAA Offices – Location Maps." BAA Limited. 17 March 2006. Retrieved on 2 October 2010. "BAA plc Head Office, Victoria, London (121KB)."
  52. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 12 April 1962. 548. "Head Office: Princes House, 190/195 Piccadilly, London Wl."
  53. ^ "Contact." P&O Princess Cruises. 5 June 2002. Retrieved on 19 September 2011. "P&O Princess Cruises plc Registered office: 77 New Oxford Street London WC1A 1PP UK"
  54. ^ "IranAir moves to new offices Archived 18 فبراير 2012 at the Wayback Machine." Iran Air. Retrieved on 29 February 2012. "177–179 Hammersmith Road, London, W6 8BS"
  55. ^ "Ticket Payment Information Archived 1 مارس 2011 at the Wayback Machine." Iran Air. Retrieved on 29 February 2012. "Iran Air Sales Office, 73 Piccadilly, London W1J 8QX"
  56. ^ "London's Rail and Tube Services" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2019.
  57. ^ أ ب "Explore our Network". Southeastern. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019.
  58. ^ "Route Map". Chiltern Railways. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019.
  59. ^ "Network Map" (PDF). Great Western Railway. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2019.
  60. ^ "TfL Rail Map" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2018.
  61. ^ "Route Map" (PDF). Southern. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2019.
  62. ^ "City of Westminster: Additional on street charging points for electric vehicles". Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  63. ^ "Electric Vehicles". Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  64. ^ "2011 Census: QS701EW Method of travel to work, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 November 2013. Percentages are of all residents aged 16–74 including those not in employment. Respondents could only pick one mode, specified as the journey's longest part by distance.
  65. ^ Westminster Education service accessed 17 May 2007
  66. ^ "Libraries Archived 8 مايو 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  67. ^ "Visit Archived 3 مارس 2016 at the Wayback Machine." The London Library. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  68. ^ "Westminster Find a Library Archived 24 سبتمبر 2018 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 25 September 2015.
  69. ^ "Westminster Reference Library Archived 13 مارس 2016 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 25 September 2015.
  70. ^ ";Westminster Music Library Archived 14 أبريل 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  71. ^ "Westminster Chinese Library Archived 7 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  72. ^ "Charing Cross Library Archived 31 يناير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  73. ^ "Church Street Library Archived 5 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  74. ^ "Maida Vale Library Archived 5 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  75. ^ "Marylebone Library Archived 7 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  76. ^ "Mayfair Library Archived 5 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  77. ^ "Paddington Library Archived 29 يناير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  78. ^ "Pimlico Library Archived 5 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  79. ^ "Queen's Park Library Archived 31 يناير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  80. ^ "St. John's Wood Library Archived 15 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  81. ^ "Victoria Library Archived 17 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.
  82. ^ Office for National Statistics 2011 Census Key Statistics: Tenure.
  83. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zC36o_znw1I
  84. ^ https://www.sirrobertmark.co.uk/recognition-awards/
  85. ^ "Speech receiving Freedom of City of Westminster". Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 12 December 1990. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  86. ^ "Ship is granted freedom of city". 11 December 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:History of the formation of the City of Westminster

Coordinates: 51°30′44″N 00°09′48″W / 51.51222°N 0.16333°W / 51.51222; -0.16333

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=مدينة_وستمنستر&oldid=2320049"