پي-8 پوسايدون

(تم التحويل من Boeing P-8 Poseidon)
P-8 Poseidon
طائرة P-8 پوسايدون تابعة للبحرية الأمريكية
Role طائرة دورية بحرية
National origin الولايات المتحدة
Manufacturer بوينگ
First flight 25 April 2009[1]
Introduction November 2013[2]
Status في الخدمة
Primary users البحرية الأمريكية
البحرية الهندية
القوات الجوية الأسترالية الملكية
القوات الجوية الملكية
Produced 2009–الحاضر
Number built 98 طائرة من P-8A, و 8 P-8I حتى يناير 2019[3][4]
Developed from Boeing 737 Next Generation

بوينگ پي-8 پوسايدون Boeing P-8 Poseidon (سابقاً طائرة بحرية متعددة المهام Multimission Maritime Aircraftor MMA) هي طائرة عسكرية قيد التطوير للبحرية الأمريكية. صممت للقيام بقتال مضاد للغواصات، اعتراض السفن، والقيام بدور في الاشتباك في تجسس إلكتروني. تلك المهام ستتطلب حمل طوربيدات، شحنات أعماق، صوراريخ مضادة للسفن من طراز هارپون، وأسلحة أخرى. كما ستكون قادرة على إسقاط ومراقبة sonobuoys. وهي مصممة للعمل برفقة مركبة جوية بدون طيار للاستطلاع البحري واسع النطاق. الطائرة پي-8 ستبنيها بوينگ على أساس الطائرة المدنية بوينگ 737-800.

The P-8 operates in anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASUW), and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) roles. It is armed with torpedoes, Harpoon anti-ship missiles, and other weapons, can drop and monitor sonobuoys, and can operate in conjunction with other assets, including the Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton maritime surveillance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

In addition to the U.S. Navy, the P-8 is also operated by the Indian Navy, the Royal Australian Air Force, the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force, the Republic of Korea Navy, the Royal Norwegian Air Force, the Royal New Zealand Air Force and the German Navy. It also has been ordered by the Republic of Singapore Air Force and the Royal Canadian Air Force.

التطوير

Origins

The Lockheed P-3 Orion, a turboprop ASW aircraft, had been in service with the United States Navy (USN) since 1962.[5] In the 1980s, the USN began studies for a P-3 replacement, the range and endurance of which were reduced due to increasing weight and airframe fatigue life limitations. The specification required a new aircraft to have reduced operating and support costs. In 1989, Lockheed was awarded a fixed-price contract to develop the P-7, but this was canceled the following year.[6]

In 2000, a second competition for a replacement began. Lockheed Martin submitted the Orion 21, an updated new-build version of the P-3.[7] Boeing's proposal was based on its 737-800 airliner.[8] BAE Systems offered a new-build version of the Nimrod MRA4, a British jet-powered maritime patrol aircraft. BAE withdrew from the competition in October 2002, recognizing that without a production partner based in the United States, the bid was politically unrealistic.[9] On 14 May 2004, Boeing was selected as the winner of the Multimission Maritime Aircraft program.[10]

In June 2004, the USN awarded a development contract to Boeing.[11] The project was planned to be for at least 108 airframes for the USN.[12] Project value is expected to be worth at least $15 billion. Raytheon, Northrop Grumman, Spirit AeroSystems, GE Aviation Systems, Marshall Aerospace and Defence Group, CFM International, BAE Systems, and Marotta were the major subcontractors.[13] In July 2004, the USN placed an order for five aircraft, with the first flight-test aircraft to be completed in 2009.[12] On 30 March 2005, it was assigned the P-8A designation.[14]

Design phase and testing

أول ظهور للطائرة P-8 في 30 يوليو 2009
طائرة بوينگ P-8A پوسايدون تحلق بجانب طائرة لوكهيد P-3C أوريون، بالقرب من محطة الطيران البحري في پاتكسنت ريڤر، مريلاند، 2010


التصميم

طاقم الطائرة على حواسب عملهم داخل قمرة الطائرة P-8 تابعة للبحرية الأمريكية

The P-8 is to replace the P-3.[15] Initially, it was equipped with legacy systems with later upgrades to incorporate newer technology. The Government Accountability Office credited the incremental approach with keeping the project on schedule and on budget. The Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) deleted the requirement for the P-8A to be equipped with magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) equipment as a weight reduction measure, improving endurance. A hydrocarbon sensor detects fuel vapors from diesel-powered submarines and ships.[16]

The P-8's first flight was on 25 April 2009.[1] The second and third P-8s had flown and were in flight testing in early August 2010.[17] On 11 August 2010, low-rate production of the P-8 was approved.[18][19] A P-8 released sonobuoys for the first time on 15 October 2010, dropping six in three separate low-altitude passes.[20] In 2011, the ice detection system was found to be defective due to the use of counterfeit components; allegedly these parts were poorly refurbished and sold to subcontractor BAE Systems as new by a Chinese supplier.[21]

USN P-8 being refueled by USAF KC-135

On 4 March 2012, the first production P-8A was delivered to the USN, flying to Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida, for training with the Fleet Replacement Squadron (FRS), Patrol Squadron 30 (VP-30).[2] On 24 September 2012, Boeing announced a $1.9 billion (~$2.41 billion in 2022) order for 11 aircraft.[22] On 10 June 2013, a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Inspector General (IG) report recommended delaying full-rate production over a lack of key data to assess if the P-8 met operational requirements; additional tests were also needed to guarantee a 25-year lifespan.[23] Boeing executives dismissed the report, saying that the test program was on track.[24] In 2013, full-rate production was delayed until the P-8 could demonstrate it can survive its 25-year lifespan without structural fatigue, overcome deficiencies, track surface ships, and perform primary missions.[25]

On 24 June 2013, during weapons integration testing, the P-8 achieved a milestone by firing a live AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile and scored a direct hit on a low-cost modular target.[26] On 1 July 2013, an initial operational test and evaluation (IOT&E) report found that the P-8A was "operationally effective, operationally suitable, and ready for fleet introduction." Six test and nine low-rate initial production aircraft had been delivered at that point.[27] On 31 July 2013, Boeing received a $2.04 billion contract to build 13 P-8As in the fourth low-rate initial production lot, for a fleet of 37 aircraft by the end of 2016, and long-lead parts for 16 P-8As of the first full-rate production lot.[28]

In January 2014, Naval Air Systems Command proceeded with full-rate production of the P-8A. Increment 1 systems include persistent anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities and an integrated sensor suite; in 2016, Increment 2 upgrades will add multi-static active coherent acoustics, an automated identification system, and high-altitude anti-submarine weapons.[29] Increment 3 in 2020 shall enable "net-enabled anti-surface warfare".[30]

In July 2014, Fred Smith, business development director for the P-8, noted that the program had: "saved $2.1 billion on 2004 estimates of the cost of production... the aircraft is now selling for $150 million, down from the forecasted $216 million".[31] The halving of USN orders from 16 aircraft per year down to eight in 2015 due to the expiration of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 was expected to be partially offset by commercial 737 sales and P-8 export sales.[32] The DoD wanted to follow a program template for the P-8 similar to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program, with international cooperation from prospective users.[33]

التنويعات

In 2010, Boeing proposed to replace the United States Air Force's (USAF) E-8 Joint STARS fleet with a modified P-8 at the same cost Northrop Grumman proposed for re-engining and upgrading the E-8s.[34] The proposed P-8 Airborne Ground Surveillance (AGS) would integrate an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, and have ground moving target indicator (GMTI) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) capabilities. A key feature was a pod-mounted radar on the lower centerline of the fuselage, positioned so the engine nacelles do not obstruct its line of sight. It reuses the P-8A's Raytheon AN/APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar. Two aft ventral fins increase stability.[34][35]

In 2013, Boeing proposed repackaging some of the P-8's systems in the smaller and less expensive Bombardier Challenger 600 series business jet, as the Boeing Maritime Surveillance Aircraft (MSA).[36] In 2014, Boeing also offered a JSTARS replacement based on the 737-700, rather than the P-8's 737-800.[37]

التصميم

ملف:Lt. Levi Ellis, left and Lt. Bradley Woods pilot a P-8A Poseidon assigned to Patrol Squadron (VP) 47 as part of a sinking exercise (SINKEX). (48842239491).jpg
US Navy pilots in the cockpit of a P-8 in 2019

The P-8 is a 737-800ERX, roughly similar to the 737-800 commercial passenger aircraft and the USN's 737-700-based C-40 Clipper transport aircraft, but with several modifications to make it suitable for its military service role. Many of the changes reflect the need for the aircraft to operate at lower altitudes and be capable of more aggressive maneuvering than a commercial aircraft. However, the changes were kept in line with the existing assembly process. Boeing 737 fuselage builder Spirit AeroSystems added structural strength to the airframe, while adding a short bomb bay for torpedoes and other stores behind the wing.[38]

The aircraft is assembled at the Boeing Renton Factory with the stronger wings from the 737-900.[39] The aircraft uses raked wingtips similar to those fitted to the Boeing 767-400ER, instead of the blended winglets available on 737NG variants.[40] To combat icing on the raked wingtips, horizontal stabilizers and vertical stabilizers, the aircraft is outfitted with electro-mechanical expulsion deicing systems.[38] In the cockpit, changes were made to the flight control and alerting systems, allowing for an increased bank angle, a more responsive autothrottle, and the elimination of audible warnings during low-altitude operations.[38] In order to power additional onboard electronics, the P-8 has a 180 kVA electric generator on each CFM International CFM56 engine, replacing the 90 kVA generator of civilian 737s; this required the redesigning of the nacelles and their wing mountings.[38] The Navy says that compared to the P-3, the P-8 has a smoother flight experience, subjecting crews to less turbulence and fumes, allowing them to concentrate better on missions.[41]

Crew at work stations inside a P-8

After the aircraft roll off the assembly line, five operator stations (two naval flight officers plus three enlisted Aviation Warfare Operators/naval aircrewman) are mounted in a sideways row, along the port side of the cabin. Other than one large window on each side of the forward cabin for two observers, none of the other crew stations have windows.[38] A short bomb bay for torpedoes and other stores opens behind the wing. The P-8 is to be equipped with the High-Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon Capability (HAAWC) Air Launch Accessory (ALA), turning a Mark 54 torpedo into a glide bomb for deploying from up to 30،000 ft (9،100 m).[42]

The P-8 features the Raytheon APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar.[43] Unlike the preceding P-3, most versions of the P-8 lack a MAD, but the P-8I is equipped with a MAD at India's request.[44] Various sensor data are combined via data fusion software to track targets.[45] Following the cancellation of Lockheed Martin's Aerial Common Sensor project, Boeing proposed a signals intelligence variant of the P-8 for the USN's requirement.[46] During the P-8A Increment 2 upgrade in 2016, the Littoral Surveillance Radar System (LSRS) will be replaced by the Advanced Airborne Sensor radar.[47]

In U.S. service, the P-8A is complemented by the MQ-4C Triton unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) which provides continuous surveillance. In January 2015, BAE Systems was awarded a contract for the USN's High Altitude ASW (HAASW) Unmanned Targeting Air System (UTAS) program to develop a sub-hunting UAV equipped with a MAD for launching from the P-8.[42]

ملف:Searches the water for debris on a P-8A Poseidon during a mission to assist in search and rescue operations for Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 March 20 140320-N-XY761-105.jpg
Naval aircrewman at one of the two large observer's windows, the only crew stations with windows.

The P-8 cannot use the Navy's typical probe and drogue in-flight refueling method, instead using a flying boom receptacle on the upper-forward fuselage, making it, like the USN's E-6 Mercury aircraft, reliant on US Air Force (USAF) KC-135 Stratotanker, KC-10 Extender and KC-46 Pegasus aircraft for in-flight refueling. In April 2017, the USAF 459th Air Refueling Wing worked with the Naval Air Systems Command to certify operationally the P-8 for in-flight refueling.[48] For extended endurance, the P-8 is equipped with six auxiliary fuel tanks.[49]

تاريخ التشغيل

الولايات المتحدة

Two P-8As of VP-16 from NAS Jacksonville, FL, refueling at NAF Atsugi، اليابان، 2013


الهند

A Boeing P-8I of the Indian Navy
مشغلون من البحرية الهندية على متن P-8I يبحثون عن طائرة الركاب الماليزية المفقودة MH370


التنويعات

  • P-8A - تنويعة انتاج للبحرية الأمريكية.

المشغلون

 أستراليا
 الهند
نيوزيلندا
نرويج
 كوريا الجنوبية
 المملكة المتحدة
 الولايات المتحدة

المواصفات

طائرة P-8A من VP-16 تُسقِط طوربيد مارك 46

البيانات من U.S. Navy,[61][62] Boeing,[39] and others[38]

السمات العامة

الأداء

التسليح

  • 5 internal bays and 6 external hardpoints for a variety of conventional weapons, e.g. AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER, AGM-84 Harpoon, Mark 54 torpedo, mines, depth charges, and the High Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon system[65]

    • إلكترونيات الطيران

    • Raytheon APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar[43]
    • AN/ALQ-240 Electronic Support Measures Suite[66]
    • (Advanced Airborne Sensor surface search radar and SIGINT package to be follow on system[67])

    انظر أيضاً

    تطورات ذات صلة

    طائرات شبيهة

    قوائم ذات صلة

    المصادر

    1. ^ أ ب "Boeing P-8A Poseidon successfully completes 1st flight." Archived 30 أبريل 2009 at the Wayback Machine Boeing, 27 April 2009.
    2. ^ أ ب Majumdar, Dave (8 March 2012). "Picture: Boeing delivers first production P-8A". Flight International. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 – via FlightGlobal.
    3. ^ "P-8 Poseidon". Boeing.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    4. ^ "Boeing: Commercial". Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    5. ^ "P-3C Orion long range ASW aircraft". Navy.mil. 18 February 2009. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011.
    6. ^
    7. ^ "Boeing 737 MMA." Flug Revue, 17 June 2004.
    8. ^ Cortes, Lorenzo and Amy Butler. "Boeing wins Navy's $3.88 Billion MMA bid over Lockheed Martin." Defense Daily, 15 June 2004.
    9. ^ Lewis, Paul (8 October 2002). "BAE pulls out of MMA competition; Lack of US partner prompts Nimrod MRA4 withdrawal". Flight International. p. 5. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020.
    10. ^ LeMond-Holman, Ellen et al. "Boeing team wins $3.89 Billion multi-mission Maritime Aircraft Program." Archived 18 يونيو 2004 at the Wayback Machine Boeing, 14 May 2004.
    11. ^ "Boeing to develop Navy's multi-mission maritime aircraft." Archived 4 يونيو 2011 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Navy, 15 June 2004.
    12. ^ أ ب "P-8A multi-mission maritime aircraft (MMA)." Archived 11 يوليو 2007 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Navy, 17 February 2009.
    13. ^ Lemond, Ellen, Chick Ramey and Debiie Gann. "Boeing-led Poseidon team begins production of first P-8A fuselage." Archived 7 أكتوبر 2008 at the Wayback Machine Boeing, 12 December 2007.
    14. ^ Hatcher, Renee. "MMA is designated P-8A." Archived 20 مارس 2012 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), 1 April 2005.
    15. ^ Freedberg, Sydney J. Jr. "Navy's P-8 Sub Hunter Bets On High Altitude, High Tech; Barf Bags Optional." AOL Defense, 2 October 2012.
    16. ^ GAO-09-326SP "Assessments of major weapon programs." Archived 30 أغسطس 2009 at the Wayback Machine GAO.
    17. ^ Ramey, Chick and Doug Abbotts. "Boeing P-8A Poseidon aircraft T3 enters flight test." Archived 15 أكتوبر 2011 at the Wayback Machine Boeing, 2 August 2010.
    18. ^ Trimble, Stephen (13 August 2010). "Boeing P-8A approved to launch production". Flight International. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 – via FlightGlobal.
    19. ^ "P-8A Poseidon milestone reached." Archived 20 نوفمبر 2010 at the Wayback Machine AirForces Monthly, 13 August 2010.
    20. ^ Goettee, Liz. "U.S. Navy Boeing P-8A Poseidon launches first sonobuoys." Archived 12 يوليو 2011 at the Wayback Machine Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 22 October 2010.
    21. ^ Reed, John. "Counterfeit Parts found on the P-8."[Usurped!] defensetech.org, 8 November 2011.
    22. ^ "Boeing Receives $1.9 Billion Contract for 11 P-8A Poseidon Aircraft." Archived 2 أكتوبر 2012 at the Wayback Machine Boeing, 24 September 2012.
    23. ^ Audit: Submarine Hunter Needs 'Critical' Testing[Usurped!] – Defensetech.org, 12 July 2013
    24. ^ Boeing Dismisses Pentagon's P-8 Poseidon Audit[Usurped!] – Defensetech.org, 17 June 2013
    25. ^ McGarry, Brendan. "Navy P-8 Deal Tops $17 Billion in July Awards." Archived 7 أغسطس 2013 at the Wayback Machine Dodbuzz.com, 6 August 2013.
    26. ^ "P-8 Poseidon fires first Harpoon anti-ship missile". Flight International. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013 – via FlightGlobal.
    27. ^ Majumdar, Dave (9 July 2013). "P-8A judged ready for fleet introduction". Flight International. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013 – via FlightGlobal.
    28. ^ Trimble, Stephen (1 August 2013). "Boeing receives $2bn contract to build 13 P-8As". Flight International. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013 – via FlightGlobal.
    29. ^ Troubled P-8A Poseidon enters full production Navytimes.com, 27 January 2014.
    30. ^ Norris, Guy (24 April 2014). "Increasing P-8A Capability". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Penton. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014.
    31. ^ "Boeing Sees UK C-17 Lease as Model for P-8". Defense News. 15 July 2014.[dead link]
    32. ^ Hemmerdinger, Jon (9 April 2014). "Reduced P-8 buy to affect price, not fleet plan". Flight International. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014 – via FlightGlobal.
    33. ^ Baglole, Joel (7 June 2011). "P-8 Poseidon: Future aircraft of the U.S. Navy". About.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011.
    34. ^ أ ب Trimble, Stephen (18 February 2010). "Boeing pitches P-8 variant to replace JSTARS". Flight International. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010 – via FlightGlobal.
    35. ^ Cohen, Aubrey. "Boeing looks to sell more 737-based military jets." Archived 24 أغسطس 2015 at the Wayback Machine Seattle PI, 9 June 2011.
    36. ^ "Maritime Surveillance Aircraft: Boeing selects a Bombardier 'Bizjet', the Challenger 605, as the preferred airframe for its proposed MSA". Canadian American Strategic Review. July 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013.
    37. ^ Boeing Eyes 737-700 Solution for New JSTARS – Defensenews.com, 12 September 2014
    38. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Croft, John (26 April 2010). "CUTAWAY: P-8A Poseidon – A Boeing with boost of bravado". Flight International. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013 – via FlightGlobal.
    39. ^ أ ب "P-8A Poseidon" Archived 25 أكتوبر 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Boeing. Retrieved: 6 July 2007.
    40. ^ Warwick, Graham (7 June 2005). "New MMA wingtips combat icing". Flight International. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2012 – via FlightGlobal.
    41. ^ Navy's P-8 Sub Hunter Bets On High Altitude, High Tech; Barf Bags Optional Archived 8 سبتمبر 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Breakingdefense.com, 2 October 2012
    42. ^ أ ب BAE Systems to develop MAD ASW drone to help Navy P-8A find submarines from high altitudes Archived 19 يناير 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Militaryaerospace.com, 14 January 2015.
    43. ^ أ ب "AN/APY-10 maritime, littoral and overland surveillance radar." Archived 10 أكتوبر 2012 at the Wayback Machine Raytheon, 2011.
    44. ^ How The Navy's Latest Anti-Submarine Aircraft Sees Under The Waves Archived 21 سبتمبر 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Businessinsider.com, 27 November 2014
    45. ^ "Boeing: P-8A Poseidon". boeing.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
    46. ^ Wastnage, Justin (26 January 2006). "Boeing unveils new 737 signals intelligence concept". Flight International. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2012 – via FlightGlobal.
    47. ^ Boeing P-8A Begins Advanced Airborne Sensor Testing Archived 17 سبتمبر 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Defense-Update.com, 17 April 2014
    48. ^ Justen, Tech. Sgt., Kat (21 April 2017). "Air Force, Navy conduct first P-8A refueling mission". Air Mobility Command. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
    49. ^ Osborn, Kris (4 January 2022). "The Navy's P-8 Poseidon Is America's Perfect Submarine Hunter". The National Interest (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
    50. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة RAAF First Poseidon off the rank
    51. ^ أ ب "Boeing: Commercial". boeing.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 2019-03-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    52. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :0
    53. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة india-2016contract
    54. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة india-2019plan
    55. ^ Sachdeva, Sam. "Govt signs off $2b NZDF plane deal by Sam Sachdeva - Newsroom Pro". Newsroom Pro (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 9 يوليو 2018. Retrieved 9 يوليو 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    56. ^ "Norway has ordered five Boeing P-8A Poseidon" (Press release). Government.no. 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    57. ^ "South Korea picks Boeing P-8 for $1.7 billion maritime patrol aircraft contract" (Press release). reuters. 25 June 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    58. ^ Hotten, Russell (11 July 2016). "Boeing signs £3bn deal for nine marine patrol planes". Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 2016-07-11. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    59. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة GAO-13-294SP
    60. ^ Moran, Captain Michael T. "P-8A Poseidon." Archived 28 يوليو 2013 at the Wayback Machine NAVAIR – U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command – Navy and Marine Corps Aviation Research, Development, Acquisition, Test and Evaluation. Retrieved: 29 August 2012.
    61. ^ "P-8A Multi-mission maritime aircraft." Archived 11 يوليو 2007 at the Wayback Machine United States Navy, 25 January 2007. Retrieved: 15 March 2011.
    62. ^ "P-8A Poseidon fires Harpoon, hits mark". NAVAIR News. Naval Air Systems Command. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    63. ^ Royal Australian Air Force. "P-8A Poseidon". airforce.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 يوليو 2015. Retrieved 16 يوليو 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    64. ^ "P-8A Poseidon". Boeing. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
    65. ^ "US Navy to start P-8 operational tests in the summer"Archived 19 أبريل 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Flightglobal.com
    66. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة northropgrumman.com
    67. ^ Conway, Thais C. "Raytheon secures prime development contract for advanced airborne sensor." Archived 26 يوليو 2014 at the Wayback Machine Raytheon, 31 July 2009. Retrieved: 12 September 2012.

    وصلات خارجية

    الكلمات الدالة:
    تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=پي-8_پوسايدون&oldid=4317078"